抚河流域地区传统聚落空间形态研究
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摘要
传统聚落与地域环境紧密结合,是建筑文化的一笔重要的历史遗存,是我国丰富的民间优秀文化生存发展的根基。在现代工业文明和信息化时代背景下,国家和社会各界充分重视传统聚落的普查、研究和保护工作。抚河流域地区位于江西省东部,传统聚落数量众多,分布密集,按聚落遗存的价值来看,属于研究薄弱的地区。抚河是江西省境内的第二大河,是连接南部武夷山地区和赣中部赣抚平原的纽带,是一条历时千载的水运通道,促进了其周边聚落的产生、发展,为沿线聚落的布局、经济发展、文化交流都产生了重要影响。本文研究的区域属临川文化圈的范畴,临川文化是赣东江右民系创造出来的区域性文化,亦为江右文化的重要支柱。该地区自然地理条件优良,农业发达,历史人文底蕴深厚,明清商业贸易繁盛,拥有得天独厚的自然人文背景。由于区域地理环境和区域文化的特殊性,产生了大量地域性特征鲜明的聚落,布局典型,类型丰富,建筑形态自成体系,是江西乃至中国传统聚落研究的重要范本。本文从传统聚落产生的背景入手,从宏观、中观、微观3个层次,对抚河流域地区的传统聚落空间形态进行分析与研究,并以比较的视角将抚河流域地区传统聚落进行区内外对比,最后由表及里,分析传统聚落空间形态与其影响因素之间的关联。首先,在宏观层面研究传统聚落的形成与整体分布,从地理环境、经济、文化等方面分析对传统聚落形成分布的影响,并从聚落群的角度分析了传统聚落群的形成模式和空间分布形态,最后分析了抚河对该地区传统聚落发展的影响。其次,在中观层面对抚河流域地区传统聚落空间形态进行研究。首先以形态学和图形学理论为基础构建出本文采用的聚落空间形态的研究方法,包括聚落环境匹配、聚落整体形状、聚落空间结构、聚落街巷组织、聚落节点布置和传统建筑形态6个方面。本文主要介绍前5个方面,由远及近、由整体到局部的层次分析传统聚落与自然环境契合的关系,聚落在立面和平面上的形态,空间要素之间的结构组织,街巷空间的平面肌理及界面构成,节点在聚落中的位置对聚落整体布局的影响和节点空间的形态。然后,在微观层面研究传统聚落中的细胞—传统建筑的形态特征。抚河流域地区从北往南,由于受所处的地理位置和文化交流的影响,传统建筑在微观上呈现出片区化特征。结合地理位置、历史上的行政区划和建筑文化的差别,将该地区传统建筑分为两个片区,分抚河下游地区(主要是原抚州府辖区)和抚河上游地区(主要是原建昌府辖区),分别以其中特征较为鲜明的两个县域为代表,选取其中较有代表性的建筑类型,如祠堂、官厅和民宅等进行详细分析,总结出该片区各类型及总体建筑特征。最后,以比较的视角、关联的角度分析抚河流域地区传统聚落空间形态内外区域比较和传统聚落空间形态与其影响因素之间的关联。首先,以比较的视角将抚河流域地区的传统聚落与赣东北地区徽派聚落和赣江流域吉安地区的传统聚落从生成背景、聚落空间形态进行对比分析。通过比较,总结抚河流域地区传统聚落空间形态的典型性,进一步确立其赣派聚落的地位。其次,以关联的角度分析传统聚落形态与其影响因素之间的联系。传统聚落空间形态的形成是受综合因素的影响,影响因素之间的关系错综复杂。本文主要从各影响因素如何作用于聚落的空间形态,从表征和背后的动力因素之间寻到其中的关联。本研究主要采用实证分析与理论研究相结合,系统整体分析与比较对比研究相统一的研究方法,对抚河流域地区的传统聚落空间形态进行深入研究,得出以下主要结论:抚河流域地区复杂的自然地理条件和"仕、商、儒、耕"的社会文化背景对传统聚落空间形态特征产生了深刻的影响。该地区传统聚落分布密集、以中小规模为主、空间均质化、有村堡和里外堡式两种典型模式,建筑工艺精良,是赣派聚落的典型代表。同时,在建筑文化分区上,传统聚落空间北部呈现出"规矩、儒雅"的特征,南部相对来说则具有"张扬、多元"的特征,总体上呈现出"和而不同"的风格。传统聚落文化是乡土文化的根,尤其在江西抚河流域地区农耕文明发育完好并且是农耕经济向小商品经济过渡得较好的地区。该地区的传统聚落呈现出与其经济形式(农耕经济和小商品经济结合)相适应的形态,是中国"农商"结合的聚落形态的典范。
The traditional settlements firmly related with local surroundings are architectural cultural and historical heritages of vital importance, also known as basic foundation for Chinese folk culture to develop on. The inspection, research and preservation for these traditional settlements is given pretty high level of attention under the background of this era of information technology and modern industrial civilization.Located in east Jiangxi Province, Fuhe River sees the settlement of many heritages of this kind. Compared with their inner worth, the present research is clearly not sufficient. Fuhe River is also known as the second longest river in Jiangxi province, serving as a link between the Wuyi mountain to the south and the Ganfu Plain to the north. The transport route lasts for thousands of years. During these days the river continues to be a catalyst in promoting both economic development and cultural interaction of the abutting settlements. The region mentioned in this paper belongs to Linchuan Cultural Region which belongs to a kind of regional culture created by people in east Jiangxi Province. Taking adavantage of all the favorable elements, the area along Fuhe River is full of traditional settlements with significant character. This research starting from the generating environment, analyzes space form inspection based on different levels of scales and make a methodology of comparison research. Finally there is a relation is discussed between the space form and influencing factors.Firstly, from the macro level this paper focuses on the effects from geographical environment, cultural and economic elements. This part also deal with analysis on development pattern and space form from the view of settlement groups.; and in the end, it analyses the influences of the Fuhe River for the development of traditional settlement in this area.Secondly, from the medium level this part pays attention. first a research structure is built using theory of morphology and graphics to explore a way for this research. These contents relate to adjustment for local environment, integrated shape, space structure, streets alignment, focal points and building form. This chapter primarily introduces the five front parts: it analyses the compatible relationship between settlements and natural environment, from far to near and from global to local level; it analyses the morphology of settlements in the facades and plane; it analyses the structural organization between the spatial elements; it analyses the plane modality and interface formation of street space; it analyses the influence of the layout of settlement entirety, by thelocation of nodes in the settlements, and analyses the morphology of spatial nodes.Thirdly, this part focuses on building form from the micro point of view. The building form is obviously showing a character of being firmly connected to geographical region. The whole area is divided into two parts based on historical, political and cultural background research. The two parts contain lower reaches belonging to previous Fuzhou Government and upper reaches belonging to previous Jianchang Government. The focus building is selected from typical building type like shrine, government building and residential house from two area with significant character. Then there is a general summary on form of these buildings. And lastly, the analysis utilizes the methodology of comparison and interrelation. First this research try to certify the typical character of Gan type building after a comparison with Hui type building. Then the article analyzes the exerting process of various elements on space form of settlement..By comparison, we can summarize the typicality of traditional settlements-spatial morphology in the Fuhe River basin area, and then establish the status of Jiangxi style settlements further. Secondly, in the angle of relevancy, it analyses the link between traditional settlement morphology and its influential factors. The formation of traditional settlement-spatial morphology is influenced by comprehensive factors. Now we have found the connection between them, from how the different influential factors acting on the settlement spatial morphology and from the dynamic factors between characterization and backside.This research mainly arrives at the following conclusion using the research method of combing theory with empirical evidence and the unification of integrated analysis and comparative analysis:The space feature of traditional settlement is under the profound influence of complex geographical condition and cultural background, known as a combination of being officials, merchants, intellectuals and farmers. The region sees a concentrated spread of these settlements whose dimension is not large. Space always expresses a homogeneous character with two typical pattern known as Cunbao and Liwaibao. We also find a clear difference in building form of a relatively rude and simple character in the northern part and a relatively exaggerated and multiple in the southern parts. In the whole, it represents the style of "harmony in diversity".The traditional settlement culture is the root of native culture, especially in the area like the Fuhe River basin area in Jiangxi Province, that the agricultural civilization development good condition and the agricultural economy to commodity economy transition are in good condition. The settlements in Fuhe basin express a pretty adjustment to economic background and they could be a typical deputy of Chinese settlements under the combination of both agricultural and commercial elements.
The traditional settlements firmly related with local surroundings are architectural cultural and historical heritages of vital importance, also known as basic foundation for Chinese folk culture to develop on. The inspection, research and preservation for these traditional settlements is given pretty high level of attention under the background of this era of information technology and modern industrial civilization.Located in east Jiangxi Province, Fuhe River sees the settlement of many heritages of this kind. Compared with their inner worth, the present research is clearly not sufficient. Fuhe River is also known as the second longest river in Jiangxi province, serving as a link between the Wuyi mountain to the south and the Ganfu Plain to the north. The transport route lasts for thousands of years. During these days the river continues to be a catalyst in promoting both economic development and cultural interaction of the abutting settlements. The region mentioned in this paper belongs to Linchuan Cultural Region which belongs to a kind of regional culture created by people in east Jiangxi Province. Taking adavantage of all the favorable elements, the area along Fuhe River is full of traditional settlements with significant character. This research starting from the generating environment, analyzes space form inspection based on different levels of scales and make a methodology of comparison research. Finally there is a relation is discussed between the space form and influencing factors.Firstly, from the macro level this paper focuses on the effects from geographical environment, cultural and economic elements. This part also deal with analysis on development pattern and space form from the view of settlement groups.; and in the end, it analyses the influences of the Fuhe River for the development of traditional settlement in this area.Secondly, from the medium level this part pays attention. first a research structure is built using theory of morphology and graphics to explore a way for this research. These contents relate to adjustment for local environment, integrated shape, space structure, streets alignment, focal points and building form. This chapter primarily introduces the five front parts: it analyses the compatible relationship between settlements and natural environment, from far to near and from global to local level; it analyses the morphology of settlements in the facades and plane; it analyses the structural organization between the spatial elements; it analyses the plane modality and interface formation of street space; it analyses the influence of the layout of settlement entirety, by thelocation of nodes in the settlements, and analyses the morphology of spatial nodes.Thirdly, this part focuses on building form from the micro point of view. The building form is obviously showing a character of being firmly connected to geographical region. The whole area is divided into two parts based on historical, political and cultural background research. The two parts contain lower reaches belonging to previous Fuzhou Government and upper reaches belonging to previous Jianchang Government. The focus building is selected from typical building type like shrine, government building and residential house from two area with significant character. Then there is a general summary on form of these buildings. And lastly, the analysis utilizes the methodology of comparison and interrelation. First this research try to certify the typical character of Gan type building after a comparison with Hui type building. Then the article analyzes the exerting process of various elements on space form of settlement..By comparison, we can summarize the typicality of traditional settlements-spatial morphology in the Fuhe River basin area, and then establish the status of Jiangxi style settlements further. Secondly, in the angle of relevancy, it analyses the link between traditional settlement morphology and its influential factors. The formation of traditional settlement-spatial morphology is influenced by comprehensive factors. Now we have found the connection between them, from how the different influential factors acting on the settlement spatial morphology and from the dynamic factors between characterization and backside.This research mainly arrives at the following conclusion using the research method of combing theory with empirical evidence and the unification of integrated analysis and comparative analysis:The space feature of traditional settlement is under the profound influence of complex geographical condition and cultural background, known as a combination of being officials, merchants, intellectuals and farmers. The region sees a concentrated spread of these settlements whose dimension is not large. Space always expresses a homogeneous character with two typical pattern known as Cunbao and Liwaibao. We also find a clear difference in building form of a relatively rude and simple character in the northern part and a relatively exaggerated and multiple in the southern parts. In the whole, it represents the style of "harmony in diversity".The traditional settlement culture is the root of native culture, especially in the area like the Fuhe River basin area in Jiangxi Province, that the agricultural civilization development good condition and the agricultural economy to commodity economy transition are in good condition. The settlements in Fuhe basin express a pretty adjustment to economic background and they could be a typical deputy of Chinese settlements under the combination of both agricultural and commercial elements.
引文
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