基于V2G的电动汽车有序充放电控制策略
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摘要
大规模电动汽车作为移动存储的电力负荷,其无序充电行为将会导致电网出现负荷峰谷差加大、负荷率降低等问题。文中分别从电网侧和用户侧的角度,研究基于车网互动(V2G,vehicle to grid)的电动汽车有序充放电控制策略。在电网侧以负荷曲线均方差最小为目标函数,在用户侧以电动汽车用户参与V2G获得的经济收益最大化为目标函数,并且考虑到电动汽车实际充放电功率、可用容量及用户日常设置等约束条件,采用粒子群优化算法进行仿真求解。分别以重庆2020年、2025年和2030年电动汽车有序充放电为例,对电动汽车在电网侧和用户侧的有序充放电进行优化控制仿真分析。算例结果表明,所提出的电网侧和用户侧电动汽车有序充放电优化控制模型能有效降低负荷峰谷差、平滑负荷曲线并为参与V2G服务的用户带来经济收益。
Large scale electric vehicles,as the power load of mobile storage,will lead to the problem of load peak and valley difference and load rate reduction.In this paper,the control strategy of ordered charging and discharging of electric vehicles based on V2G is studied from the perspective of the power grid side and the user side.On the grid side,we made the load curve of the minimum mean square error as the objective function,on the user side,we made the benefit maximization of electric car users participating in the maximum V2G as the objective function.And the actual electric vehicles charge and discharge power,available capacity and user daily setting constraints are taken into account in sumulating test.Taking the orderly charging and discharging of electric vehicles in Chongqing in 2020,2025 and 2030 as an example,the optimization and control analysis of electric vehicle's orderly charging and discharging on the grid side and the user side are carried out.The results show that the proposed optimal charging and dischargingcontrol model of electric vehicles on the grid side and the user side can effectively reduce the load peak valley difference,smooth load curve and bring economic benefits to users involved in V2G services.
Large scale electric vehicles,as the power load of mobile storage,will lead to the problem of load peak and valley difference and load rate reduction.In this paper,the control strategy of ordered charging and discharging of electric vehicles based on V2G is studied from the perspective of the power grid side and the user side.On the grid side,we made the load curve of the minimum mean square error as the objective function,on the user side,we made the benefit maximization of electric car users participating in the maximum V2G as the objective function.And the actual electric vehicles charge and discharge power,available capacity and user daily setting constraints are taken into account in sumulating test.Taking the orderly charging and discharging of electric vehicles in Chongqing in 2020,2025 and 2030 as an example,the optimization and control analysis of electric vehicle's orderly charging and discharging on the grid side and the user side are carried out.The results show that the proposed optimal charging and dischargingcontrol model of electric vehicles on the grid side and the user side can effectively reduce the load peak valley difference,smooth load curve and bring economic benefits to users involved in V2G services.
引文
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[9]纪震,廖惠连,吴青华.粒子群算法及应用[M].北京:科学出版社,2009.JI Zhen,LIAO Huilian,WU Qinghua.Particle swarm optimization and its application[M].Beijing:Science Press,2009.(in Chinese)
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[11]Yao W F,Zhao J H,Wen F S,et al.A hierarchical decomposition approach for coordinated dispatch of plug-in electric vehicles[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2013,28(3):2768-2778.
[12]Hua L C,Wang J,Zhou C.Adaptive electric vehicle charging coordination on distribution network[J].IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid,2014,5(6):2666-2675.
[13]张文亮,武斌,李武峰,等.电动汽车我国纯电动汽车的发展方向及能源供给模式的探讨[J].电网技术,2009,33(4):1-5.ZHANG Wenliang,WU Bin,LI Wufeng,et al.Discussion on development trend of battery electric vehicles in China and its energy supply mode[J].Power System Technology,2009,33(4):1-5.(in Chinese)
[14]谢俊,汪震,杨欢,等.对未来电力市场的若干思考[J].电力科学与技术学报,2011,12,26(4):50-56.XIE Jun,WANG Zhen,YANG Huan,et al.Investigation on future electricity market modality[J].Journal of Electricity Power Science and Technology,2011,12,26(4):50-56.(in Chinese)
[15]刘晓飞,张千帆,李锦瑭,等.停车场电动汽车用户侧最优V2G控制策略研究[J].电气工程学报,2015,10(10):44-51.LIU Xiaofei,ZHANG Qianfan,LI Jintang,et al.Research on electric vehicle user-side optimization V2G control strategy in parking lot[J].Journal of Electrical Engineering,2015,10(10):44-51.(in Chinese)
[16]孙晓明,王玮,苏粟,等.基于分时电价的电动汽车有序充电控制策略设计[J].电力系统自动化,2013,37(1):191-195.SUN Xiaoming,WANG Wei,SU Su,et al.Coordinated charging strategy for electric vehicles based on time-of-use price[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2013,37(1):191-195.(in Chinese)
[17]Qian K J,Zhou C K,Allan M,et al.Modeling of load demand due to EV battery charging in distribution systems[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2011,26(2):802-810.
[18]Rolink J,Rehtanz C.Large-scale modeling of grid-connected electric vehicles[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,2013,28(2):894-902.
[19]Hamid Q R,Barria J A.Congestion avoidance for recharging electric vehicles using smoothed particle hydrodynamics[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2016,31(2):1014-1024.
[20]Saber A Y,Venayagamoorthy G K.Plug-in vehicles and renewable energy sources for cost and emission reductions[J].IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics,2011,58(4):1229-1238.
[21]Han S,Han S,Sezaki K.Development of an optimal vehicle-to-grid aggregator for frequency regulation[J].IEEETransactions on Smart Grid,2010,1(1):65-72.
[22]Cvetkovic I,Thacker T,Dong D,et al.Future home uninterruptible renewable energy system with vehicle-to-grid technology[C]//Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition.IEEE,2009:2675-2681.
[23]Kempton W,Tomi J.Vehicle-to-grid power implementation:from stabilizing the grid to supporting large-scale renewable energy[J].Journal of Power Sources,2005,144(1):280-294.
[2]胡泽春,宋永华,徐智威,等.电动汽车接入电网的影响与利用[J].中国电机工程学报,2012,32(4):1-10.HU Zechun,SONG Yonghua,XU Zhiwei,et al.Inpacts and utilization of electric vehicles integration into power systems[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2012,32(4):1-10.(in Chinese)
[3]王锡凡,邵成成,王秀丽,等.电动汽车充电负荷与调度控制策略综述[J].中国电机工程学报,2013,33(1):1-10.WANG Xifan,SHAO Chengcheng,WANG Xiuli,et al.Survey of electric vehicle charging load and dispatch control strategies[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2013,33(1):1-10.(in Chinese)
[4]葛少云,黄镠,刘洪,等.电动汽车有序充电的峰谷电价时段优化[J].电力系统保护与控制,2012,40(10):1-5.GE Shaoyun,HUANG Liu,LIU Hong,et al.Optimization of peak-valley TOU power price time-period in ordered charging mode of electric vehicle[J].Power System Protection and Control,2012,40(10):1-5.(in Chinese)
[5]黄润,周鑫,严正,等.计及电动汽车不确定性的有序充电调度策略[J].现代电力,2012,29(3):57-63.HUANG Run,ZHOU Xin,YAN Zheng,et al.The controlled charging dispatch strategy by considering of the uncertainty of electric vehicles[J].Modern Electric Power,2012,29(3):57-63.(in Chinese)
[6]徐智威,胡泽春,宋永华,等.充电站内电动汽车有序充电策略[J].电力系统自动化,2012,36(11):38-43.XU Zhiwei,HU Zechun,SONG Yonghua,et al.Coordinated charging of plug-in electric vehicles in charging stations[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2012,36(11):38-43.(in Chinese)
[7]Franco J F,Rider M J,Romero R.A mixed-integer linear programming model for the electric vehicle charging coordination problem in unbalanced electrical distribution systems[J].IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid,2015,6(5):2200-2210.
[8]刘晓飞,张千帆,崔淑梅.电动汽车V2G技术综述[J].电工技术学报,2012,27(2):121-127.LIU Xiaofei,ZHANG Qianfan,CUI Shumei.Review of V2G technology in electric vehicles[J].Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society,2012,27(2):121-127.(in Chinese)
[9]纪震,廖惠连,吴青华.粒子群算法及应用[M].北京:科学出版社,2009.JI Zhen,LIAO Huilian,WU Qinghua.Particle swarm optimization and its application[M].Beijing:Science Press,2009.(in Chinese)
[10]韩海英,和敬涵,王小君,等.基于改进粒子群算法的电动车参与负荷平抑策略[J].电网技术,2011,35(10):165-169.HAN Haiying,HE Jinghan,WANG Xiaojun,et al.An improved particle swarm optimization-based load response strategy with participation of vehicle to grid[J].Power System Technology,2011,35(10):165-169.(in Chinese)
[11]Yao W F,Zhao J H,Wen F S,et al.A hierarchical decomposition approach for coordinated dispatch of plug-in electric vehicles[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2013,28(3):2768-2778.
[12]Hua L C,Wang J,Zhou C.Adaptive electric vehicle charging coordination on distribution network[J].IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid,2014,5(6):2666-2675.
[13]张文亮,武斌,李武峰,等.电动汽车我国纯电动汽车的发展方向及能源供给模式的探讨[J].电网技术,2009,33(4):1-5.ZHANG Wenliang,WU Bin,LI Wufeng,et al.Discussion on development trend of battery electric vehicles in China and its energy supply mode[J].Power System Technology,2009,33(4):1-5.(in Chinese)
[14]谢俊,汪震,杨欢,等.对未来电力市场的若干思考[J].电力科学与技术学报,2011,12,26(4):50-56.XIE Jun,WANG Zhen,YANG Huan,et al.Investigation on future electricity market modality[J].Journal of Electricity Power Science and Technology,2011,12,26(4):50-56.(in Chinese)
[15]刘晓飞,张千帆,李锦瑭,等.停车场电动汽车用户侧最优V2G控制策略研究[J].电气工程学报,2015,10(10):44-51.LIU Xiaofei,ZHANG Qianfan,LI Jintang,et al.Research on electric vehicle user-side optimization V2G control strategy in parking lot[J].Journal of Electrical Engineering,2015,10(10):44-51.(in Chinese)
[16]孙晓明,王玮,苏粟,等.基于分时电价的电动汽车有序充电控制策略设计[J].电力系统自动化,2013,37(1):191-195.SUN Xiaoming,WANG Wei,SU Su,et al.Coordinated charging strategy for electric vehicles based on time-of-use price[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2013,37(1):191-195.(in Chinese)
[17]Qian K J,Zhou C K,Allan M,et al.Modeling of load demand due to EV battery charging in distribution systems[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2011,26(2):802-810.
[18]Rolink J,Rehtanz C.Large-scale modeling of grid-connected electric vehicles[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,2013,28(2):894-902.
[19]Hamid Q R,Barria J A.Congestion avoidance for recharging electric vehicles using smoothed particle hydrodynamics[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2016,31(2):1014-1024.
[20]Saber A Y,Venayagamoorthy G K.Plug-in vehicles and renewable energy sources for cost and emission reductions[J].IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics,2011,58(4):1229-1238.
[21]Han S,Han S,Sezaki K.Development of an optimal vehicle-to-grid aggregator for frequency regulation[J].IEEETransactions on Smart Grid,2010,1(1):65-72.
[22]Cvetkovic I,Thacker T,Dong D,et al.Future home uninterruptible renewable energy system with vehicle-to-grid technology[C]//Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition.IEEE,2009:2675-2681.
[23]Kempton W,Tomi J.Vehicle-to-grid power implementation:from stabilizing the grid to supporting large-scale renewable energy[J].Journal of Power Sources,2005,144(1):280-294.