演化经济地理学视角下旅游目的地研究述评及启示
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摘要
由于旅游目的地系统的多元和综合属性,其研究内容往往呈现跨学科的属性,涵盖地理学、经济学、管理学、社会学等多个领域。20世纪90年代以来,以进化论和复杂系统论为理论基础,强调历史过程和空间异质性的演化经济地理学,因其超越原有的单线逻辑的叙事而受到旅游研究者的关注。作为旅游目的地研究的新范式和新理论,演化经济地理学被应用于旅游目的地的演化路径和演化动力机制,并为其提供了"结构—过程"分析视角。而另一方面,中国旅游目的地的发展及演变,和西方发达国家的经验有着较大区别,只有在充分立足于中国旅游目的地的实际状况和基本国情的基础上,才能够更好地构建"中国特色"的旅游目的地理论体系,探索更为多元化的旅游研究方法。加强与政治经济学和制度经济学研究的结合能够为中国的旅游实践提供较为宏观尺度的政策分析视角,进而有助于旅游公共服务体系的转型升级;加强中微观层面的多尺度耦合机制和多元主体行为研究,将有助于探索不同利益相关者参与下中国旅游目的地的可持续发展路径。
Because of the diversity and complexity of tourist destination,its research is often cross-disciplinary,covering geography,economics,management,sociology,and so on.Tourism area life cycle,tourism industry cluster,and tourist destination management and governance have been concerned by economic geographers.Evolutionary economic geography(EEG) stresses historical processes and spatial heterogeneity and relies on three main conceptual foundations:path dependence,complexity theory,and generalized Darwinism.In recent years,tourism scholars have found EEG a useful paradigm with studies focusing on tourism area development,tourist destination management or governance,local tourism industry,and tourism stakeholders in creating new paths.These studies have shown the usefulness of a path dependence(and path creation),complexity theory,and generalized Darwinism approach in tourism research.Furthermore,several studies offer comprehensive overviews relating EEG to both cultural political economy and behavioral research approaches in tourism studies that include structural and process perspectives.China's tourist destination development and change are different from those of the West.With its socialist market economy model,public ownership co-exists with the private sector.The Chinese government still engages in the macro-management of the national economy,operating and controlling strategic industries and regulating certain prices.It also applies a top-down governance model in tourist destination management.In this article,we discussed the Chinese characteristics in tourist destination system,and suggested two directions in future tourism studies in China:linking the perspective of EEG with political economy and institutional economy can provide macro policy analysis for China's tourism studies,and thus contribute to the transformation and upgrading of tourism public service system;taking the perspective of multi-scale coupling at the meso-and micro-scales and multiple stakeholder analysis can help explore diverse stakeholder participation,and thus contribute to the sustainable development of tourism destination in China.With this background,China provides a fascinating environment to explore diversified tourism research methods;and the fact that tourism is a relatively new development area provides the potential to explore how the bureaucratic mechanisms are responding to the need for policy changes.
Because of the diversity and complexity of tourist destination,its research is often cross-disciplinary,covering geography,economics,management,sociology,and so on.Tourism area life cycle,tourism industry cluster,and tourist destination management and governance have been concerned by economic geographers.Evolutionary economic geography(EEG) stresses historical processes and spatial heterogeneity and relies on three main conceptual foundations:path dependence,complexity theory,and generalized Darwinism.In recent years,tourism scholars have found EEG a useful paradigm with studies focusing on tourism area development,tourist destination management or governance,local tourism industry,and tourism stakeholders in creating new paths.These studies have shown the usefulness of a path dependence(and path creation),complexity theory,and generalized Darwinism approach in tourism research.Furthermore,several studies offer comprehensive overviews relating EEG to both cultural political economy and behavioral research approaches in tourism studies that include structural and process perspectives.China's tourist destination development and change are different from those of the West.With its socialist market economy model,public ownership co-exists with the private sector.The Chinese government still engages in the macro-management of the national economy,operating and controlling strategic industries and regulating certain prices.It also applies a top-down governance model in tourist destination management.In this article,we discussed the Chinese characteristics in tourist destination system,and suggested two directions in future tourism studies in China:linking the perspective of EEG with political economy and institutional economy can provide macro policy analysis for China's tourism studies,and thus contribute to the transformation and upgrading of tourism public service system;taking the perspective of multi-scale coupling at the meso-and micro-scales and multiple stakeholder analysis can help explore diverse stakeholder participation,and thus contribute to the sustainable development of tourism destination in China.With this background,China provides a fascinating environment to explore diversified tourism research methods;and the fact that tourism is a relatively new development area provides the potential to explore how the bureaucratic mechanisms are responding to the need for policy changes.
引文
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陈钢华,保继刚.2013.旅游度假区开发模式变迁的路径依赖及其生成机制:三亚亚龙湾案例[J].旅游学刊,28(8):58-68.[Chen G H,Bao J G.2013.Path dependence in developmental model changes of tourist resorts:A case study of Yalong Bay National Tourist Resort in Sanya,China.Tourism Tribune,28(8):58-68.]
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黄燕玲,罗盛锋,丁培毅.2010.供需感知视角下的旅游公共服务发展研究:以桂林国家旅游综合改革试验区为例[J].旅游学刊,25(7):70-76.[Huang Y L,Luo S F,Ding PY.2010.Study on the development of tourism public service under the perspective of demand and supply:Taking Guilin"National Tourism Comprehensive Reform Testing Area"as an example.Tourism Tribune,25(7):70-76.]
李小建,苗长虹.2004.西方经济地理学新进展及其启示[J].地理学报,59(S1):153-161.[Li X J,Miao C H.2004.Recent developments in western economic geographies and theoretical thinking for China's counterpart.Acta Geographica Sinica,59(S1):153-161.]
刘志高,崔岳春.2008.演化经济地理学:21世纪的经济地理学[J].社会科学战线,(6):65-75.[Liu Z G,Cui Y C.2008.Evolutionary economic geography:Economic geography in the 21st century.Social Science Front,(6):65-75.]
刘志高,王缉慈.2008.共同演化及其空间隐喻[J].中国地质大学学报(社会科学版),(4):85-91.[Liu Z G,Wang J C.2008.Coevolution and its spatial implication.Journal of China University of Geosciences(Social Sciences Edition),(4):85-91.]
麻学锋,孙根年.2013.旅游产业生长点的SGGT模式与空间演化:以张家界为例[J].地理研究,32(10):1923-1936.[Ma X F,Sun G N.2013.SGGT mode and spatial evolution of growth point in the tourism industry:Taking Zhangjiajie as an example.Geographical Research,32(10):1923-1936.]
徐红罡,郑海燕,保继刚.2005.城市旅游地生命周期的系统动态模拟[J].人文地理,20(5):66-69.[Xu H G,Zheng HY,Bao J G.2005.The system dynamic model for urban tourist destination cycle of evolution.Human Geography,20(5):66-69.]
尹贻梅,刘志高,陆玉麒.2006.旅游目的地发展新思维:来自演化经济学的启示[J].地理与地理信息科学,22(1):84-88.[Yin Y M,Liu Z G,Lu Y Q.2006.A new view of tourism destination development:Implications from evolutionary economics thoughts.Geography and Geo-Information Science,22(1):84-88.]
约翰·厄里,乔纳斯·拉森.2016.游客的凝视[M].第3版.黄宛瑜,译.上海:格致出版社.[Urry J,Larsen J.2016.The tourist gaze.The 3rd edition.Translated by Huang W Y.Shanghai,China:SAGE Publications Ltd.]
查艳艳,杨兴柱.2016.旅游地演化理论研究进展[J].旅游论坛,9(1):20-26.[Zha Y Y,Yang X Z.2016.The progress of tourism destination evolution theory research.Tourism Forum,9(1):20-26.]
张树民,钟林生,王灵恩.2012.基于旅游系统理论的中国乡村旅游发展模式探讨[J].地理研究,31(11):2094-2103.[Zhang S M,Zhong L S,Wang L E.2012.Research on development model of China's rural tourism:Based on tourism system theory.Geographical Research,31(11):2094-2103.]
张利民.2009.城市史视域中的城乡关系[J].学术月刊,(10):135-145.[Zhang L M.2009.Urban-rural relationship in the view of urban history research.Academic Monthly,(10):135-145.]
Anton C S,Wilson J.2017.The evolution of coastal tourism destinations:A path plasticity perspective on tourism urbanization[J].Journal of Sustainable Tourism,25(1):96-112.
Ashworth G,Page S J.2011.Urban tourism research:Recent progress and current paradoxes[J].Tourism Management,32(1):1-15.
Baggio R.2008.Symptoms of complexity in a tourism system[J].Tourism Analysis,13(1):1-20.
Balaguer J,Cantavella-JordáM.2002.Tourism as a long-run economic growth factor:The Spanish case[J].Applied Economics,34(7):877-884.
Balaguer J,Pernías J C.2013.Relationship between spatial agglomeration and hotel prices:Evidence from business and tourism consumers[J].Tourism Management,36(3):391-400.
Bardolet E,Sheldon P J.2008.Tourism in archipelagos:Hawai and the Balearics[J].Annals of Tourism Research,35(4):900-923.
Boschma R,Frenken K.2006.Why is economic geography not an evolutionary science?[J].Journal of Economic Geography,6:273-302.
Bramwell B,Cox V.2009.Stage and path dependence approaches to the evolution of a national park tourism partnership[J].Journal of Sustainable Tourism,17(2):191-206.
Brau R,Lanza A,Pigliaru F.2007.How fast are small tourism countries growing?Evidence from the data for 1980-2003[J].Tourism Economics,13(4):603-613.
Brouder P,Eriksson R H.2013.Tourism evolution:On the synergies of tourism studies and evolutionary economic geography[J].Annals of Tourism Research,43:370-389.
Brouder P,Ioannides D.2014.Urban tourism and evolutionary economic geography:Complexity and co-evolution in contested spaces[J].Urban Forum,25:419-430.
Brouder P.2014.Evolutionary economic geography:A new path for tourism studies[J].Tourism Geogrphies,16(1):2-7.
Buhalis D.2000.Marketing the competitive destination of the future[J].Tourism Management,21(1):97-116.doi:10.1016/S0261-5177(99)00095-3.
Cainelli G,Iacobucci D.2016.Local variety and firm diversification:An evolutionary economic geography perspective[J].Journal of Economic Geography,16:1079-1100.
Coe N M,Kelly P F,Yeung H W C.2007.Economic geography:A contemporary introduction[M].Oxford,UK:Blackwell Publishing.
David A,King C.2010.National policy-makers for tourism in China[J].Annals of Tourism Research,37(2):295-314.
Essletzbichler J.2009.Evolutionary economic geography,institutions,and political economy[J].Economic Geography,85:159-165.
Frenken K,van Oort F,Verburg T.2007.Related variety,unrelated variety and regional economic growth[J].Regional Studies,41:685-697.
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