水翼吸力面布置凹槽抑制空化研究
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摘要
空化引起不同程度振动、冲击和噪声,加剧物体表面空蚀,使结构提早发生疲劳。为有效抑制和延缓空化发生和空泡脱落,该文提出了在水翼吸力面布置凹槽的方法,旨在通过水翼表面结构的改变来实现空化流动的调节。在数值模拟研究中,采用Realizablek-ε湍流模型和Schnerr-Sauer空化模型,围绕8°攻角下NACA66(MOD)水翼,开展不同空化数、凹槽尺度和凹槽位置对二维水翼空化流场的动力学特性研究,并进一步分析了水翼表面特殊结构抑制空化的机理。结果表明:当片空化发生时,凹槽布置在距水翼前缘0.32弦长位置时,能降低空泡振荡频率,提高水翼水动力性能;当云空化发生时,适当的凹槽表面构型能够使水翼吸力面边界层变薄,边界层分离点滞后,水翼尾缘回流区减薄,吸力面低压区减小,证明了凹槽表面构型对空化抑制的适用性。然而,在水翼吸力面布置凹槽,虽然可以降低水翼表面边界层的厚度,增强抗逆压能力,但却触发了凹槽附近区域回射流的加速。因此,只有当抗逆压梯度能力大于回射流冲击时,才可以实现对空化流动的抑制。该研究成果扩大了空化流动的被动控制方法研究范围,为水力机械空化抑制技术提供了参考。
The existence of cavitation will lead to different intensity of vibration, shocks as well as acoustic noise and worsen the cavitation erosions which results in structural fatigue failure. In order to suppress the evolution and detachment of bubbles efficiently, based on the existing experimental phenomena, a new idea is proposed to achieve cavitation flow control by setting pits on the suction side of the hydrofoil. To study the impact of this new structure on cavitation flow field, in this paper, the unsteady cavitation flow around the NACA66(MOD) hydrofoil at 8° angle of attack was simulated by Realizable k-ε turbulence model combined with Schnerr-Sauer cavitation model for different cavitation numbers, pits size and pits location. The results indicate that the simulated cavity shapes around foil were well fitted with the experimental high speed images, and showed that the selected models can better predict the cavitation flow. The results also showed that for the study of the non-cavitation flow, the suction side pits led to the decrease of the hydrofoil lift-to-drag ratio and impair the hydrodynamic performance. However, this was very different from that in cavitation condition. In addition, the analysis of the dynamic characteristics of the 2 D hydrofoil cavitation flow field and the effect of hydrofoil surface structure factors on cavitation suppression showed that the tail position of cavitation closure region was very close to that of the pits which located at 0.32 chord(0.32 c) distance from leading edge for the sheet cavitation(Cavitation number=1.23). The presence of the pits changed the direction of the re-entrant jet and caused the severe dissipation of the kinetic energy of the re-entrant jet. As a result, the re-entrant jet was blocked to enter the cavity body, and therefore, the cavitation shedding and vibration frequency decreased. However, the evolution of cavity had not been suppressed along with the increased cavity length because local low pressure region formed at the position of pits(0.32 c) celebrated the development of cavitation flow. But when the pits were placed at 0.2 c distance from leading edge, the maximum cavity length was shortened 3% compared with that for normal hydrofoil without any changes of lift-to-drag ratio. The structure of pits played a positive role in controlling cavitation flow when the sheet cavitation occurred. Moreover, for cloud cavitation(Cavitation number=0.81), when the pits were placed at 0.2 c, the lift-to-drag ratio increased and shedding frequency decreased which showed a good hydrodynamic performance. The effect analysis of pits structure size and position on cavitation flow revealed the pits had an obvious effect of suppressing cavitation after the cavity length reach maximum. The size of the detached vapor cloud and the low pressure distribution zone of the trailing edge were significantly smaller than that of the normal hydrofoil, therefore the vortex at the trailing edge were suppressed. Through the spectrum analysis of the lift coefficients of different hydrofoils, it is found that the presence of the pits weakened the hydrofoil vibration caused by the detachment of cloud cavity. That meant that with the proper design of pits, the hydrodynamic efficiency was increased and the unsteady behavior of the cavitation could be suppressed. Finally, the study of the boundary layer velocity and pressure distribution of the hydrofoil suction side revealed that arranging the pits on the suction side of the hydrofoil could reduce the thickness of the boundary layer of the hydrofoil surface and enhance the anti-reverse pressure capability, but it accelerated the re-entrant jet near the pits. Therefore, cavitation could be suppressed only when the anti-reverse pressure gradient capability was greater than the impact of the re-entrant jet. The conclusions obtained in the numerical calculations showed that the proper suction side pits can suppress cavitation, broaden the scope of passive control technology research, and also stimulate the subsequent research of cavitation suppression methods.
The existence of cavitation will lead to different intensity of vibration, shocks as well as acoustic noise and worsen the cavitation erosions which results in structural fatigue failure. In order to suppress the evolution and detachment of bubbles efficiently, based on the existing experimental phenomena, a new idea is proposed to achieve cavitation flow control by setting pits on the suction side of the hydrofoil. To study the impact of this new structure on cavitation flow field, in this paper, the unsteady cavitation flow around the NACA66(MOD) hydrofoil at 8° angle of attack was simulated by Realizable k-ε turbulence model combined with Schnerr-Sauer cavitation model for different cavitation numbers, pits size and pits location. The results indicate that the simulated cavity shapes around foil were well fitted with the experimental high speed images, and showed that the selected models can better predict the cavitation flow. The results also showed that for the study of the non-cavitation flow, the suction side pits led to the decrease of the hydrofoil lift-to-drag ratio and impair the hydrodynamic performance. However, this was very different from that in cavitation condition. In addition, the analysis of the dynamic characteristics of the 2 D hydrofoil cavitation flow field and the effect of hydrofoil surface structure factors on cavitation suppression showed that the tail position of cavitation closure region was very close to that of the pits which located at 0.32 chord(0.32 c) distance from leading edge for the sheet cavitation(Cavitation number=1.23). The presence of the pits changed the direction of the re-entrant jet and caused the severe dissipation of the kinetic energy of the re-entrant jet. As a result, the re-entrant jet was blocked to enter the cavity body, and therefore, the cavitation shedding and vibration frequency decreased. However, the evolution of cavity had not been suppressed along with the increased cavity length because local low pressure region formed at the position of pits(0.32 c) celebrated the development of cavitation flow. But when the pits were placed at 0.2 c distance from leading edge, the maximum cavity length was shortened 3% compared with that for normal hydrofoil without any changes of lift-to-drag ratio. The structure of pits played a positive role in controlling cavitation flow when the sheet cavitation occurred. Moreover, for cloud cavitation(Cavitation number=0.81), when the pits were placed at 0.2 c, the lift-to-drag ratio increased and shedding frequency decreased which showed a good hydrodynamic performance. The effect analysis of pits structure size and position on cavitation flow revealed the pits had an obvious effect of suppressing cavitation after the cavity length reach maximum. The size of the detached vapor cloud and the low pressure distribution zone of the trailing edge were significantly smaller than that of the normal hydrofoil, therefore the vortex at the trailing edge were suppressed. Through the spectrum analysis of the lift coefficients of different hydrofoils, it is found that the presence of the pits weakened the hydrofoil vibration caused by the detachment of cloud cavity. That meant that with the proper design of pits, the hydrodynamic efficiency was increased and the unsteady behavior of the cavitation could be suppressed. Finally, the study of the boundary layer velocity and pressure distribution of the hydrofoil suction side revealed that arranging the pits on the suction side of the hydrofoil could reduce the thickness of the boundary layer of the hydrofoil surface and enhance the anti-reverse pressure capability, but it accelerated the re-entrant jet near the pits. Therefore, cavitation could be suppressed only when the anti-reverse pressure gradient capability was greater than the impact of the re-entrant jet. The conclusions obtained in the numerical calculations showed that the proper suction side pits can suppress cavitation, broaden the scope of passive control technology research, and also stimulate the subsequent research of cavitation suppression methods.
引文
[1]司乔瑞,袁寿其,李晓俊,等.空化条件下离心泵泵腔内不稳定流动数值分析[J].农业机械学报,2014,45(5):84-90.Si Qiaorui,Yuan Shouqi,Li Xiaojun,et al.Numerical simulation of unsteady cavitation flow in the casing of a centrifugal pump[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2014,45(5):84-90.(in Chinese with English abstract).
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[3]顾巍,何友声.空泡流非稳态现象的流动控制[J].力学学报,2001,33(1):19-27.Gu Wei,He Yousheng.Flow control on unstable cavitation phenomena[J].Acta Mechanica Sinica,2001,33(1):19-27.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[4]王献孚.空化泡和超空化泡流动理论及应用[M].北京:国防工业出版社,2009.
[5]Stanley C,Barber T,Rosengarten G.Re-entrant jet mechanism for periodic cavitation shedding in a cylindrical orifice[J].International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow,2014,50:169-176.
[6]Chen Weiqi.A theoretical study for three-dimensional cavity re-entrant jets[J].Journal of Ship Mechanics,2017,21(9):1055-1061.
[7]Wu Qin,Wang Yana,Wang Guoyu.Experimental investigation of cavitating flow-induced vibration of hydrofoils[J].Ocean Engineering,2017,144:50-60.
[8]王一伟,黄晨光,方新,等.水下回转航行体的云状空化回射流运动特征研究[J].水动力学研究与进展,2013,28(1):23-29.Wang Yiwei,Huang Chenguang,Fang Xin,et al.Characteristics of the re-entry jet in the cloud cavitating flow over a submerged axisymmetric projectile[J].Chinese Journal of Hydrodynamics,2013,28(1):23-29.
[9]Zhang Yuning,Qian Zhongdong,Ji Bin.A review of microscopic interactions between cavitation bubbles and particles in silt-laden flow[J].Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,2016,56:303-318.
[10]Ji B,Luo X W,Wu Y,et al.Numerical analysis of unsteady cavitating turbulent flow and shedding horse-shoe vortex structure around a twisted hydrofoil[J].International Journal of Multiphase Flow,2013,51:33-43.
[11]王巍,徐瑞铎,羿琦,等.回射流强度对水翼表面空化形态的影响[J].排灌机械工程学报,2016,34(11):921-926,940.Wang Wei,Xu Ruiduo,Yi Qi,et al.Influence of re-entrant jet strength on cavitation characteristics of hydrofoil[J].Journal of Drainage and Irrigation Machiney,2016,34(11):921-926,940.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[12]戴月进,张媛媛,黄典贵.水翼表面粗糙带对空化抑制效果的数值研究[J].工程热物理学报,2012,33(5):770-773.Dai Yuejin,Zhang Yuanyuan,Huang Diangui.Numerical study of the impact of hudrofoil surface roughness on cavitation suppression[J].Journal of Engineering Thermophysics,2012,33(5):770-773.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[13]羿琦.水翼表面微结构设计及其对空化流场影响研究[D].大连:大连理工大学,2017.Yi Qi.Microstructure Design of Hydrofoil Surface and Its Influence on Cavitation Flow Field[D].Dalian:Dalian University of Technology,2017.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[14]赵伟国.水翼云空化及其控制机理研究[D].杭州:浙江大学,2012.Zhao Weiguo.Research on the Cloud Cavitation of Hydrofoil and Control Mechanism[D].Hangzhou:Zhejiang University,2012.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[15]Mikhail V T,Ivan I Z,Konstantin S P,et al.Manipulating cavitation by a wall jet:Experiments on a 2D hydrofoil[J].International Journal of Multiphase Flow,2018,99:312-328.
[16]Wang Wei,Yi Qi,Wang Yayun,et al.The adaptability research of hydrofoil surface water injection on cavitation suppression[J].Journal of Drainage and Irrigation Machinery Engineering,2017,35(6):461-466.
[17]王巍,羿琦,林茵,等.水翼表面布置射流水孔抑制空化[J].排灌机械工程学报,2016,34(10):865-870.Wang Wei,Yi Qi,Lin Yin,et al.Impact of hydrofoil surface water injection on cavitation suppression[J].Journal of Drainage and Irrigation Machiney,2016,34(10):865-870.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[18]Zhang Lingxin,Chen Ming,Shao Xueming.Inhibition of cloud cavitation on a flat hydrofoil through the placement of an obstacle[J].Ocean Engineering,2018,155:1-9.
[19]Kadivar E,Moctar O E,Javadi K.Investigation of the effect of cavitation passive control on the dynamics of unsteady cloud cavitation[J].Applied Mathematical Modelling,2018,64:333-356.
[20]邬伟,熊鹰,齐万江.基于翼剖面改型的空化抑制[J].中国舰船研究,2012,7(3):36-40.Wu Wei,Xiong Ying,Qi Wanjiang,et al.Cavitation control of a 2-D hydrofoil under section reshaping[J].Chinese Journal of Ship Research,2012,7(3):36-40.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[21]Capurso T,Lopez M,Lorusso M,et al.Numerical investigation of cavitation on a NACA0015 hydrofoil by means of OpenFOAM[J].Energy Procedia,2017,126:794-801.
[22]Ji Bin,Luo Xianwu,Arndt R E A,et al.Large Eddy Simulation and theoretical investigations of the transient cavitating vortical flow structure around a NACA66hydrofoil[J].International Journal of Multiphase Flow,2015,68:121-134.
[23]张德胜,吴苏青,施卫东,等.不同湍流模型在轴流泵叶顶泄漏涡模拟中的应用与验证[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(13):46-53.Zhang Desheng,Wu Suqing,Shi Weidong,et al.Application and experiment of different turbulence models for simulating tip leakage vortex in axial flow pump[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2013,29(13):46-53.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[24]丛国辉,王福军.湍流模型在泵站进水池漩涡模拟中的适用性研究[J].农业工程学报,2008,24(6):31-35.Cong Guohui,Wang Fujun.Applicability of turbulence models in numerical simulation of vortex flow in pump sump[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2008,24(6):31-35.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[25]张德胜,施卫东,张华,等.不同湍流模型在轴流泵性能预测中的应用[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(1):66-71.Zhang Desheng,Shi Weidong,Zhang Hua,et al.Application of different turbulence models for predicting performance of axial flow pump[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2012,28(1):66-71.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[26]刘厚林,刘东喜,王勇,等.三种空化模型在离心泵空化流计算中的应用评价[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(16):54-59.Liu Houlin,Liu Dongxi,Wang Yong,et al.Applicative evaluation of three cavitation models on cavitation flow calculation in centrifugal pump[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2012,28(16):54-59.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[27]王智勇.基于FLUENT软件的水力空化数值模拟[D].大连:大连理工大学,2006.Wang Zhiyong.Numerical Simulation of Hydrodynamic Cavitation Based on FLUENT[D].Dalian:Dalian University of Technology,2006.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[28]黄旭.表面特性对绕水翼空化流动影响的研究[D].北京:北京理工大学,2015.Huang Xu.The Study on Effect of Surface Characteristics on Cavitating Flow over Hydrofoils[D].Beijing:Beijing Institute of Technology,2015.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[29]Lu Shengpeng,Wang Wei,Hou Tengfei,et al.Experiment research on cavitation control by active injection[C]//Th10th International Symposium on Cavitation(CAV2018),Baltimore,Maryland,USA.2018.
[30]Kawanami Y.Mechanism and control of cloud cavitation[J].Journal of Fluids Engineering,1997,236(4):788-794.
[31]Chen Y,Chen X,Gong Z,et al.Numerical investigation on the dynamic behavior of sheet/cloud cavitation regimes around hydrofoil[J].Applied Mathematical Modelling,2016,40(11/12):5835-5857.
[2]李根生,沈晓明,施立德,等.空化和空蚀机理及其影响因素[J].石油大学学报,1997,21(1):97-102.Li Gensheng,Shen Xiaoming,Shi Lide,et al.Review of studies on cavitation and cavitation erosion[J].Journal of the University of Petroleum,1997,21(1):97-102.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[3]顾巍,何友声.空泡流非稳态现象的流动控制[J].力学学报,2001,33(1):19-27.Gu Wei,He Yousheng.Flow control on unstable cavitation phenomena[J].Acta Mechanica Sinica,2001,33(1):19-27.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[4]王献孚.空化泡和超空化泡流动理论及应用[M].北京:国防工业出版社,2009.
[5]Stanley C,Barber T,Rosengarten G.Re-entrant jet mechanism for periodic cavitation shedding in a cylindrical orifice[J].International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow,2014,50:169-176.
[6]Chen Weiqi.A theoretical study for three-dimensional cavity re-entrant jets[J].Journal of Ship Mechanics,2017,21(9):1055-1061.
[7]Wu Qin,Wang Yana,Wang Guoyu.Experimental investigation of cavitating flow-induced vibration of hydrofoils[J].Ocean Engineering,2017,144:50-60.
[8]王一伟,黄晨光,方新,等.水下回转航行体的云状空化回射流运动特征研究[J].水动力学研究与进展,2013,28(1):23-29.Wang Yiwei,Huang Chenguang,Fang Xin,et al.Characteristics of the re-entry jet in the cloud cavitating flow over a submerged axisymmetric projectile[J].Chinese Journal of Hydrodynamics,2013,28(1):23-29.
[9]Zhang Yuning,Qian Zhongdong,Ji Bin.A review of microscopic interactions between cavitation bubbles and particles in silt-laden flow[J].Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,2016,56:303-318.
[10]Ji B,Luo X W,Wu Y,et al.Numerical analysis of unsteady cavitating turbulent flow and shedding horse-shoe vortex structure around a twisted hydrofoil[J].International Journal of Multiphase Flow,2013,51:33-43.
[11]王巍,徐瑞铎,羿琦,等.回射流强度对水翼表面空化形态的影响[J].排灌机械工程学报,2016,34(11):921-926,940.Wang Wei,Xu Ruiduo,Yi Qi,et al.Influence of re-entrant jet strength on cavitation characteristics of hydrofoil[J].Journal of Drainage and Irrigation Machiney,2016,34(11):921-926,940.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[12]戴月进,张媛媛,黄典贵.水翼表面粗糙带对空化抑制效果的数值研究[J].工程热物理学报,2012,33(5):770-773.Dai Yuejin,Zhang Yuanyuan,Huang Diangui.Numerical study of the impact of hudrofoil surface roughness on cavitation suppression[J].Journal of Engineering Thermophysics,2012,33(5):770-773.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[13]羿琦.水翼表面微结构设计及其对空化流场影响研究[D].大连:大连理工大学,2017.Yi Qi.Microstructure Design of Hydrofoil Surface and Its Influence on Cavitation Flow Field[D].Dalian:Dalian University of Technology,2017.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[14]赵伟国.水翼云空化及其控制机理研究[D].杭州:浙江大学,2012.Zhao Weiguo.Research on the Cloud Cavitation of Hydrofoil and Control Mechanism[D].Hangzhou:Zhejiang University,2012.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[15]Mikhail V T,Ivan I Z,Konstantin S P,et al.Manipulating cavitation by a wall jet:Experiments on a 2D hydrofoil[J].International Journal of Multiphase Flow,2018,99:312-328.
[16]Wang Wei,Yi Qi,Wang Yayun,et al.The adaptability research of hydrofoil surface water injection on cavitation suppression[J].Journal of Drainage and Irrigation Machinery Engineering,2017,35(6):461-466.
[17]王巍,羿琦,林茵,等.水翼表面布置射流水孔抑制空化[J].排灌机械工程学报,2016,34(10):865-870.Wang Wei,Yi Qi,Lin Yin,et al.Impact of hydrofoil surface water injection on cavitation suppression[J].Journal of Drainage and Irrigation Machiney,2016,34(10):865-870.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[18]Zhang Lingxin,Chen Ming,Shao Xueming.Inhibition of cloud cavitation on a flat hydrofoil through the placement of an obstacle[J].Ocean Engineering,2018,155:1-9.
[19]Kadivar E,Moctar O E,Javadi K.Investigation of the effect of cavitation passive control on the dynamics of unsteady cloud cavitation[J].Applied Mathematical Modelling,2018,64:333-356.
[20]邬伟,熊鹰,齐万江.基于翼剖面改型的空化抑制[J].中国舰船研究,2012,7(3):36-40.Wu Wei,Xiong Ying,Qi Wanjiang,et al.Cavitation control of a 2-D hydrofoil under section reshaping[J].Chinese Journal of Ship Research,2012,7(3):36-40.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[21]Capurso T,Lopez M,Lorusso M,et al.Numerical investigation of cavitation on a NACA0015 hydrofoil by means of OpenFOAM[J].Energy Procedia,2017,126:794-801.
[22]Ji Bin,Luo Xianwu,Arndt R E A,et al.Large Eddy Simulation and theoretical investigations of the transient cavitating vortical flow structure around a NACA66hydrofoil[J].International Journal of Multiphase Flow,2015,68:121-134.
[23]张德胜,吴苏青,施卫东,等.不同湍流模型在轴流泵叶顶泄漏涡模拟中的应用与验证[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(13):46-53.Zhang Desheng,Wu Suqing,Shi Weidong,et al.Application and experiment of different turbulence models for simulating tip leakage vortex in axial flow pump[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2013,29(13):46-53.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[24]丛国辉,王福军.湍流模型在泵站进水池漩涡模拟中的适用性研究[J].农业工程学报,2008,24(6):31-35.Cong Guohui,Wang Fujun.Applicability of turbulence models in numerical simulation of vortex flow in pump sump[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2008,24(6):31-35.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[25]张德胜,施卫东,张华,等.不同湍流模型在轴流泵性能预测中的应用[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(1):66-71.Zhang Desheng,Shi Weidong,Zhang Hua,et al.Application of different turbulence models for predicting performance of axial flow pump[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2012,28(1):66-71.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[26]刘厚林,刘东喜,王勇,等.三种空化模型在离心泵空化流计算中的应用评价[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(16):54-59.Liu Houlin,Liu Dongxi,Wang Yong,et al.Applicative evaluation of three cavitation models on cavitation flow calculation in centrifugal pump[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2012,28(16):54-59.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[27]王智勇.基于FLUENT软件的水力空化数值模拟[D].大连:大连理工大学,2006.Wang Zhiyong.Numerical Simulation of Hydrodynamic Cavitation Based on FLUENT[D].Dalian:Dalian University of Technology,2006.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[28]黄旭.表面特性对绕水翼空化流动影响的研究[D].北京:北京理工大学,2015.Huang Xu.The Study on Effect of Surface Characteristics on Cavitating Flow over Hydrofoils[D].Beijing:Beijing Institute of Technology,2015.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[29]Lu Shengpeng,Wang Wei,Hou Tengfei,et al.Experiment research on cavitation control by active injection[C]//Th10th International Symposium on Cavitation(CAV2018),Baltimore,Maryland,USA.2018.
[30]Kawanami Y.Mechanism and control of cloud cavitation[J].Journal of Fluids Engineering,1997,236(4):788-794.
[31]Chen Y,Chen X,Gong Z,et al.Numerical investigation on the dynamic behavior of sheet/cloud cavitation regimes around hydrofoil[J].Applied Mathematical Modelling,2016,40(11/12):5835-5857.