南京地区雨滴谱参数的详细统计分析及其在天气雷达探测中的应用
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摘要
雨滴谱包含了降雨的丰富信息,不仅能反映雨滴群的微物理特性,也能反映降雨类型、降雨强度等宏观特性,并且在雷达气象领域也有重要的价值。论文对2015和2016年度南京地区32次降雨过程的雨滴谱资料进行了处理、并对多种雨滴参数进行了详细的统计和分析,拟合了层状云降雨、对流云降雨以及积层混合云降雨的雨滴谱Gamma分布参数。另外,还基于雨滴谱数据拟合了雷达反射率因子Z与降雨强度R的Z-R关系,计算了差分反射率ZDR、相位常数KDP以及衰减参数,并利用衰减参数进行了C波段雷达回波的衰减订正试验。结果表明:(1)层状云降雨的各微物理参数比较稳定,积雨云的变化剧烈;层云降雨和积层混合云降雨的中雨滴、积雨云降雨的大雨滴对雷达反射率因子的贡献最大。(2)积雨云降雨的滴谱最宽,层状云降雨的最窄。(3)利用依据雨滴谱数据拟合的三类降雨Z-R关系,可以一定程度地提高雷达估测降雨的精度。(4)利用基于雨滴谱数据拟合的衰减系数,有效地进行了C波段双偏振雷达回波强度的衰减订正,体现了统计参数和拟合参数准确性。
Rain drop size distribution(DSD) contains plenty of information, which reflects not only microphysical characteristics of the rainfall, but also macro-physical properties like rainfall type, rainfall intensity and so on, and has important applications in radar meteorology. In this study, 32 rainfall events data collected by a Parsivel laser spectrometer at Nanjing from 2015 to 2016 are pre-processed and detailed statistics and analysis are conducted. The Gamma-distribution functions of DSD have been fitted for stratiform, convective and mixed-phase rainfall. The Z-R relationships have been established based on the dataset. Polarimetric variables like differential reflectivity ZDR, specific differential phase KDPand attenuation parameters are calculated, and the attenuation correction of C-band radar reflectivity factor is tested and validated. The results are as follows.(1) Microphysical variables are less fluctuating for stratiform rainfall, but they vary significantly for cumulonimbus rainfall. Middle-size raindrops contribute more to radar reflectivity and rain rate for stratiform and mixed-phase rainfall, while big-size raindrops make more contributions for cumulonimbus rainfall.(2) The DSD spectral width is the broadest for cumulonimbus rainfall and the narrowest for stratiform rainfall.(3) The accuracy of rainfall estimate from radar measurements can be effectively improved using the fitted Z-R relationship compared to that using the default Z-R relationship.(4) Effective attenuation correction of C-band radar reflectivity factor based on the fitted parameters implies that the DSD statistics and fitting parameters are reliable.
Rain drop size distribution(DSD) contains plenty of information, which reflects not only microphysical characteristics of the rainfall, but also macro-physical properties like rainfall type, rainfall intensity and so on, and has important applications in radar meteorology. In this study, 32 rainfall events data collected by a Parsivel laser spectrometer at Nanjing from 2015 to 2016 are pre-processed and detailed statistics and analysis are conducted. The Gamma-distribution functions of DSD have been fitted for stratiform, convective and mixed-phase rainfall. The Z-R relationships have been established based on the dataset. Polarimetric variables like differential reflectivity ZDR, specific differential phase KDPand attenuation parameters are calculated, and the attenuation correction of C-band radar reflectivity factor is tested and validated. The results are as follows.(1) Microphysical variables are less fluctuating for stratiform rainfall, but they vary significantly for cumulonimbus rainfall. Middle-size raindrops contribute more to radar reflectivity and rain rate for stratiform and mixed-phase rainfall, while big-size raindrops make more contributions for cumulonimbus rainfall.(2) The DSD spectral width is the broadest for cumulonimbus rainfall and the narrowest for stratiform rainfall.(3) The accuracy of rainfall estimate from radar measurements can be effectively improved using the fitted Z-R relationship compared to that using the default Z-R relationship.(4) Effective attenuation correction of C-band radar reflectivity factor based on the fitted parameters implies that the DSD statistics and fitting parameters are reliable.
引文
Brandes E A,Zhang G F,Vivekanandan J.2002.Experiments in rainfall estimation with a polarimetric radar in a subtropical environment[J].J.Appl.Meteor.,41(6):674-685.doi:10.1175/1520-0450(2002)041<0674:EIREWA>2.0.CO;2
Bringi V N,Chandrasekar V,Balakrishnan N,et al.An examination of propagation effects in rainfall on radar measurements at microwave frequencies[J].Journal of Atmospheric&Oceanic Technology,1990,7(7):829-840.doi:10.1175/1520-0426(1990)0072.0.CO;2
董振贤,李妙英.2004.双偏振多普勒天气雷达的偏振参量及其应用[J].解放军理工大学学报(自然科学版),5(3):98-102.Dong Zhenxian,Li Miaoying.2004.Polarimetric measurements of dualpolarization radar and application[J].Journal of PLA University of Science and Technology(Natural Science Edition)(in Chinese),5(3):98-102.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-3443.2004.03.025
Friedrich K,Kalina E A,Aikins J,et al.2016.Raindrop size distribution and rain characteristics during the 2013 great Colorado flood[J].Journal of Hydrometeorology,17(1):53-72.doi:10.1175/JHM-D-14-0184.1
宫福久,刘吉成,李子华.1997.三类降水云雨滴谱特征研究[J].大气科学,21(5):607-614.Gong Fujiu,Liu Jicheng,Li Zihua.1997.Study of the raindrop size distributions for three types of precipitation[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences(in Chinese),21(5):607-614.doi:10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.1997.05.12
宫福久,何友江,王吉宏,等.2007.东北冷涡天气系统的雨滴谱特征[J].气象科学,27(4):365-373.Gong Fujiu,He Youjiang,Wang Jihong,et al.2007.Characteristics of raindrop size distributions of northeast cold vortex precipitation in China[J].Scientia Meteorologica Sinica(in Chinese),27(4):365-373.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-0827.2007.04.002
Kirankumar N V P,Rao T N,Radhakrishna B,et al.2008.Statistical characteristics of raindrop size distribution in southwest monsoon season[J].Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology,47(2):576-590.doi:10.1175/2007JAMC1610.1
林文,牛生杰.2009.宁夏盛夏层状云降水雨滴谱特征分析[J].气象科学,29(1):97-101.Lin Wen,Niu Shengjie.2009.Characteristics of the surface raindrop size distribution of summer stratiformis precipitation in Ningxia Province[J].Scientia Meteorologica Sinica(in Chinese),29(1):97-101.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-0827.2009.01.016
柳臣中,周筠珺,谷娟,等.2015.成都地区雨滴谱特征[J].应用气象学报,26(1):112-121.Liu Chenzhong,Zhou Yunjun,Gu Juan,et al.2015.Characteristics of raindrop size distribution in Chengdu[J].Journal of Applied Meteorological Science(in Chinese),26(1):112-121.doi:10.11898/1001-7313.20150112
刘玉超.2013.北京对流云、层状云降水微物理特征分析[D].南京信息工程大学硕士学位论文.Liu Yuchao.2013.Analysis on microphysical characteristics of convective and stratiform cloud precipitation in Beijing[D].M.S.thesis(in Chinese),Nanjing University of Information Science&Technology
Marshall J S,Palmer W M.1948.The distribution of raindrops with size[J].J.Meteor.,5(4):165-166.doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1948)005<0165:TDORWS>2.0.CO;2
濮江平,赵国强,蔡定军,等.2007.Parsivel?激光降水粒子谱仪及其在气象领域的应用[J].气象与环境科学,30(2):3-8.Pu Jiangping,Zhao Guoqiang,Cai Dingjun,et al.2007.Parsivel?precipitation particle spectrometer and application in meteorological realm[J].Meteorological and Environmental Sciences(in Chinese),30(2):3-8.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-7148.2007.02.001
濮江平,张伟,姜爱军,等.2010.利用激光降水粒子谱仪研究雨滴谱分布特性[J].气象科学,30(5):701-707.Pu Jiangping,Zhang Wei,Jiang Aijun,et al.2010.Characteristics of gamma raindrop size distribution based on the precipitation particle spectrometer[J].Scientia Meteorologica Sinica(in Chinese),30(5):701-707.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-0827.2010.05.018
濮江平,张昊,周晓,等.2012.对流性降水雨滴谱特征及其与雷达反射率因子的对比分析[J].气象科学,32(3):253-259.Pu Jiangping,Zhang Hao,Zhou Xiao,et al.2012.Comparative analysis on rain spectrum characteristics of deep convective cloud and its radar reflectivity[J].Journal of the Meteorological Sciences(in Chinese),32(3):253-259.doi:10.3969/2012jms.0013
Tokay A,Short D A.1996.Evidence from tropical raindrop spectra of the origin of rain from stratiform versus convective clouds[J].J.Appl.Meteor.,35(3):355-371.doi:10.1175/1520-0450(1996)035<0355:EFTRSO>2.0.CO;2
Tokay A,Bashor P G,Habib E,et al.2008.Raindrop size distribution measurements in tropical cyclones[J].Mon.Wea.Rev.,136(5):1669-1685.doi:10.1175/2007MWR2122.1
Ulbrich C W.1983.Natural variations in the analytical form of the raindrop size distribution[J].J.Climate Appl.Meteor.,22(10):1764-1775.doi:10.1175/1520-0450(1983)022<1764:NVITAF>2.0.CO;2
王可法,张卉慧,张伟,等.2011.Parsivel激光雨滴谱仪观测降水中异常数据的判别及处理[J].气象科学,31(6):732-736.Wang Kefa,Zhang Huihui,Zhang Wei,et al.2011.The detection and elimination of abnormal data for the precipitation observed by Parsivel precipitation particle spectrometer[J].Journal of the Meteorological Sciences(in Chinese),31(6):732-736.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-0827.2011.06.009
温龙.2016.中国东部地区夏季降水雨滴谱特征分析[D].南京大学硕士学位论文.Wen Long.2016.Microphysical characteristics of the raindrop size distribution observed in east China during the Asian summer monsoon season[D].M.S.thesis(in Chinese),Nanjing University
吴林林.2014.利用雨滴谱对移动双偏振雷达进行质量控制及降水估测[D].中国气象科学研究院博士学位论文.Wu Linlin.2014.Application study of mobile c-band dual-polarization radar quality control and QPE using raindrop size distribution[D].Ph.D.dissertation(in Chinese),Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences
Wang M J,Zhao K,Xue M,et al.2016.Precipitation microphysics characteristics of a typhoon Matmo(2014)rainband after landfall over eastern China based on polarimetric radar observations[J].J.Geophys.Res.,121(20):12415-12433.doi:10.1002/2016JD025307
杨长业,舒小健,高太长,等.2016.基于雨强分级的夏季降水微物理特征分析[J].气象科技,44(2):238-245.Yang Changye,Shu Xiaojian,Gao Taichang,et al.2016.Microphysical features for summer rain based on rain intensity classification[J].Meteorological Science and Technology(in Chinese),44(2):238-245.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1671-6345.2016.02.012
张培昌,杜秉玉,戴铁丕.2001.雷达气象学[M].北京:气象出版社,171-271.Zhang Peichang,Du Bingyu,Dai Tiepi.2001.Radar Meteorology(in Chinese)[M].Beijing:China Meteorological Press,171-271
张昊,濮江平,李靖,等.2011.庐山地区不同海拔高度降水雨滴谱特征分析[J].气象与减灾研究,34(2):43-50.Zhang Hao,Pu Jiangping,Li Jing,et al.2011.Analysis of characteristics of raindrop size distribution at different altitudes in Lushan[J].Meteorology and Disaster Reduction Research(in Chinese),34(2):43-50.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1007-9033.2011.02.007
郑娇恒,陈宝君.2007.雨滴谱分布函数的选择:M-P和Gamma分布的对比研究[J].气象科学,27(1):17-25.Zheng Jiaoheng,Chen Baojun.2007.Comparative study of exponential and Gamma functional fits to observed raindrop size distribution[J].Scientia Meteorologica Sinica(in Chinese),27(1):17-25.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-0827.2007.01.003
周毓荃,刘晓天,周非非,等.2001.河南干旱年地面雨滴谱特征[J].应用气象学报,12(S1):39-47.Zhou Yuquan,Liu Xiaotian,Zhou Feifei,et al.2001.Characteristics of surface raindrop spectra in drought years in Henan Province[J].Quarterly Journal of Applied Meteorology(in Chinese),12(S1):39-47.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1001-7313.2001.z1.006
Zhang G,Vivekanandan J,Brandes E.2001.A method for estimating rain rate and drop size distribution from polarimetric radar measurements[J].IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,39(4):830-841.doi:10.1109/36.917906
Bringi V N,Chandrasekar V,Balakrishnan N,et al.An examination of propagation effects in rainfall on radar measurements at microwave frequencies[J].Journal of Atmospheric&Oceanic Technology,1990,7(7):829-840.doi:10.1175/1520-0426(1990)0072.0.CO;2
董振贤,李妙英.2004.双偏振多普勒天气雷达的偏振参量及其应用[J].解放军理工大学学报(自然科学版),5(3):98-102.Dong Zhenxian,Li Miaoying.2004.Polarimetric measurements of dualpolarization radar and application[J].Journal of PLA University of Science and Technology(Natural Science Edition)(in Chinese),5(3):98-102.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-3443.2004.03.025
Friedrich K,Kalina E A,Aikins J,et al.2016.Raindrop size distribution and rain characteristics during the 2013 great Colorado flood[J].Journal of Hydrometeorology,17(1):53-72.doi:10.1175/JHM-D-14-0184.1
宫福久,刘吉成,李子华.1997.三类降水云雨滴谱特征研究[J].大气科学,21(5):607-614.Gong Fujiu,Liu Jicheng,Li Zihua.1997.Study of the raindrop size distributions for three types of precipitation[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences(in Chinese),21(5):607-614.doi:10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.1997.05.12
宫福久,何友江,王吉宏,等.2007.东北冷涡天气系统的雨滴谱特征[J].气象科学,27(4):365-373.Gong Fujiu,He Youjiang,Wang Jihong,et al.2007.Characteristics of raindrop size distributions of northeast cold vortex precipitation in China[J].Scientia Meteorologica Sinica(in Chinese),27(4):365-373.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-0827.2007.04.002
Kirankumar N V P,Rao T N,Radhakrishna B,et al.2008.Statistical characteristics of raindrop size distribution in southwest monsoon season[J].Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology,47(2):576-590.doi:10.1175/2007JAMC1610.1
林文,牛生杰.2009.宁夏盛夏层状云降水雨滴谱特征分析[J].气象科学,29(1):97-101.Lin Wen,Niu Shengjie.2009.Characteristics of the surface raindrop size distribution of summer stratiformis precipitation in Ningxia Province[J].Scientia Meteorologica Sinica(in Chinese),29(1):97-101.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-0827.2009.01.016
柳臣中,周筠珺,谷娟,等.2015.成都地区雨滴谱特征[J].应用气象学报,26(1):112-121.Liu Chenzhong,Zhou Yunjun,Gu Juan,et al.2015.Characteristics of raindrop size distribution in Chengdu[J].Journal of Applied Meteorological Science(in Chinese),26(1):112-121.doi:10.11898/1001-7313.20150112
刘玉超.2013.北京对流云、层状云降水微物理特征分析[D].南京信息工程大学硕士学位论文.Liu Yuchao.2013.Analysis on microphysical characteristics of convective and stratiform cloud precipitation in Beijing[D].M.S.thesis(in Chinese),Nanjing University of Information Science&Technology
Marshall J S,Palmer W M.1948.The distribution of raindrops with size[J].J.Meteor.,5(4):165-166.doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1948)005<0165:TDORWS>2.0.CO;2
濮江平,赵国强,蔡定军,等.2007.Parsivel?激光降水粒子谱仪及其在气象领域的应用[J].气象与环境科学,30(2):3-8.Pu Jiangping,Zhao Guoqiang,Cai Dingjun,et al.2007.Parsivel?precipitation particle spectrometer and application in meteorological realm[J].Meteorological and Environmental Sciences(in Chinese),30(2):3-8.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-7148.2007.02.001
濮江平,张伟,姜爱军,等.2010.利用激光降水粒子谱仪研究雨滴谱分布特性[J].气象科学,30(5):701-707.Pu Jiangping,Zhang Wei,Jiang Aijun,et al.2010.Characteristics of gamma raindrop size distribution based on the precipitation particle spectrometer[J].Scientia Meteorologica Sinica(in Chinese),30(5):701-707.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-0827.2010.05.018
濮江平,张昊,周晓,等.2012.对流性降水雨滴谱特征及其与雷达反射率因子的对比分析[J].气象科学,32(3):253-259.Pu Jiangping,Zhang Hao,Zhou Xiao,et al.2012.Comparative analysis on rain spectrum characteristics of deep convective cloud and its radar reflectivity[J].Journal of the Meteorological Sciences(in Chinese),32(3):253-259.doi:10.3969/2012jms.0013
Tokay A,Short D A.1996.Evidence from tropical raindrop spectra of the origin of rain from stratiform versus convective clouds[J].J.Appl.Meteor.,35(3):355-371.doi:10.1175/1520-0450(1996)035<0355:EFTRSO>2.0.CO;2
Tokay A,Bashor P G,Habib E,et al.2008.Raindrop size distribution measurements in tropical cyclones[J].Mon.Wea.Rev.,136(5):1669-1685.doi:10.1175/2007MWR2122.1
Ulbrich C W.1983.Natural variations in the analytical form of the raindrop size distribution[J].J.Climate Appl.Meteor.,22(10):1764-1775.doi:10.1175/1520-0450(1983)022<1764:NVITAF>2.0.CO;2
王可法,张卉慧,张伟,等.2011.Parsivel激光雨滴谱仪观测降水中异常数据的判别及处理[J].气象科学,31(6):732-736.Wang Kefa,Zhang Huihui,Zhang Wei,et al.2011.The detection and elimination of abnormal data for the precipitation observed by Parsivel precipitation particle spectrometer[J].Journal of the Meteorological Sciences(in Chinese),31(6):732-736.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-0827.2011.06.009
温龙.2016.中国东部地区夏季降水雨滴谱特征分析[D].南京大学硕士学位论文.Wen Long.2016.Microphysical characteristics of the raindrop size distribution observed in east China during the Asian summer monsoon season[D].M.S.thesis(in Chinese),Nanjing University
吴林林.2014.利用雨滴谱对移动双偏振雷达进行质量控制及降水估测[D].中国气象科学研究院博士学位论文.Wu Linlin.2014.Application study of mobile c-band dual-polarization radar quality control and QPE using raindrop size distribution[D].Ph.D.dissertation(in Chinese),Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences
Wang M J,Zhao K,Xue M,et al.2016.Precipitation microphysics characteristics of a typhoon Matmo(2014)rainband after landfall over eastern China based on polarimetric radar observations[J].J.Geophys.Res.,121(20):12415-12433.doi:10.1002/2016JD025307
杨长业,舒小健,高太长,等.2016.基于雨强分级的夏季降水微物理特征分析[J].气象科技,44(2):238-245.Yang Changye,Shu Xiaojian,Gao Taichang,et al.2016.Microphysical features for summer rain based on rain intensity classification[J].Meteorological Science and Technology(in Chinese),44(2):238-245.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1671-6345.2016.02.012
张培昌,杜秉玉,戴铁丕.2001.雷达气象学[M].北京:气象出版社,171-271.Zhang Peichang,Du Bingyu,Dai Tiepi.2001.Radar Meteorology(in Chinese)[M].Beijing:China Meteorological Press,171-271
张昊,濮江平,李靖,等.2011.庐山地区不同海拔高度降水雨滴谱特征分析[J].气象与减灾研究,34(2):43-50.Zhang Hao,Pu Jiangping,Li Jing,et al.2011.Analysis of characteristics of raindrop size distribution at different altitudes in Lushan[J].Meteorology and Disaster Reduction Research(in Chinese),34(2):43-50.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1007-9033.2011.02.007
郑娇恒,陈宝君.2007.雨滴谱分布函数的选择:M-P和Gamma分布的对比研究[J].气象科学,27(1):17-25.Zheng Jiaoheng,Chen Baojun.2007.Comparative study of exponential and Gamma functional fits to observed raindrop size distribution[J].Scientia Meteorologica Sinica(in Chinese),27(1):17-25.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-0827.2007.01.003
周毓荃,刘晓天,周非非,等.2001.河南干旱年地面雨滴谱特征[J].应用气象学报,12(S1):39-47.Zhou Yuquan,Liu Xiaotian,Zhou Feifei,et al.2001.Characteristics of surface raindrop spectra in drought years in Henan Province[J].Quarterly Journal of Applied Meteorology(in Chinese),12(S1):39-47.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1001-7313.2001.z1.006
Zhang G,Vivekanandan J,Brandes E.2001.A method for estimating rain rate and drop size distribution from polarimetric radar measurements[J].IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,39(4):830-841.doi:10.1109/36.917906