深水碎屑流与浊流混合事件层类型及成因机制
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摘要
同一重力流事件形成的包含碎屑流和浊流及其之间过渡流体的混合流沉积形成的沉积层称为混合事件层。混合事件层主要包含下部砂质碎屑流-上部浊流混合事件层(类型1)和下部浊流-上部泥质碎屑流混合事件层(类型2)以及泥质碎屑流和浊流频繁互层混合事件层(类型3)3种类型。类型1主要为流体转化成因,包含液化作用、沉积物破碎、流体顶部剪切侵蚀、接触面不稳定性和波浪破碎、水力跳跃、流体头部与环境水体混合和多种机制作用下的整体转化7种成因认识。类型2和类型3主要涉及流体转化及流体差异搬运和沉降过程成因,包含碎屑流覆盖浊流、碎屑流内部差异沉降、浊流侵蚀转化、浊流膨胀减速、局部沉积物垮塌和浮力转化6种成因认识。下部砂质碎屑流上部浊流混合事件层和下部浊流上部厚层富含泥质碎屑的泥质碎屑流混合事件层在沉积近端到沉积远端均有分布,多呈条带状或树枝状;下部浊流上部贫泥质碎屑的泥质碎屑流混合事件层主要在沉积远端或基底相对低部位分布,多呈环带状或牛眼状。深水重力流混合事件层的分布主要受泥质含量、颗粒粒度、水体密度等内部因素和重力流成因机制、古地形和构造活动等外部因素综合控制。深水重力流混合事件层的形成及其分布研究对于丰富和完善重力流沉积理论,指导现阶段深水重力流砂体常规和非常规油气勘探及理解自然活动规律、防灾减灾具有重要意义。现阶段对深水重力流混合事件层的多种成因及形成条件和横向分布演化规律的研究还有待进一步深入。
Hybrid event bed refers to the deposit of mixed deep-water gravity flow in a single gravity flow event which contains turbidity current,debris flow and sometimes transitional flow.Hybrid event beds can be subdivided into three types:sandy debrite-turbidite couplets(type 1),co-genetic turbidite-muddy debrite beds(type 2),and turbidite-muddy debrite multi-interlayered beds(type 3).Seven kinds of recognization of the genesis of type 1beds include liquefaction,breaking up of flow,shearing on the top leading to erosion,mixing due to instability and wave formation at the surface,hydraulic jump,the head of the flow mixing with the environmental water body,and the integrated transformation by the action of multi mechanism.The geneses of type 2and type 3beds are the transformation of gravity flow and different transport and settling processes including the covering of turbidite by debris flow,the late-stage settling of sand from the debris flow plug,the transformation from turbidity currents into debris flows by erosion of muddy base,the transformation from turbidity currents into debris flows by deceleration and expansion,debris flows formed by local margin failure in turbidity currents,and debris flows formed by reversing buoyancy in turbidity current.The sandy debriteturbidite couplets and the co-genetic turbidite-muddy debrite beds with rich mud clasts are distributed from proximal to distal in banded or leaf patterns.The co-genetic turbidite-muddy debrite beds with poor mud clasts are distributed in bulls-eye patterns in distal or in the lower parts of the basin.The distribution of the hybrid event beds is influenced by the internal factors such as the content of mud,the size of particle,the density of flow and by the external factors such as the genesis of gravity flow,paleotopography,and tectonic movements.The research of the genesis and distribution of the hybrid event beds is important for perfecting the deep-water gravity theory,guiding the exploration of conventional and unconventional oil and gas in deepwater sandstone,and understanding the law of natural activities thus to avoid potential hazards. More attentions should be paid to the various geneses,formation conditions,and the lateral distribution and evolution law of hybrid event beds.
Hybrid event bed refers to the deposit of mixed deep-water gravity flow in a single gravity flow event which contains turbidity current,debris flow and sometimes transitional flow.Hybrid event beds can be subdivided into three types:sandy debrite-turbidite couplets(type 1),co-genetic turbidite-muddy debrite beds(type 2),and turbidite-muddy debrite multi-interlayered beds(type 3).Seven kinds of recognization of the genesis of type 1beds include liquefaction,breaking up of flow,shearing on the top leading to erosion,mixing due to instability and wave formation at the surface,hydraulic jump,the head of the flow mixing with the environmental water body,and the integrated transformation by the action of multi mechanism.The geneses of type 2and type 3beds are the transformation of gravity flow and different transport and settling processes including the covering of turbidite by debris flow,the late-stage settling of sand from the debris flow plug,the transformation from turbidity currents into debris flows by erosion of muddy base,the transformation from turbidity currents into debris flows by deceleration and expansion,debris flows formed by local margin failure in turbidity currents,and debris flows formed by reversing buoyancy in turbidity current.The sandy debriteturbidite couplets and the co-genetic turbidite-muddy debrite beds with rich mud clasts are distributed from proximal to distal in banded or leaf patterns.The co-genetic turbidite-muddy debrite beds with poor mud clasts are distributed in bulls-eye patterns in distal or in the lower parts of the basin.The distribution of the hybrid event beds is influenced by the internal factors such as the content of mud,the size of particle,the density of flow and by the external factors such as the genesis of gravity flow,paleotopography,and tectonic movements.The research of the genesis and distribution of the hybrid event beds is important for perfecting the deep-water gravity theory,guiding the exploration of conventional and unconventional oil and gas in deepwater sandstone,and understanding the law of natural activities thus to avoid potential hazards. More attentions should be paid to the various geneses,formation conditions,and the lateral distribution and evolution law of hybrid event beds.
引文
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