不同水位垂直流人工湿地中植物及微生物特征
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摘要
利用4个连续进水的垂直流人工湿地,比较分析水位对污染物去除效果的影响,研究湿地中植物对氮磷去除的贡献,阐析湿地中脱氮功能菌数量的演变规律。3个湿地栽种黄花鸢尾,水位分别控制在19、51和84cm,另一个湿地不栽种植物,水位为51cm。结果表明,水位对氮和有机物的去除有显著影响(p<0.05),栽种植物的湿地中,51cm水位时总氮去除率(67.4%～79.2%)最高,19cm水位时氨氮(85.3%～93.0%)和COD(81.8%～92.9%)去除效果最好。试验中黄花鸢尾均生长良好,植物吸收对总氮(Total nitrogen,简称TN)和总磷(Total phosphorus,简称TP)去除的贡献分别为19.2%～27.3%和14.7%～19.2%;植物地上部分发挥更重要作用,其TN和TP含量及对TN和TP的吸收量均高于地下部分。湿地表层基质中3种脱氮功能菌数量均随运行时间的增加而显著提高,亚硝化细菌和硝化细菌数量分别为10~4～10~6和10~5～10~7 MPN/g,随水位升高而减少;反硝化细菌数量为10~3～10~6 MPN/g,随水位升高而增加。
The aim of this study is to analyze the effect of water level on the removal of nitrogen and organic,investigate the plant contributions for TN and TP removal,and explain the variation of nitrogen transformation microorganism in four continuous-feed vertical flow constructed wetlands(VFCWs).Three VFCWs were planted with Iris pseudacorus and operated with different water levels(19,51 and84 cm),and the other one was non-planted with 51 cm water level.The results indicated that the removal efficiency of nitrogen and organic were significantly different among four VFCWs(p<0.05).The planted wetland with 51 cm water level achieved the best TN removal efficiency of 67.4%～79.2%,and the highest removal efficiencies of NH+4-N(85.3% ～93.0%)and COD(81.8% ～92.9%)were observed in the wetland with 19 cm water level.The Iris pseudacorus grew well and showed potential for enhancing nutrient purification in VFCWs with three different water levels.Plant uptake accounted for19.2%～27.3% of TN and 14.7%～19.2%of TP removed in the VFCW systems.TN and TP contents(19.8～22.8 and 1.5～1.8 mg/g)and TN and TP uptake by plants(33.2～52.9 and 2.6～4.7 mg/m2·d)in above-ground tissue were significantly higher than those in below-ground tissue,which indicated that the above-ground portion played a more significant role in plant uptake.The nitrogen transformation microbial population of surface layer significantly increased with domestication and cultivation in the VFCWs.The populations of nitrosobacteria and nitrobacteria(10~4～10~6 and 10~5～10~7 MPN/g)reduced with the increasing water level,while the denitrifying bacteria(10~3～10~6 MPN/g)increased.
The aim of this study is to analyze the effect of water level on the removal of nitrogen and organic,investigate the plant contributions for TN and TP removal,and explain the variation of nitrogen transformation microorganism in four continuous-feed vertical flow constructed wetlands(VFCWs).Three VFCWs were planted with Iris pseudacorus and operated with different water levels(19,51 and84 cm),and the other one was non-planted with 51 cm water level.The results indicated that the removal efficiency of nitrogen and organic were significantly different among four VFCWs(p<0.05).The planted wetland with 51 cm water level achieved the best TN removal efficiency of 67.4%～79.2%,and the highest removal efficiencies of NH+4-N(85.3% ～93.0%)and COD(81.8% ～92.9%)were observed in the wetland with 19 cm water level.The Iris pseudacorus grew well and showed potential for enhancing nutrient purification in VFCWs with three different water levels.Plant uptake accounted for19.2%～27.3% of TN and 14.7%～19.2%of TP removed in the VFCW systems.TN and TP contents(19.8～22.8 and 1.5～1.8 mg/g)and TN and TP uptake by plants(33.2～52.9 and 2.6～4.7 mg/m2·d)in above-ground tissue were significantly higher than those in below-ground tissue,which indicated that the above-ground portion played a more significant role in plant uptake.The nitrogen transformation microbial population of surface layer significantly increased with domestication and cultivation in the VFCWs.The populations of nitrosobacteria and nitrobacteria(10~4～10~6 and 10~5～10~7 MPN/g)reduced with the increasing water level,while the denitrifying bacteria(10~3～10~6 MPN/g)increased.
引文
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[23]Abou-Elela S I,Golinielli G,Abou-Taleb E M,et al.Municipal wastewater treatment in horizontal and vertical flows constructed wetlands[J].Ecological Engineering,2013,61:460-468.
[24]Liu L,Zhao X,Zhao N,et al.Effect of aeration modes and influent COD/N ratios on the nitrogen removal performance of vertical flow constructed wetland[J].Ecological Engineering,2013,57:10-16.
[25]张列宇,饶本强,熊瑛,等.人工湿地黑臭水体处理系统微生物脱氮机理研究[J].水生生物学报,2010,34(2):256-261.Zhang L Y,Rao B Q,Xiong Y,et al.The microbial mechanism of horizonal constructed wetland used to treated black-odor river[J].Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica,2010,34(2):256-261.
[26]王国祥,濮培民,黄宜凯,等.太湖反硝化、硝化、亚硝化及氨化细菌分布及其作用[J].应用与环境生物学报,1999,5(2):190-194.Wang G X,Pu P M,Huang Y K,et al.Distribution and role of denitrifying,nitrifying,nitrosation and ammonifying bacteria in the Taihu Lake[J].Chinese Journal of Applied&Environmental Biology,1999,5(2):190-194.
[2]Zhou X,Wang X,Zhang H,et al.Enhanced nitrogen removal of low C/N domestic wastewater using a biochar-amended aerated vertical flow constructed wetland[J].Bioresource Technology,2017,241:269-275.
[3]Zhang D,Gersberg R M,Keat T S.Constructed wetlands in China[J].Ecological Engineering,2009,35(10):1367-1378.
[4]刘曦,陈芳清,杨丹,等.垂直流人工湿地系统中氮去除影响因素的研究[J].安徽农业科学,2015(15):226-228.Liu X,Chen F Q,Yang D.Study on the factor influence nitrogen removal in vertical flow constructed wetlands system[J].Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences,2015(15):226-228.
[5]Vymazal J.Removal of nutrients in various types of constructed wetlands[J].Science of Total Environment,2007,380:48-65.
[6]Dong Z,Sun T.A potential new process for improving nitrogen removal in constructed wetlands-promoting coexistence of partial-nitrification and ANAMMOX[J].Ecological Engineering,2007,31(2):69-78.
[7]Pelissari C,vila C,Trein C M,et al.Nitrogen transforming bacteria within a full-scale partially saturated vertical subsurface flow constructed wetland treating urban wastewater[J].Science of the Total Environment,2017,574:390-399.
[8]Silveira D D,Belli Filho P,Philippi L S,et al.Influence of partial saturation on total nitrogen removal in a single-stage French constructed wetland treating raw domestic wastewater[J].Ecological Engineering,2015,77:257-264.
[9]常军军,吴苏青,梁康,等.复合垂直流人工湿地微生物特征对典型污水的响应差异[J].环境科学研究,2016,29(8):1200-1206.Chang J J,Wu S Q,Liang K,et a1.Responses of microbia1features in integrated vertical-flow constructed wetlands(IVCWs)for treatment of two types of representative wastewater[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2016,29(8):1200-1206.
[10]Gao J,Wang W,Guo X,et al.Nutrient removal capability and growth characteristics of Iris sibirica in subsurface vertical flow constructed wetlands in winter[J].Ecological Engineering,2014,70:351-361.
[11]国家环境保护总局.水和废水监测分析方法(第4版)[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2002.NEPA Chinese.Water and Wastewater Monitoring Methods[M].Beijing:Chinese Environmental Science Publilshing House,2002.
[12]李阜棣,喻子牛,何绍江.农业微生物学实验技术[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1996:69-89.Li F D,Yu Z N,He S J.Experimental Technique of Agricultural Microbiology[M].Beijing:China Agriculture Press,1996:69-89.
[13]许光辉,郑洪元.土壤微生物分析方法手册[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1986:17-18.Xu G H,Zheng H Y.Soil Microbiological Analysis Method Manual[M].Beijing:China Agriculture Press,1986:17-18.
[14]中国科学院上海植物生理研究所,上海市植物生理学会.现代植物生理学实验指南[M].北京:科学出版社,1999:53-58.Science of Plant Physiology and Ecology of CAS SIBS,Shanghai Society for Plant Biology.Modern Plant Physiology Experiment Guide[M].Beijing:Science Press,1999:53-58.
[15]Vymazal J.The use of hybrid constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment with special attention to nitrogen removal:A review of a recent development[J].Water Research,2013,47(14):4795-4811.
[16]Chang J,Wu S,Dai Y,et al.Nitrogen removal from nitrate-laden wastewater by integrated vertical-flow constructed wetland systems[J].Ecological Engineering,2013,58:192-201.
[17]Saeed T,Sun G.A review on nitrogen and organics removal mechanisms in subsurface flow constructed wetlands:Dependency on environmental parameters,operating conditions and supporting media[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2012,112:429-448.
[18]Ong S,Uchiyama K,Inadama D,et al.Performance evaluation of laboratory scale up-flow constructed wetlands with different designs and emergent plants[J].Bioresource Technology,2010,101(19):7239-7244.
[19]Kim B,Gautier M,Prost-Boucle S,et al.Performance evaluation of partially saturated vertical-flow constructed wetland with trickling filter and chemical precipitation for domestic and winery wastewaters treatment[J].Ecological Engineering,2014,71:41-47.
[20]Zhang Z,Rengel Z,Meney K.IInteractive effects of nitrogen and phosphorus loadings on nutrient removal from simulated wastewater using Schoenoplectus validus in wetland microcosms[J].Chemosphere,2008,72(11):1823-1828.
[21]Liu X,Huang S,Tang T,et al.Growth characteristics and nutrient removal capability of plants in subsurface vertical flow constructed wetlands[J].Ecological Engineering,2012,44:189-198.
[22]Wang Y,Wang J,Zhao X,et al.The inhibition and adaptability of four wetland plant species to high concentration of ammonia wastewater and nitrogen removal efficiency in constructed wetlands[J].Bioresource Technology,2016,202:198-205.
[23]Abou-Elela S I,Golinielli G,Abou-Taleb E M,et al.Municipal wastewater treatment in horizontal and vertical flows constructed wetlands[J].Ecological Engineering,2013,61:460-468.
[24]Liu L,Zhao X,Zhao N,et al.Effect of aeration modes and influent COD/N ratios on the nitrogen removal performance of vertical flow constructed wetland[J].Ecological Engineering,2013,57:10-16.
[25]张列宇,饶本强,熊瑛,等.人工湿地黑臭水体处理系统微生物脱氮机理研究[J].水生生物学报,2010,34(2):256-261.Zhang L Y,Rao B Q,Xiong Y,et al.The microbial mechanism of horizonal constructed wetland used to treated black-odor river[J].Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica,2010,34(2):256-261.
[26]王国祥,濮培民,黄宜凯,等.太湖反硝化、硝化、亚硝化及氨化细菌分布及其作用[J].应用与环境生物学报,1999,5(2):190-194.Wang G X,Pu P M,Huang Y K,et al.Distribution and role of denitrifying,nitrifying,nitrosation and ammonifying bacteria in the Taihu Lake[J].Chinese Journal of Applied&Environmental Biology,1999,5(2):190-194.