环境流量研究的前沿问题与挑战
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摘要
为了应对水文、气候和生态系统变化背景下环境流量研究的新挑战,梳理了国内外环境流量研究成果,指出目前环境流量研究主要存在5个方面的不足,也是该研究目前的前沿问题与挑战:①全球环境变化与非稳定性;②生态水文过程的动态模拟,重点是水文情势静态评价向动态特征评价研究的转变;③生态水文关系的时空特性,重点是生态系统状态、过程变量和物种特征的耦合研究,环境流量的生态特征和时空尺度研究;④环境流量评估的关键指标;⑤环境流量预测的生态学延展。为解决这些问题,提出了人类世背景下环境流量研究的发展方向,认为未来环境流量研究应加强生态目标的动态适应性管理,加强局域到区域的生态学基础研究,完善基于过程的生态水文响应机理,强化环境流量分阶段实施的非水文指标耦合,加强适应性管理方式下的环境流量评估和实践,以保障适应性管理框架下的生态完整性。
To cope with the new challenges of environmental flow research under hydrology, climate and ecosystem changes, research results from both China and abroad have been summarized. Five aspects of shortcomings in the current environmental flow research are pointed out, which also belong to frontier problems and challenges, including(1) Global environmental change and instability;(2) Dynamic simulation of eco-hydrological process in which the transition of hydrological regime from static evaluation to dynamic characteristic evaluation is the key;(3) Characteristics of eco-hydrological relationship in which the coupling research of ecosystem state, process variables and species characteristics, and the research of ecological characteristics, spatial and temporal scales of environmental flows are the key points;(4) Key indicators in environmental flow evaluation;(5) Ecology extension of environmental flow forecasting. To solve these problems, research directions of environmental flows in the background of the Anthropocene are proposed. Dynamic adaptive management of ecological objectives and basic research of ecology from local to reginal areas should be strengthened. Mechanisms of eco-hydrological response based on process should be completed and phased implementation of non-hydrological indicator coupling should be intensified. Evaluation and application of environmental flows under adaptive management should be strengthened to guarantee ecological integrity.
To cope with the new challenges of environmental flow research under hydrology, climate and ecosystem changes, research results from both China and abroad have been summarized. Five aspects of shortcomings in the current environmental flow research are pointed out, which also belong to frontier problems and challenges, including(1) Global environmental change and instability;(2) Dynamic simulation of eco-hydrological process in which the transition of hydrological regime from static evaluation to dynamic characteristic evaluation is the key;(3) Characteristics of eco-hydrological relationship in which the coupling research of ecosystem state, process variables and species characteristics, and the research of ecological characteristics, spatial and temporal scales of environmental flows are the key points;(4) Key indicators in environmental flow evaluation;(5) Ecology extension of environmental flow forecasting. To solve these problems, research directions of environmental flows in the background of the Anthropocene are proposed. Dynamic adaptive management of ecological objectives and basic research of ecology from local to reginal areas should be strengthened. Mechanisms of eco-hydrological response based on process should be completed and phased implementation of non-hydrological indicator coupling should be intensified. Evaluation and application of environmental flows under adaptive management should be strengthened to guarantee ecological integrity.
引文
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[18]WU M,CHEN A.Practice on ecological flow and adaptive management of hydropower engineering projects in China from 2001 to 2015[J].Water Policy,2017,20(2):336-354.
[19]陈昂,沈忱,吴淼,等.中国河道内生态需水管理政策建议[J].科技导报,2016,34(22):11.(CHEN Ang,SHEN Chen,WU Miao,et al.Recommendation on Ecological Water Demand Management in China[J].Science and Technology Review,2016,34(22),11.(in Chinese))
[20]GERTEN D,HOFF H,ROCKSTR M J,et al.Towards a revised planetary boundary for consumptive freshwater use:role of environmental flow requirements[J].Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability,2013,5(6):551-558.
[21]陈昂,温静雅,王鹏远,等.构建河流生态流量监测系统的思考[J].中国水利,2018(1):7-10.(CHENAng,WEN Jingya,WANG Pengyuan,et al.Establishment of river ecological flow monitoring system[J].China Water Resources,2018(1):7-10.(in Chinese))
[22]CHEN A,WU M,CHEN K,et al.Main issues in environmental protection research and practice of water conservancy and hydropower projects in China[J].Water Science and Engineering,2017,4(9):312-323.
[23]MILLY P C D,BETANCOURT J,FALKENMARK M,et al.Climate change-stationarity is dead:whither water management?[J].Science,2008,319(5863):573-574.
[24]RICHTER B,BAUMGARTNER J,WIGINGTON R,et al.How much water does a river need?[J].Freshwater Biology,1997,37(1):231-249.
[25]LAIZC L R,ACREMAN M C,SCHNEIDER C,et al.Projected flow alteration and ecological risk for paneuropean rivers:projected ecological risk in rivers[J].River Research and Applications,2014,30(3):299-314.
[26]REIDY LIERMANN C A,OLDEN J D,BEECHIE T J,et al.Hydrogeomorphic classification of washington state rivers to support emerging environmental flow management strategies:classification of washington rivers[J].River Research and Applications,2012,28(9):1340-1358.
[27]ACREMAN M,ARTHINGTON A H,COLLOFF M J,et al.Environmental flows for natural,hybrid,and novel riverine ecosystems in a changing world[J].Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment,2014,12(8):466-473.
[28]KOPF R K,FINLAYSON C M,HUMPHRIES P,et al.Anthropocene baselines:assessing change and canaging biodiversity in human-dominated aquatic ecosystems[J].Bio Science,2015,65(8):798-811.
[29]POFF N L,SCHMIDT J C.How dams can go with the flow[J].Science,2016,353(6304):1099-1100.
[30]DEANGELIS D L,WATERHOUSE J C.Equilibrium and nonequilibrium concepts in ecological models[J].Ecological Monographs,1987,57(1):1-21.
[31]HOBBS R J,ARICO S,ARONSON J,et al.Novel ecosystems:theoretical and management aspects of the new ecological world order[J].Global Ecology and Biogeography,2006,15(1):1-7.
[32]RAHEL F J,OLDEN J D.Assessing the effects of climate change on aquatic invasive species[J].Conservation Biology,2008,22(3):521-533.
[33]WHEELER K,WENGER S J,FREEMAN M C.States and rates:complementary approaches to developing flowecology relationships[J].Freshwater Biology,2018,63(8):906-916.
[34]陈昂,吴淼,沈忱,等.河道生态基流计算方法回顾与评估框架研究[J].水利水电技术,2017,48(2):97-105.(CHENG Ang,WU Miao,SHEN Chen,et al.Review of method for calculation of river ecological baseflow and study on its assessment framework[J].Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering,2017,48(2):97-105.(in Chinese))
[35]MERRITT D M,SCOTT M L,LEROY POFF N,et al.Theory,methods and tools for determining environmental flows for riparian vegetation:riparian vegetation-flow response guilds[J].Freshwater Biology,2010,55(1):206-225.
[36]POFF L R,ALLAN J D.Functional organization of stream fish assemblages in relation to hydrological variability[J].Ecology,1995,76(2):606-627.
[37]CHADD R P,ENGLAND J A,CONSTABLE D,et al.An index to track the ecological effects of drought development and recovery on riverine invertebrate communities[J].Ecological Indicators,2017,82:344-356.
[38]KAKOUEI K,KIESEL J,KAIL J,et al.Quantitative hydrological preferences of benthic stream invertebrates in Germany[J].Ecological Indicators,2017,79:163-172.
[39]ZUELLIG R E,SCHMIDT T S.Characterizing invertebrate traits in wadeable streams of the contiguous US:differences among ecoregions and land uses[J].Freshwater Science,2012,31(4):1042-1056.
[40]MONK W A,WOOD P J,HANNAH D M,et al.Flow variability and macroinvertebrate community response within riverine systems[J].River Research and Applications,2006,22(5):595-615.
[41]BOND N R,BALCOMBE S R,CROOK D A,et al.Fish population persistence in hydrologically variable landscapes[J].Ecological Applications,2015,25(4):901-913.
[42]RUHA,OLDEN J D,SABO J L.Declining streamflow induces collapse and replacement of native fish in the American Southwest[J].Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment,2016,14(9):465-472.
[43]WANG J,NATHAN R,HORNE A,et al.Evaluating four downscaling methods for assessment of climate change impact on ecological indicators[J].Environmental Modelling&Software,2017,96:68-82.
[44]YEN J D L,BOND N R,SHENTON W,et al.Identifying effective water-management strategies in variable climates using population dynamics models[J].Journal of Applied Ecology,2013,50(3):691-701.
[45]BEESLEY L S,GWINN D C,PRICE A,et al.Juvenile fish response to wetland inundation:how antecedent conditions can inform environmental flow policies for native fish[J].Journal of Applied Ecology,2014,51(6):1613-1621.
[46]KING A J,GAWNE B,BEESLEY L,et al.Improving ecological response monitoring of environmental flows[J].Environmental Management,2015,55(5):991-1005.
[47]LEIGH C.Dry-season changes in macroinvertebrate assemblages of highly seasonal rivers:responses to low flow,no flow and antecedent hydrology[J].Hydrobiologia,2013,703(1):95-112.
[48]ANDERSON K E,PAUL A J,MCCAULEY E,et al.Instream flow needs in streams and rivers:the importance of understanding ecological dynamics[J].Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment,2006,4(6):309-318.
[49]程俊翔,徐力刚,姜加虎.水文改变指标体系在生态水文研究中的应用综述[J].水资源保护,2018,34(6):24-32.(CHENG Junxiang,XU Ligang,JIANG Jiahu.Review of application of hydrologic alteration index system in eco-hydrology research[J].Water Resources Protection,2018,34(6):24-32.(in Chinese))
[50]SHENTON W,BOND N R,YEN J D L,et al.Putting the“ecology”into environmental flows:ecological dynamics and demographic modelling[J].Environmental Management,2012,50(1):1-10.
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