精准扶贫背景下家庭支持、社会支持对城乡贫困老年人口脱贫的影响
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摘要
精准扶贫实施以来,学界对此进行了许多相关研究,从宏观层面的理论基础与顶层设计到中观层面的政策执行再到微观层面的产业扶贫、易地扶贫搬迁等各种精准帮扶措施都有分析和解释。但对作为贫困发生率最高的城乡贫困老年人口的实证研究较少。以往对贫困老年人口的研究大多集中在对老年人口的经济绝对贫困的研究上,是用单一的指标去测量老年人口的贫困状况,在测量维度上没有体现贫困的多样性,本研究基于多维贫困的视角考察城乡贫困老年人口不同维度的贫困状况,并认为贫困的呈现不只是一种客观层面的福利剥夺,也是贫困人口基于对贫困的理解而做出的对自身贫困状况的主观感知。本研究使用"完善社会救助制度研究"课题组2015年的调查数据,通过二项Logit模型具体分析了城乡贫困老年人口的经济贫困、健康贫困和精神贫困状况,并考察了家庭支持变量和社会支持变量对以上三个维度的贫困状况的影响。结果显示,城市贫困老年人口经济贫困、精神贫困的主观剥夺感更强,农村贫困老年人口健康贫困更严重;城乡贫困老年人口中高龄老人居多,受教育程度低,女性贫困和独居老人贫困严重;城乡贫困老年人口家庭支持不足,社会救助水平低,救助依赖凸显。城乡贫困老年人口的家庭子女经济支持对贫困老年人口经济贫困的改善有显著影响,家庭照料在改善城市贫困老年人口健康状况方面发挥了重要作用,多子多福在老年人精神慰藉层面还有体现;贫困老年人口的社会支持功能在改善其经济贫困、健康贫困和精神贫困中有作用体现,社区提供的支持对贫困状况的缓解有一定作用,但其他方面发挥的功能仍存在局限;医疗保险和养老保险分别在经济贫困缓解和精神贫困缓解中发挥了一定作用,但发挥效果有待进一步验证。基于以上结论,提出精准扶贫过程中针对城乡贫困老年人口脱贫的建议与对策:第一,应对人口老龄化和精准脱贫的现实树立积极老龄化的助老理念;第二,完善家庭养老和社会养老方式,提升社会保障水平;第三,整合社会资源,通过社会力量介入缓解老年贫困;第四,明确综合的扶贫理念,为贫困老年人口精准施策。
Since the implementation of targeted poverty alleviation, the academic circle has conducted many relevant studies from the theoretical foundation and top-level design at the macro level to the policy implementation at the middle level and to the industrial poverty alleviation at the micro level etc., all of which have been analyzed and explained. However, empirical studies on the elderly population in the urban and rural with the highest incidence of poverty are few. Most studies focused on the financial absolute poverty of the poor elderly population and did not reflect the diversity of poverty in the measurement dimensions, which uses a single index to measure the poverty of aging population. This study describes and analyses different dimensions of poverty of the elderly in the urban and rural based on the concept of multidimensional poverty and thinks poverty is not only a kind of welfare deprivation in the objective aspect but also a subjective perception based on the understanding of poverty. Based on the survey data of the research team named"Research on the Improvement of Social Assistance System" in 2015, this study uses binary models to specifically analyze the financial, healthy and spiritual poverty of the poor elderly in the urban and rural, and investigates the impact of family support variables and social support variables on the poverty situation in the above three dimensions. The results show that the urban poor elderly has a stronger sense of subjective deprivation of financial poverty and spiritual poverty, and the rural poor elderly has more serious health poverty. Among the elderly people living in poverty in the urban and rural, the majority are advanced elderly with low level of education and the poverty of elderly women and the solitary elderly is serious. Poor elderly people in the urban and rural have insufficient supports from their families and get a low level of social assistance with prominent aid dependence. The financial support from their children in the urban and rural has a significant impact on the improvement of the financial poverty of the poor elderly. Family care plays an important role in improving the health condition of the urban poor elderly. The social support function is reflected in the improvement of its financial poverty, health poverty and spiritual poverty. Enjoying services provided by the community plays a certain role in alleviating poverty, but other functions are still limited.Medical insurance and endowment insurance respectively play a certain role in alleviating financial poverty and spiritual poverty, but the effect needs to be further verified. Based on the above conclusions, suggestions and countermeasures are put forward for poverty alleviation of the urban and rural poor elderly in the process of targeted poverty alleviation. First, dealing with the reality of population aging and targeted poverty alleviation, we should establish the concept of helping actively the elderly. Second, we should improve the way of family and social endowment and raise the level of social security. Thirdly, ti is suggested to integrate social resources and intervene to alleviate the poverty of the elderly through social force. Fourthly, the concept of comprehensive poverty alleviation should be clearly defined so that the measures can be taken precisely for the poor elderly population.
Since the implementation of targeted poverty alleviation, the academic circle has conducted many relevant studies from the theoretical foundation and top-level design at the macro level to the policy implementation at the middle level and to the industrial poverty alleviation at the micro level etc., all of which have been analyzed and explained. However, empirical studies on the elderly population in the urban and rural with the highest incidence of poverty are few. Most studies focused on the financial absolute poverty of the poor elderly population and did not reflect the diversity of poverty in the measurement dimensions, which uses a single index to measure the poverty of aging population. This study describes and analyses different dimensions of poverty of the elderly in the urban and rural based on the concept of multidimensional poverty and thinks poverty is not only a kind of welfare deprivation in the objective aspect but also a subjective perception based on the understanding of poverty. Based on the survey data of the research team named"Research on the Improvement of Social Assistance System" in 2015, this study uses binary models to specifically analyze the financial, healthy and spiritual poverty of the poor elderly in the urban and rural, and investigates the impact of family support variables and social support variables on the poverty situation in the above three dimensions. The results show that the urban poor elderly has a stronger sense of subjective deprivation of financial poverty and spiritual poverty, and the rural poor elderly has more serious health poverty. Among the elderly people living in poverty in the urban and rural, the majority are advanced elderly with low level of education and the poverty of elderly women and the solitary elderly is serious. Poor elderly people in the urban and rural have insufficient supports from their families and get a low level of social assistance with prominent aid dependence. The financial support from their children in the urban and rural has a significant impact on the improvement of the financial poverty of the poor elderly. Family care plays an important role in improving the health condition of the urban poor elderly. The social support function is reflected in the improvement of its financial poverty, health poverty and spiritual poverty. Enjoying services provided by the community plays a certain role in alleviating poverty, but other functions are still limited.Medical insurance and endowment insurance respectively play a certain role in alleviating financial poverty and spiritual poverty, but the effect needs to be further verified. Based on the above conclusions, suggestions and countermeasures are put forward for poverty alleviation of the urban and rural poor elderly in the process of targeted poverty alleviation. First, dealing with the reality of population aging and targeted poverty alleviation, we should establish the concept of helping actively the elderly. Second, we should improve the way of family and social endowment and raise the level of social security. Thirdly, ti is suggested to integrate social resources and intervene to alleviate the poverty of the elderly through social force. Fourthly, the concept of comprehensive poverty alleviation should be clearly defined so that the measures can be taken precisely for the poor elderly population.
引文
[1]汪三贵,郭子豪.论中国的精准扶贫[J].贵州社会科学,2015(5):147-150.
[2]葛志军,邢成举.精准扶贫:内涵、实践困境及其原因解释——基于宁县银川两个村庄的调查[J].贵州社会科学,2015(5):157-163.
[3]左停,杨雨鑫,钟玲.精准扶贫:技术靶向、理论解析和现实挑战[J].贵州社会科学,2015(8):156-162.
[4]万兰芳,向德平.精准扶贫方略下的农村弱势群体减贫研究[J].中国农业大学学报(社会科学版),2016(5):46-53.
[5]杨立雄.中国老年贫困人口规模研究[J].人口学刊,2011(4):37-45.
[6] Sen A.Development as Freedom[M]. New York:Anchor Books, 1999.
[7] Haeners A.A class of poverty indices[J]. International economic review, 1987(3):583-607.
[8]张昭,吴丹萍.多维视角下贫困的识别、追踪及分解研究——基于中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)数据[J].华中农业大学学报(社会科学版),2018(3):90-98.
[9] George L.K.Quality of Life in Older Persons:Meaning and Measurement[M]. New York:Human Sciences Press, 1980.
[10] Lawton M.P. Competence, Environmental Press, and the Adaptation of Older People[M]. New York:Springer, 1982.
[11]王三秀.积极老龄化与我国老年贫困治理路径新探索[J].江淮论坛,2016(1):132-137.
[12]解垩.公共转移支付与老年人的多维贫困[J].中国工业经济,2015(11):33-46.
[13]陈友华,苗国.老年贫困与社会救助[J].山东社会科学,2015(7):104-113.
[14]王增文.农村老年女性贫困的决定因素分析——基于Cox比例风险模型的研究视角[J].中国人口科学,2010(1):75-83.
[15]刘二鹏.中国老年贫困及其致贫因素差异分析——基于多维贫困视角的实证与比较[J].湖南农业大学学报(社会科学版),2018(3):77-83.
[16] Rojas M. The Complexity of Well-being:A Life-satisfaction Conception and A Domains-of-life Approach[C]//In Gough L.(eds.).Wellbeing in Developing Countries:From Theory to Research.London:Cambridge University Press, 2007:259-280.
[17]杨菊华.人口转变与老年贫困[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2011.
[18] Knodel.Intergenerational relationships and family care and support for the elderly[J]. Aging International,2009(33):15-27.
[19]乔晓春.未来农村养老问题的估计与判断[J].市场与人口分析,2000(5):10-18.
[20]王琳.中国未来老年贫困的风险研究[J].人口与经济,2006(4):14-19.
[21]王金营,杨茜.中国贫困地区农村老年人家庭贫困-富裕度研究[J].人口学刊,2014(2):45-54.
[22]汪为,吴海涛,彭继权.农村家庭多维贫困动态性及其影响因素研究[J].中南财经政法大学学报,2018(1):51-60.
[23]韩华为,高琴,徐月宾.农村老年人口绝对贫困及其影响因素——物质剥夺视角下的实证研究[J].人口与经济,2017(5):70-83.
[24]王瑜,汪三贵.人口老龄化与农村老年贫困问题——兼轮人口流动的影响[J].中国农业大学学报(社会科学版),2014(1):108-120.
[25]刘二鹏,张奇林.农村老年贫困:一个分析框架及解释[J].当代经济管理,2018(6):41-45.
[26]王翠琴,徐海峰.农村老年贫困的类型与成因探析[J].华中农业大学学报(社会科学版),2016(2):82-89.
[27]孙文中.场域视阈下农村老年贫困问题分析——基于闽西地区SM村的个案调查[J].华中农业大学学报(社会科学版),2011(5):67-73.
[28]乐章,刘二鹏.家庭禀赋、社会福利与农村老年贫困研究[J].农业经济问题,2016(8):63-73.
[29]慈勤英.家庭养老:农村养老不可能完成的任务[J].武汉大学学报(人文科学版),2016(2):12-15.
[30] Zimmer, Zachary. Family Size and Support of Older Adults in Urban and Rural China[J]. Current Effects and Future Implications Demography, 2003(1):23-44.
[31]刘一伟.互补还是替代:“社会养老”与“家庭养老”——基于城乡差异的分析视角[J].公共管理学报,2016(4):77-88.
[32]杨菊华,陈志光.老年绝对经济贫困的影响因素:一个定量和定性分析[J].人口研究,2010(5):51-67.
[33]慈勤英,宁雯雯.家庭养老弱化下的贫困老年人口社会支持研究[J].中国人口科学,2018(4):68-80.
[34]张川川,陈斌开.“社会养老”能否代替“家庭养老”?——来自中国新兴农村社会养老保险的证据[J].经济研究,2014(11):108-115.
[35]程令国,张晔,刘志彪.“新农保”改变了中国农村进的养老模式吗?[J].经济研究,2013(8):42-54.
[36]杨政怡.替代或互补:群体分异视角下新农保与农村家庭养老的互动机制——来自全国五省的农村调查数据[J].公共管理学报,2016(1):117-127.
[37]朱火云.城乡居民养老保险减贫效应评估——基于多维贫困的视角[J].北京社会科学,2017(9):113-118.
[38]解垩.养老金与老年人口多维贫困和不平等研究——基于非强制养老保险城乡比较的视角[J].中国人口科学,2017(5):62-73.
[39]慈勤英,李芹.农村老年人的健康自我评估:社会资本的视角[J].学习与实践,2015(12):113-119.
[40]刘生龙,李军.健康、劳动参与及中国农村老年贫困[J].中国农村经济,2012(1):56-68.
[41]李鹏.城市贫困家庭养老经济约束困境与应对策略[J].四川理工学院学报(社会科学版),2017(2):16-32.
[42]刘文,焦佩.国际视野中的积极老龄化研究[J].中山大学学报(社会科学版),2015(1):167-179.
(1)本数据由国家统计局网站发布,具体详见《2017年国民经济和社会发展统计公报》,http://www cpaw.org.cn/view/409078.shtml。
[2]葛志军,邢成举.精准扶贫:内涵、实践困境及其原因解释——基于宁县银川两个村庄的调查[J].贵州社会科学,2015(5):157-163.
[3]左停,杨雨鑫,钟玲.精准扶贫:技术靶向、理论解析和现实挑战[J].贵州社会科学,2015(8):156-162.
[4]万兰芳,向德平.精准扶贫方略下的农村弱势群体减贫研究[J].中国农业大学学报(社会科学版),2016(5):46-53.
[5]杨立雄.中国老年贫困人口规模研究[J].人口学刊,2011(4):37-45.
[6] Sen A.Development as Freedom[M]. New York:Anchor Books, 1999.
[7] Haeners A.A class of poverty indices[J]. International economic review, 1987(3):583-607.
[8]张昭,吴丹萍.多维视角下贫困的识别、追踪及分解研究——基于中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)数据[J].华中农业大学学报(社会科学版),2018(3):90-98.
[9] George L.K.Quality of Life in Older Persons:Meaning and Measurement[M]. New York:Human Sciences Press, 1980.
[10] Lawton M.P. Competence, Environmental Press, and the Adaptation of Older People[M]. New York:Springer, 1982.
[11]王三秀.积极老龄化与我国老年贫困治理路径新探索[J].江淮论坛,2016(1):132-137.
[12]解垩.公共转移支付与老年人的多维贫困[J].中国工业经济,2015(11):33-46.
[13]陈友华,苗国.老年贫困与社会救助[J].山东社会科学,2015(7):104-113.
[14]王增文.农村老年女性贫困的决定因素分析——基于Cox比例风险模型的研究视角[J].中国人口科学,2010(1):75-83.
[15]刘二鹏.中国老年贫困及其致贫因素差异分析——基于多维贫困视角的实证与比较[J].湖南农业大学学报(社会科学版),2018(3):77-83.
[16] Rojas M. The Complexity of Well-being:A Life-satisfaction Conception and A Domains-of-life Approach[C]//In Gough L.(eds.).Wellbeing in Developing Countries:From Theory to Research.London:Cambridge University Press, 2007:259-280.
[17]杨菊华.人口转变与老年贫困[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2011.
[18] Knodel.Intergenerational relationships and family care and support for the elderly[J]. Aging International,2009(33):15-27.
[19]乔晓春.未来农村养老问题的估计与判断[J].市场与人口分析,2000(5):10-18.
[20]王琳.中国未来老年贫困的风险研究[J].人口与经济,2006(4):14-19.
[21]王金营,杨茜.中国贫困地区农村老年人家庭贫困-富裕度研究[J].人口学刊,2014(2):45-54.
[22]汪为,吴海涛,彭继权.农村家庭多维贫困动态性及其影响因素研究[J].中南财经政法大学学报,2018(1):51-60.
[23]韩华为,高琴,徐月宾.农村老年人口绝对贫困及其影响因素——物质剥夺视角下的实证研究[J].人口与经济,2017(5):70-83.
[24]王瑜,汪三贵.人口老龄化与农村老年贫困问题——兼轮人口流动的影响[J].中国农业大学学报(社会科学版),2014(1):108-120.
[25]刘二鹏,张奇林.农村老年贫困:一个分析框架及解释[J].当代经济管理,2018(6):41-45.
[26]王翠琴,徐海峰.农村老年贫困的类型与成因探析[J].华中农业大学学报(社会科学版),2016(2):82-89.
[27]孙文中.场域视阈下农村老年贫困问题分析——基于闽西地区SM村的个案调查[J].华中农业大学学报(社会科学版),2011(5):67-73.
[28]乐章,刘二鹏.家庭禀赋、社会福利与农村老年贫困研究[J].农业经济问题,2016(8):63-73.
[29]慈勤英.家庭养老:农村养老不可能完成的任务[J].武汉大学学报(人文科学版),2016(2):12-15.
[30] Zimmer, Zachary. Family Size and Support of Older Adults in Urban and Rural China[J]. Current Effects and Future Implications Demography, 2003(1):23-44.
[31]刘一伟.互补还是替代:“社会养老”与“家庭养老”——基于城乡差异的分析视角[J].公共管理学报,2016(4):77-88.
[32]杨菊华,陈志光.老年绝对经济贫困的影响因素:一个定量和定性分析[J].人口研究,2010(5):51-67.
[33]慈勤英,宁雯雯.家庭养老弱化下的贫困老年人口社会支持研究[J].中国人口科学,2018(4):68-80.
[34]张川川,陈斌开.“社会养老”能否代替“家庭养老”?——来自中国新兴农村社会养老保险的证据[J].经济研究,2014(11):108-115.
[35]程令国,张晔,刘志彪.“新农保”改变了中国农村进的养老模式吗?[J].经济研究,2013(8):42-54.
[36]杨政怡.替代或互补:群体分异视角下新农保与农村家庭养老的互动机制——来自全国五省的农村调查数据[J].公共管理学报,2016(1):117-127.
[37]朱火云.城乡居民养老保险减贫效应评估——基于多维贫困的视角[J].北京社会科学,2017(9):113-118.
[38]解垩.养老金与老年人口多维贫困和不平等研究——基于非强制养老保险城乡比较的视角[J].中国人口科学,2017(5):62-73.
[39]慈勤英,李芹.农村老年人的健康自我评估:社会资本的视角[J].学习与实践,2015(12):113-119.
[40]刘生龙,李军.健康、劳动参与及中国农村老年贫困[J].中国农村经济,2012(1):56-68.
[41]李鹏.城市贫困家庭养老经济约束困境与应对策略[J].四川理工学院学报(社会科学版),2017(2):16-32.
[42]刘文,焦佩.国际视野中的积极老龄化研究[J].中山大学学报(社会科学版),2015(1):167-179.
(1)本数据由国家统计局网站发布,具体详见《2017年国民经济和社会发展统计公报》,http://www cpaw.org.cn/view/409078.shtml。
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