渤海海域莱州湾凹陷高硫稠油成因及其成藏模式
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摘要
现今渤海海域仅在莱州湾凹陷发现了规模型高硫油油田,其原油性质复杂,来源及成因认识不清。在大量实验数据分析的基础之上,利用地球化学分析方法和盆地模拟手段对莱州湾凹陷各油田油气来源及成因做了详细研究,结果表明:(1)莱州湾凹陷主要发育了沙三段和沙四段两套有效的烃源岩,陡坡带和中央构造带上各构造原油主要来源于主洼沙四段烃源岩,缓坡带上各构造原油表现为主洼沙四段和南次洼沙四段双洼供烃的特征;(2)沙四段地层沉积时期存在水体分隔,南次洼水体更加咸化易形成富硫干酪根,其烃源岩分布范围控制着高硫油的分布范围,是高硫油形成的主控因素。而生物降解作用,一方面导致原油稠化是形成稠油的主要原因,另一方面使原油硫含量相对富集,是形成高硫油的重要因素;(3)垦利16-1油田具有晚期成藏的特点,形成了咸化湖盆早生、早排双洼供烃成藏模式,深、浅地层成藏模式不同,深部地层为典型不整合面侧向输导远源成藏模式。认为南次洼南部古近系地层和潜山优质储层是油气聚集的有利区带,可作为下一步油气勘探的有利方向。
In Bohai Sea,large-scale high-sulfuric oilfields are only found in Laizhou Bay Sag. The crude oil properties in this area are complex,and the source and genesis of oil here are not clearly understood. We made a detailed study on the hydrocarbon sources and genesis of oilfields in Laizhou Bay Say by means of geochemical analysis and basin simulation,and incorporating a large number of experimental data. The results show that( 1) there are two sets of effective source rocks developed in the sag,namely the Es3 and Es4. Oils in the steep slope belt and central tectonic belt were derived from Es4 source rocks in the main sag,while oils in the gentle slope belt originated from the Es4 source rocks both in the main sag and in the south subsag.( 2) During Es4 sedimentary period,the waters of Laizhou Bay Sag were not connected,so that the south subsag waters were prone to become saline to produce sulfur-rich kerogens. Thus,the distribution of Es4 source rocks in the south subsag controls the distribution of high-sulfuric oil,serving as the major controlling factor for generating high-sulfuric oil. In addition,microbial degradation can lead to the thickening of crude oil,and cause the relative enrichment of sulfur in crude oil.( 3) Kenli 16-1 oilfield is characteristic of late-stage hydrocarbon accumulation,with a hydrocarbon accumulation model of saline lacustrine basins featuring early generation,early expulsion,and dualsag hydrocarbon charge. Meanwhile,the accumulation model of deep reservoirs is a typical example of a distal source charge through long distance oil migration along unconformity laterals,different from that of the shallow reservoirs. The Palaeogene formations in the southern south subsag and high reservoir quality buried-hill formations are regarded as favorable plays for hydrocarbon accumulation,which can be targeted for further oil and gas exploration.
In Bohai Sea,large-scale high-sulfuric oilfields are only found in Laizhou Bay Sag. The crude oil properties in this area are complex,and the source and genesis of oil here are not clearly understood. We made a detailed study on the hydrocarbon sources and genesis of oilfields in Laizhou Bay Say by means of geochemical analysis and basin simulation,and incorporating a large number of experimental data. The results show that( 1) there are two sets of effective source rocks developed in the sag,namely the Es3 and Es4. Oils in the steep slope belt and central tectonic belt were derived from Es4 source rocks in the main sag,while oils in the gentle slope belt originated from the Es4 source rocks both in the main sag and in the south subsag.( 2) During Es4 sedimentary period,the waters of Laizhou Bay Sag were not connected,so that the south subsag waters were prone to become saline to produce sulfur-rich kerogens. Thus,the distribution of Es4 source rocks in the south subsag controls the distribution of high-sulfuric oil,serving as the major controlling factor for generating high-sulfuric oil. In addition,microbial degradation can lead to the thickening of crude oil,and cause the relative enrichment of sulfur in crude oil.( 3) Kenli 16-1 oilfield is characteristic of late-stage hydrocarbon accumulation,with a hydrocarbon accumulation model of saline lacustrine basins featuring early generation,early expulsion,and dualsag hydrocarbon charge. Meanwhile,the accumulation model of deep reservoirs is a typical example of a distal source charge through long distance oil migration along unconformity laterals,different from that of the shallow reservoirs. The Palaeogene formations in the southern south subsag and high reservoir quality buried-hill formations are regarded as favorable plays for hydrocarbon accumulation,which can be targeted for further oil and gas exploration.
引文
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[2] Damste J S,Leeuw J W. Analysis,structure and geochemical significance of organically-bound sulfur in the geosphere:State of the art and future research[J]. Organic Geochemistry,1990,16(4-6):1077-1101.
[3] Wakeham S G,Sinninghe Damste J S,Kohnen M E L,et al. Organic sulfur compounds during early diagenesis in Black Sea sediments[J]. Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta,1995,59(3):521-533.
[4]傅强,刘彬彬,夏庆龙,等.黄河口凹陷BZ35/36构造高硫原油特征及运移方向[J].石油学报,2013,34(1):37-45.Fu Qiang,Liu Binbin,Xia Qinglong,et al. Characteristics and migration-accumulation directions of sulfur-rich oils in BZ35/36 structures in Huanghekou sag,Bohai Bay Basin[J]. Acta Petrolei Sinica,2013,34(1):37-45.
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[6]李素梅,张宝收,张海祖,等.塔中原油超高二苯并噻吩硫特征及其控制因素[J].现代地质,2011,25(6):1108-1119.Li Sumei,Zhang Baoshou,Zhang Haizu,et al. Geochemical characteristics and affecting factors of the unusually high dibenzothiophenes Oils in the Tazhong Uplift[J]. Geoscience,2011,25(6):1108-1119.
[7]刘琼,何生.江汉盆地西南缘原油中含硫化合物的分布特征及其地球化学意义*[J].地质科技情报,2008,27(2):56-62.Liu Qiong,He Sheng. Distribution characteristics and geochemical significance of organic sulfur compounds from crude oils in the southwestern Jianghan Basin[J]. Geological Science and Technology Information,2008,27(2):56-62.
[8]郑冰,高仁祥.塔里木盆地原油碳硫同位素特征及油源对比[J].石油实验地质,2006,28(3):281-285.Zheng Bing,Gao Renxiang. Characteristics of carbon and sulfur isotopes in crude oil and oil-source correlation in the Tarim Basin[J].Petroleum Geology&Experiment,2006,28(3):281-285.
[9]朱光有,费安国,赵杰,等. TSR成因H2S的硫同位素分馏特征与机制[J].岩石学报,2014,30(12):3772-3784.Zhu Guangyou,Fei Anguo,Zhao Jie,et al. Sulfur isotopic fractionation and mechanism for thermochemical sulfate reduction genetic H2S[J]. Acta Petrologica Sinica,2014,30(12):3772-3784.
[10] K. E.彼得斯,C. C.沃尔斯特,J. M.莫尔多万.生物标记化合物指南[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2011.Peter K E,Walters C C,Moldowan J M. The biomarker guide[M].Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press,2011.
[11]王根照,牛成民,王亮,等.莱州湾凹陷勘探突破的启示[J].石油天然气学报,2012,34(5):39-43.Wang Genzhao,Niu Chengmin,Wang Liang,et al. Enlightenments of exploration breakthrough in Laihouwan Depression[J]. Journal of Oil and Gas Technology,2012,34(5):39-43.
[12]牛成民.渤海南部海域莱州湾凹陷构造演化与油气成藏[J].石油与天然气地质,2012,33(3):424-431.Niu Chenmin. Tectonic evolution and hydrocarbon accumulation of Laizhouwan depression in southern Bohai Sea[J]. Oil&Gas Geology,2012,33(3):424-431.
[13]朱伟林,米立军,龚再升,等.渤海海域油气成藏与勘探[M].科学出版社,2009.Zhu Weilin,Mi Lijun,Gong Zaisheng,et al. Oil and gas accumulation and exploration in Bohai Sea[M]. Science Press,2009.
[14]候读杰,冯子辉.油气地球化学[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2011.Hou Dujie,Feng Zihui. Petroleum geochemistry[M]. Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press,2011.
[15]孙景耀,刘松,王世民,等.构造活动对莱州湾凹陷油气成藏的影响[J].中国海上油气,2006,18(5):299-303.Sun Jingyao,Liu Song,Wang Shimin,et al. Tectonic impacts on hydrocarbon accumulation in Laizhouwan Say[J]. China Offshore Oil and Gas,2006,18(5):299-303.
[16]付小东,邱楠生,秦建中,等.中上扬子区海相层系烃源岩硫含量分布与硫同位素组成特征[J].石油实验地质,2013,35(5):543-551.Fu Xiaodong,Qiu Nansheng,Qin Jianzhong,et al. Content distribution and isotopic composition characteristics of sulfur in marine source rocks in Middle-Upper Yangtze region[J]. Petroleum Geology&Experiment,2013,35(5):543-551.
[17]余一欣,周心怀,汤良杰,等.渤海海域莱州湾凹陷KL11-2地区盐构造特征[J].地质学报,2009,82(6):731-735.Yu Yixin,Zhou Xinhuai,Tang Liangjie,et al. Salt structural features in KL11-2 area of the Laizhouwan depression,offshore Bohai Bay Basin[J]. Acta Geologica Sinica,2009,82(6):731-735.
[18]卢鸿,史权,马庆林,等.傅里叶变换离子回旋共振质谱对中国高硫原油的分子组成表征[J].中国科学:地球科学,2014,44(1):122-131.Lu Hong,Shi Quan,Ma Qinglin,et al. Molecular characterization of sulfur compounds in some specieal sulfur-rich Chinese crude oils by FT-ICR MS[J]. Science China:Earth Sciences,2014,44(1):122-131.
[19]王飞龙,牛成民,汤国民.莱州湾凹陷中央构造带断层活动性及其控藏作用[J].大庆石油地质与开发,2017,36(6):1-9.Wang Feilong,Niu Chengmin,Tang Guomin. Activities and reservoirs-controlling of faults in the central structure belt Laizhouwan Depression[J]. Petroleum Geology and Oilfield Development in Daqing,2017,36(6):1-9.
[20]郭显令,熊敏,曾庆辉,等.渤海湾盆地临南洼陷高硫干酪根油气生成模式研究[J].石油实验地质,2008,30(3):265-269.Guo Xianling,Xiong Min,Zeng Qinhui,et al. Petroleum generation model of a sulfur-rich kerogen from the Linnan Sag,the Bohai Bay basin[J]. Petroleum Geology&Experiment,2008,30(3):265-269.
[21]庞雄奇,李素梅,金之钧,等.排烃门限存在的地质地球化学证据及其应用[J].地球科学-中国地质大学学报,2004,29(4):384-390.Pang Xiongqi,Li Sumei,Jin Zhijun,et al. Geochemical evidences of hydrocarbon expulsion threshold and its application[J]. Earth Science-Journal of China University of Geosciences,2004,29(4):384-390.
[2] Damste J S,Leeuw J W. Analysis,structure and geochemical significance of organically-bound sulfur in the geosphere:State of the art and future research[J]. Organic Geochemistry,1990,16(4-6):1077-1101.
[3] Wakeham S G,Sinninghe Damste J S,Kohnen M E L,et al. Organic sulfur compounds during early diagenesis in Black Sea sediments[J]. Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta,1995,59(3):521-533.
[4]傅强,刘彬彬,夏庆龙,等.黄河口凹陷BZ35/36构造高硫原油特征及运移方向[J].石油学报,2013,34(1):37-45.Fu Qiang,Liu Binbin,Xia Qinglong,et al. Characteristics and migration-accumulation directions of sulfur-rich oils in BZ35/36 structures in Huanghekou sag,Bohai Bay Basin[J]. Acta Petrolei Sinica,2013,34(1):37-45.
[5]宋一涛,廖永胜,王忠.济阳坳陷盐湖沉积环境高硫稠油的特征及成因[J].石油学报,2007,28(6):52-58.Song Yitao,Liao Yongsheng,Wang Zhong. Genesis and characteristics of sulfur-rich heavy oil in salt lake depositional environment of Jiyang depression[J]. Acta Petrolei Sinica,2007,28(6):52-58.
[6]李素梅,张宝收,张海祖,等.塔中原油超高二苯并噻吩硫特征及其控制因素[J].现代地质,2011,25(6):1108-1119.Li Sumei,Zhang Baoshou,Zhang Haizu,et al. Geochemical characteristics and affecting factors of the unusually high dibenzothiophenes Oils in the Tazhong Uplift[J]. Geoscience,2011,25(6):1108-1119.
[7]刘琼,何生.江汉盆地西南缘原油中含硫化合物的分布特征及其地球化学意义*[J].地质科技情报,2008,27(2):56-62.Liu Qiong,He Sheng. Distribution characteristics and geochemical significance of organic sulfur compounds from crude oils in the southwestern Jianghan Basin[J]. Geological Science and Technology Information,2008,27(2):56-62.
[8]郑冰,高仁祥.塔里木盆地原油碳硫同位素特征及油源对比[J].石油实验地质,2006,28(3):281-285.Zheng Bing,Gao Renxiang. Characteristics of carbon and sulfur isotopes in crude oil and oil-source correlation in the Tarim Basin[J].Petroleum Geology&Experiment,2006,28(3):281-285.
[9]朱光有,费安国,赵杰,等. TSR成因H2S的硫同位素分馏特征与机制[J].岩石学报,2014,30(12):3772-3784.Zhu Guangyou,Fei Anguo,Zhao Jie,et al. Sulfur isotopic fractionation and mechanism for thermochemical sulfate reduction genetic H2S[J]. Acta Petrologica Sinica,2014,30(12):3772-3784.
[10] K. E.彼得斯,C. C.沃尔斯特,J. M.莫尔多万.生物标记化合物指南[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2011.Peter K E,Walters C C,Moldowan J M. The biomarker guide[M].Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press,2011.
[11]王根照,牛成民,王亮,等.莱州湾凹陷勘探突破的启示[J].石油天然气学报,2012,34(5):39-43.Wang Genzhao,Niu Chengmin,Wang Liang,et al. Enlightenments of exploration breakthrough in Laihouwan Depression[J]. Journal of Oil and Gas Technology,2012,34(5):39-43.
[12]牛成民.渤海南部海域莱州湾凹陷构造演化与油气成藏[J].石油与天然气地质,2012,33(3):424-431.Niu Chenmin. Tectonic evolution and hydrocarbon accumulation of Laizhouwan depression in southern Bohai Sea[J]. Oil&Gas Geology,2012,33(3):424-431.
[13]朱伟林,米立军,龚再升,等.渤海海域油气成藏与勘探[M].科学出版社,2009.Zhu Weilin,Mi Lijun,Gong Zaisheng,et al. Oil and gas accumulation and exploration in Bohai Sea[M]. Science Press,2009.
[14]候读杰,冯子辉.油气地球化学[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2011.Hou Dujie,Feng Zihui. Petroleum geochemistry[M]. Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press,2011.
[15]孙景耀,刘松,王世民,等.构造活动对莱州湾凹陷油气成藏的影响[J].中国海上油气,2006,18(5):299-303.Sun Jingyao,Liu Song,Wang Shimin,et al. Tectonic impacts on hydrocarbon accumulation in Laizhouwan Say[J]. China Offshore Oil and Gas,2006,18(5):299-303.
[16]付小东,邱楠生,秦建中,等.中上扬子区海相层系烃源岩硫含量分布与硫同位素组成特征[J].石油实验地质,2013,35(5):543-551.Fu Xiaodong,Qiu Nansheng,Qin Jianzhong,et al. Content distribution and isotopic composition characteristics of sulfur in marine source rocks in Middle-Upper Yangtze region[J]. Petroleum Geology&Experiment,2013,35(5):543-551.
[17]余一欣,周心怀,汤良杰,等.渤海海域莱州湾凹陷KL11-2地区盐构造特征[J].地质学报,2009,82(6):731-735.Yu Yixin,Zhou Xinhuai,Tang Liangjie,et al. Salt structural features in KL11-2 area of the Laizhouwan depression,offshore Bohai Bay Basin[J]. Acta Geologica Sinica,2009,82(6):731-735.
[18]卢鸿,史权,马庆林,等.傅里叶变换离子回旋共振质谱对中国高硫原油的分子组成表征[J].中国科学:地球科学,2014,44(1):122-131.Lu Hong,Shi Quan,Ma Qinglin,et al. Molecular characterization of sulfur compounds in some specieal sulfur-rich Chinese crude oils by FT-ICR MS[J]. Science China:Earth Sciences,2014,44(1):122-131.
[19]王飞龙,牛成民,汤国民.莱州湾凹陷中央构造带断层活动性及其控藏作用[J].大庆石油地质与开发,2017,36(6):1-9.Wang Feilong,Niu Chengmin,Tang Guomin. Activities and reservoirs-controlling of faults in the central structure belt Laizhouwan Depression[J]. Petroleum Geology and Oilfield Development in Daqing,2017,36(6):1-9.
[20]郭显令,熊敏,曾庆辉,等.渤海湾盆地临南洼陷高硫干酪根油气生成模式研究[J].石油实验地质,2008,30(3):265-269.Guo Xianling,Xiong Min,Zeng Qinhui,et al. Petroleum generation model of a sulfur-rich kerogen from the Linnan Sag,the Bohai Bay basin[J]. Petroleum Geology&Experiment,2008,30(3):265-269.
[21]庞雄奇,李素梅,金之钧,等.排烃门限存在的地质地球化学证据及其应用[J].地球科学-中国地质大学学报,2004,29(4):384-390.Pang Xiongqi,Li Sumei,Jin Zhijun,et al. Geochemical evidences of hydrocarbon expulsion threshold and its application[J]. Earth Science-Journal of China University of Geosciences,2004,29(4):384-390.