科技助力奥运——新科技与挑战
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摘要
竞技体育在新兴科技的推波助澜下,不断践行着奥林匹克更快、更高、更强的格言。运动能力增强技术正悄悄改变着赛场格局。本文以神经启动技术、神经肌肉系统功能监测与增强技术为例,介绍了这些前沿体育科技的技术理论背景,及其在现实训练和竞赛场景中的实际应用。同时还介绍了美国、德国和日本系统化整合一系列体育科技,通过商业化和公司化运作、跨界合作等方式,为运动员和教练员提供全方位科技保障的先进经验,值得我们在建设体育强国的道路上思考、借鉴和探索。
Competitive sports which are greatly boosted by new technologies nowadays are realizing the Olympic motto: faster, higher and stronger. A variety of performance enhancing technologies is now playing the roles of game changers inside and outside the arena. We took neuropriming technology and neuromuscular function evaluating and enhancing technologies as examples to showcase how athletes and coaches can leverage the new technologies to maximize their potential in real-world training and competition. Also, in this article we introduced how these new technologies were systematically integrated as a closed loop to best serve athletes and coaches in the US, Germany and Japan. The diversity of the organizations either running as commercial companies or working closely with industrial enterprises is an inspiration which can also be invaluable reference as we are exploring our own way marching towards the world sports power.
Competitive sports which are greatly boosted by new technologies nowadays are realizing the Olympic motto: faster, higher and stronger. A variety of performance enhancing technologies is now playing the roles of game changers inside and outside the arena. We took neuropriming technology and neuromuscular function evaluating and enhancing technologies as examples to showcase how athletes and coaches can leverage the new technologies to maximize their potential in real-world training and competition. Also, in this article we introduced how these new technologies were systematically integrated as a closed loop to best serve athletes and coaches in the US, Germany and Japan. The diversity of the organizations either running as commercial companies or working closely with industrial enterprises is an inspiration which can also be invaluable reference as we are exploring our own way marching towards the world sports power.
引文
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徐飞,王健,2013.加压力量训练:释义及应用[J].体育科学,33(12):71-80.
国立スポーツ科学センター(JISS),2016.風洞実験で空中感覚のトレーニングです[EB/OL].[2016-09-14].https://www.instagram.com/p/BKUXVYwA1r8/.
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AKASHI K,YAMANOBE K,SHIRASAKI K,2016.Relation between aerofynamic force and flight posture in the flight phase training of ski jumping using wind tunnel[C].34th International Conference on Biomechanics in Sports.
ANGIUS L,MARCORA S M,HOPKER J G,et al.,2016.Transcranial direct current stimulation improves cycling performance in healthy individuals[C].Physiological Society.
AUDI MEDIA CENTER,2016.DSV test in Audi wind tunnel[EB/OL].[2016-06-30].https://www.audi-mediacenter.com/en/photos/detail/dsv-test-in-audi-wind-tunnel-35080.
BANISSY M J,MUGGLETON N G,2013.Transcranial direct current stimulation in sports training:potential approaches[J].Front Hum Neurosci,7:129.
BOJSEN-M?LLER J,LOSNEGARD T,KEMPPAINEN J,et al.,2010.Muscle use during double poling evaluated by positron emission tomography[J].J Appl Physiol,109(6):1895-1903.
BOURZAC K,2016.Neurostimulation:Bright sparks[J].Nat,531:S6.
BROWNLIE L,LAROSE G,D’AUTEUIL A,et al.,2010.Factors affecting the aerodynamic drag of alpine skiers[J].Procedia engineering,2(2):2375-2380.
COMFORT P,DOS’SANTOS T,BECKHAM G K,et al.,2018.Standardization and methodological considerations for the Isometric Mid-Thigh Pull[J].Strength CondJ:in press.
DE WITT J K,ENGLISH K L,CROWELL J B,et al.,2018.Isometric midthigh pull reliability and relationship to deadlift one repetition maximum[J].J Strength Cond Res,32(2):528-533.
GRAPPE F,CANDAU R,BELLI A,et al.,1997.Aerodynamic drag in field cycling with special reference to the Obree’s position[J].Ergonomics,40(12):1299-1311.
HORNYAK T,2017.Smarter,not harder[J].Nat,549:S1.
JIMéNEZ-REYES P,SAMOZINO P,CUADRADO-PE?AFIEL V,et al.,2014.OC9 A simple method to measure force-velocity profile in counter movement jump[J].Brit J Sports Med,48:A3.
KAWAMORI N,ROSSI S J,JUSTICE B D,et al.,2006.Peak force and rate of force development during isometric and dynamic midthigh clean pulls performed at various intensities[J].J Strength Cond Res,20(3):483-491.
KENNEDY R A,DRAKE D,2018.Improving the signal-to-noise ratio when monitoring countermovement jump performance[J].JStrength Cond Res:in press.
KHAMOUI A V,BROWN L E,NGUYEN D,et al.,2011.Relationship between force-time and velocity-time characteristics of dynamic and isometric muscle actions[J].J Strength Cond Res,25(1):198-204.
LOENNEKE J P,WILSON J M,MARíN P J,et al.,2012.Low intensity blood flow restriction training:a meta-analysis[J].Eur J Appl Physiol,112(5):1849-1859.
LOWERY R P,JOY J M,LOENNEKE J P,et al.,2014.Practical blood flow restriction training increases muscle hypertrophy during a periodized resistance training programme[J].Clin Physiol Funct I,34(4):317-321.
MEDICINE A C O S,2009.American College of Sports Medicine position stand.Progression models in resistance training for healthy adults[J].Med Sci Sports Exer,41(3):687.
NITSCHE M A,COHEN L G,WASSERMANN E M,et al.,2008.Transcranial direct current stimulation:state of the art 2008[J].Brain Stimul,1(3):206-223.
NITSCHE M A,PAULUS W,2000.Excitability changes induced in the human motor cortex by weak transcranial direct current stimulation[J].J Physiol 527(3):633-639.
NITSCHE M A,PAULUS W,2001.Sustained excitability elevations induced by transcranial DC motor cortex stimulation in humans[J].Neurology,57(10):1899-1901.
NYSportsScienceLab.com,2017.Sports Science Lab Digital Brochure[EB/OL].[2017-8-12].https://nysportssciencelab.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/ssl_brochure_optimize%20your%20performance.pdf.
REARDON S,2016a.‘Brain doping’may improve athletes’performance[J].Nat News,531(7594):283.
REARDON S,2016b.Performance boost paves way for’brain doping’:electrical stimulation seems to boost endurance in preliminary studies[J].Nat,531(7594):283-285.
ROELANDS B,DE PAUW K,2019.Technological Impact on Human Performance[J].In J Sports Physiol Performance,14(1):1-1.
SHIRASAKI K,YAMANOBE K,AKASHI K,et al.,2017.Variation of the drafting effect on the trailing rider for different numbers of riders in a cycling group[J].Proc Inst Mech Eng,Part P:J Sports Eng Technol:1754337117736617.
YAMANOBE K,SHIRASAKI K,AKASHI K,et al.,2016.The effects of upper limbs position on the aerodynamics in ski jumping flight[C].34th International Conference on Biomechanics in Sports.
国家体育总局体育科学研究所,2018.体育总局科研所赴日本、美国进行科研洽谈总结的报告[R].体科研字[2018]114号:国家体育总局体育科学研究所.
徐飞,王健,2013.加压力量训练:释义及应用[J].体育科学,33(12):71-80.
国立スポーツ科学センター(JISS),2016.風洞実験で空中感覚のトレーニングです[EB/OL].[2016-09-14].https://www.instagram.com/p/BKUXVYwA1r8/.
国立スポーツ科学センター(JISS),2017.選手、トレーナーさん、栄養士さんの連携が素晴らしかったです[EB/OL].[2017-11-22].https://www.instagram.com/p/BbyqGMZFNtC/.
国立スポーツ科学センター(JISS),2018a.Today’s test intervals on the roller ski treadmill![EB/OL].[2018-06-19].https://www.instagram.com/p/BkM-IX6gdIb/.
国立スポーツ科学センター(JISS),2018b.ちょっと標高3200メートルまでお出かけ。[EB/OL].[2018-06-28].https://www.instagram.com/p/BkkPR-mAYPI/.
AKASHI K,YAMANOBE K,SHIRASAKI K,2016.Relation between aerofynamic force and flight posture in the flight phase training of ski jumping using wind tunnel[C].34th International Conference on Biomechanics in Sports.
ANGIUS L,MARCORA S M,HOPKER J G,et al.,2016.Transcranial direct current stimulation improves cycling performance in healthy individuals[C].Physiological Society.
AUDI MEDIA CENTER,2016.DSV test in Audi wind tunnel[EB/OL].[2016-06-30].https://www.audi-mediacenter.com/en/photos/detail/dsv-test-in-audi-wind-tunnel-35080.
BANISSY M J,MUGGLETON N G,2013.Transcranial direct current stimulation in sports training:potential approaches[J].Front Hum Neurosci,7:129.
BOJSEN-M?LLER J,LOSNEGARD T,KEMPPAINEN J,et al.,2010.Muscle use during double poling evaluated by positron emission tomography[J].J Appl Physiol,109(6):1895-1903.
BOURZAC K,2016.Neurostimulation:Bright sparks[J].Nat,531:S6.
BROWNLIE L,LAROSE G,D’AUTEUIL A,et al.,2010.Factors affecting the aerodynamic drag of alpine skiers[J].Procedia engineering,2(2):2375-2380.
COMFORT P,DOS’SANTOS T,BECKHAM G K,et al.,2018.Standardization and methodological considerations for the Isometric Mid-Thigh Pull[J].Strength CondJ:in press.
DE WITT J K,ENGLISH K L,CROWELL J B,et al.,2018.Isometric midthigh pull reliability and relationship to deadlift one repetition maximum[J].J Strength Cond Res,32(2):528-533.
GRAPPE F,CANDAU R,BELLI A,et al.,1997.Aerodynamic drag in field cycling with special reference to the Obree’s position[J].Ergonomics,40(12):1299-1311.
HORNYAK T,2017.Smarter,not harder[J].Nat,549:S1.
JIMéNEZ-REYES P,SAMOZINO P,CUADRADO-PE?AFIEL V,et al.,2014.OC9 A simple method to measure force-velocity profile in counter movement jump[J].Brit J Sports Med,48:A3.
KAWAMORI N,ROSSI S J,JUSTICE B D,et al.,2006.Peak force and rate of force development during isometric and dynamic midthigh clean pulls performed at various intensities[J].J Strength Cond Res,20(3):483-491.
KENNEDY R A,DRAKE D,2018.Improving the signal-to-noise ratio when monitoring countermovement jump performance[J].JStrength Cond Res:in press.
KHAMOUI A V,BROWN L E,NGUYEN D,et al.,2011.Relationship between force-time and velocity-time characteristics of dynamic and isometric muscle actions[J].J Strength Cond Res,25(1):198-204.
LOENNEKE J P,WILSON J M,MARíN P J,et al.,2012.Low intensity blood flow restriction training:a meta-analysis[J].Eur J Appl Physiol,112(5):1849-1859.
LOWERY R P,JOY J M,LOENNEKE J P,et al.,2014.Practical blood flow restriction training increases muscle hypertrophy during a periodized resistance training programme[J].Clin Physiol Funct I,34(4):317-321.
MEDICINE A C O S,2009.American College of Sports Medicine position stand.Progression models in resistance training for healthy adults[J].Med Sci Sports Exer,41(3):687.
NITSCHE M A,COHEN L G,WASSERMANN E M,et al.,2008.Transcranial direct current stimulation:state of the art 2008[J].Brain Stimul,1(3):206-223.
NITSCHE M A,PAULUS W,2000.Excitability changes induced in the human motor cortex by weak transcranial direct current stimulation[J].J Physiol 527(3):633-639.
NITSCHE M A,PAULUS W,2001.Sustained excitability elevations induced by transcranial DC motor cortex stimulation in humans[J].Neurology,57(10):1899-1901.
NYSportsScienceLab.com,2017.Sports Science Lab Digital Brochure[EB/OL].[2017-8-12].https://nysportssciencelab.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/ssl_brochure_optimize%20your%20performance.pdf.
REARDON S,2016a.‘Brain doping’may improve athletes’performance[J].Nat News,531(7594):283.
REARDON S,2016b.Performance boost paves way for’brain doping’:electrical stimulation seems to boost endurance in preliminary studies[J].Nat,531(7594):283-285.
ROELANDS B,DE PAUW K,2019.Technological Impact on Human Performance[J].In J Sports Physiol Performance,14(1):1-1.
SHIRASAKI K,YAMANOBE K,AKASHI K,et al.,2017.Variation of the drafting effect on the trailing rider for different numbers of riders in a cycling group[J].Proc Inst Mech Eng,Part P:J Sports Eng Technol:1754337117736617.
YAMANOBE K,SHIRASAKI K,AKASHI K,et al.,2016.The effects of upper limbs position on the aerodynamics in ski jumping flight[C].34th International Conference on Biomechanics in Sports.
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