县域银行网点布局的空间效应——理解农村金融资源不平衡的一个视角
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摘要
本文选取江苏省1995—2015年42个县(市)为样本,采用空间计量法分析了县域银行网点空间布局的演变特征和空间效应,基于银行网点的设置行为揭示了金融资源不平衡的原因。结果显示:(1)受行政分割、金融机构管理体制等因素制约,县域银行网点数的局部空间自相关性不强;但是随着金融市场分割程度减弱,银行网点数的全局空间自相关性逐渐增强。(2)本地法人机构农信社的网点布局存在空间虹吸效应,并能对其他银行入驻县域市场产生理性羊群效应;非本地法人银行的县域网点布局则存在空间溢出效应。(3)股份制银行和城商行设立网点时尚未关注金融公平,国有独资性质的邮储银行在关注金融公平时却难以兼顾金融效率。
This article selects 42 countiesin Jiangsu Province from 1995 to 2015 as sample to describe the characteristics of space evolution of rural banking outlets and its influencing factors by spatial measurement method,and reveals the reasons for the imbalance of financial resources from the perspective of banking outlets' distribution. The resultsshow:( 1) The autocorrelation of the number of county banking outlets is not strongbecause of the restriction of administrative segmentation and financial institution management system; however,with the degree of market segmentation weakened,the autocorrelation in the whole will be strong gradually.( 2) The spatial siphon effect exits in therural credit cooperativeswhich are local legal institutions,and it finally forms the rational herd effect among other banks; and the spatial spillage effect exitsamong the non-local banks in counties.( 3) Joint-equity commercial banks and city commercial banks do not pay attention to financial equity when they set up outlets. However,postal savings bank which is wholly owned by the state,has difficulty in balancing financial efficiency when they pay attention to financial equity.
This article selects 42 countiesin Jiangsu Province from 1995 to 2015 as sample to describe the characteristics of space evolution of rural banking outlets and its influencing factors by spatial measurement method,and reveals the reasons for the imbalance of financial resources from the perspective of banking outlets' distribution. The resultsshow:( 1) The autocorrelation of the number of county banking outlets is not strongbecause of the restriction of administrative segmentation and financial institution management system; however,with the degree of market segmentation weakened,the autocorrelation in the whole will be strong gradually.( 2) The spatial siphon effect exits in therural credit cooperativeswhich are local legal institutions,and it finally forms the rational herd effect among other banks; and the spatial spillage effect exitsamong the non-local banks in counties.( 3) Joint-equity commercial banks and city commercial banks do not pay attention to financial equity when they set up outlets. However,postal savings bank which is wholly owned by the state,has difficulty in balancing financial efficiency when they pay attention to financial equity.
引文
1.Anselin,L.“Spatial Dependence and Spatial Structural Instability in Applied Regression Analysis”,Journal of Regional Science,1990,30(2):185~207
2.Awusabo-Asare K.,S.K Annim,A.M.Abane and D.Asare-Minta.“Who is Reaching Whom?Depth of Outreach of Rural Micro Finance Institutions in Ghana”,International NGO Journal,2009,4(4):132~141
3.Baldwin R.,P.Martin.“Global Income Divergence,Trade and Industrialization:The Geograpgy of Growth Take-offs”,Journal of Economic Growth,2001,6(1):5~37
4.Beck T.,A.De La Torre.“The Basic Analytics of Access to Financial Services”.Financial Markets,Institutions&Instruments,2007,16(2):79~117
5.Brevoort,K.P.,and T.H.Hannan.“Commercial Lending and Distance:Evidence from Community Reinvestment Act Data”,Journal of Money,Credit,and Banking,2006,38(8):1991~2012
6.Burgess,R.,and R.Pande.“Do Rural Banks Matter?Evidence from the Indian Social Banking Experiment”,The American Economic Review,2005,95(3):780~795
7.Chang,A.,S.Chaudhuri,and J.Jayaratne.“Rational Herd and the Spatial Clustering of Bank Branches:an Empirical Analysis”,Federal Reserve Bank of New York,1997,Research Paper 9724
8.Crawford,R.J.“A Comparison of the Internal Urban Spatial Pattern of Unit and Branch Bank Offices”,The Professional Geographer,1973,25(4):353~356
9.Davis,E.P.“International Financial Centers:an Industrial Analysis”,Bank of England Discussion Paper,1990,50~57
10.Dymski,G.A.,and J.M.Veitch.“Financial Transformation and the Metropolis:Booms,Busts,andBanking in Los Angeles”,Environment and Planning A,1996,28(7):1233~1260
11.Dehejia,R.,and A.Lleras-Muney.“Financial Development and Pathways of Growth:State Branching and Deposit Insurance Laws in the United States from 1900 to 1940”,Journal of Law and Economics,2007,50(2):239~272
12.Gehrig,T.“Competing Markets”,European Economic Review,1998,42(2):277~310
13.Hannan,T.H.,and G.A.Hanweck.“Recent Trends in the Number and Size of Bank Branches:An Examination of Likely Determinants”,FEDS Working Paper,2008,23(2):155~164
14.Jayaratne,J.,and P.E.Strahan.“The Finance Growth Nexus:Evidence from Bank Branch Deregulation”,The Quarterly Journal of E-conomics,1996,111(3):639~670
15.Keskin H.D.,and Z.Abdioglu.“Factors Affecting the Geographical Distribution of Bank Branches in Turkey”,European Journal of Social Sciences,2011,(4):23~38
16.Lanzillotti,R.F.and T.R.Saving.“State Branching Restrictions and Availability of Branching Services Comment”,Journal of Money,Credit and Banking,1969,1(4):778~788
17.Leyshon,A.,and N.Thrift.“Financial Exclusion and the Shifting Boundaries of the Financial System”,Environment and Planning A,1996,28(7):1150~156
18.Park,Y.S.“Interrnational Banking and Financial Centers”,Boston Kluwer Academic Publishers,1989
19.Tobler,W.R.“A Computer Movie Simulating Urban Growth in the Detroit Region”,Economic Geography,1970,46(2):234~240
20.Tschoegl,A.E.“International Banking Centers,Geography,and Foreign Banks”,Financial Markets,Institutions&Instruments,2000,9(1):1~32
21.Yaron,J.,M.Benjamin,and G.Piprek.“Rural Finance:Issue,Design,and Best Practices”,The World Bank Working Paper,1997
22.部慧,梁小珍,皮理.我国金融业区域发展差异的空间统计分析.系统工程理论与实践,2014(5):1171~1180
23.蔡卫星.分支机构市场准入放松、跨区域经营与银行绩效.金融研究,2016(6):127~141
24.褚保金,莫媛.金融市场分割下的县域农村资本流动---基于江苏省39个县(市)的实证分析.中国农村经济,2011(1):88~96
25.董晓林,徐虹.我国农村金融排斥影响因素的实证分析---基于县域金融机构网点分布的视角.金融研究,2012(9):115~126
26.黄永兴,徐鹏,孙彦骊.金融集聚影响因素及其溢出效应---基于长三角的实证分析.投资研究,2011(8):111~119
27.焦瑾璞,陈瑾.建设中国普惠金融体系-提供全民享受现代金融服务的机会和途径.中国金融出版社,2009
28.李林,丁艺,刘志华.金融集聚对区域经济增长溢出作用的空间计量分析.金融研究,2011(5):113~123
29.吕捷,郭俊杰,唐忠.利率管制放开会加速资本的离农化吗.管理世界,2016(12):47~59
30.莫媛,徐虹.农村金融发展中的区域市场分割研究:江苏样本.南京农业大学学报(社会科学版),2012(3):34~40
31.任英华,徐玲,游万海.金融集聚影响因素空间计量模型及其应用.数量经济技术经济研究,2010(5):104~115
32.谭庆华,呙玉红.政策性金融的引导-虹吸-扩张机制及相关政策探讨.广东商学院学报,2004(4):67~73
33.王擎,吴玮,黄娟.城市商业银行跨区域经营:信贷扩张、风险水平及银行绩效.金融研究,2012(1):141~153
34.熊德平,陆智强,李红玉.农村金融供给、主发起行跨区经营与村镇银行网点数量---基于中国865家村镇银行数据的实证分析.中国农村经济,2017(4):30~45
35.许圣道,田霖.我国农村地区金融排斥研究.金融研究,2008(7):195~206
36.张婧,沈玉芳,刘曙华等.区域金融协调发展研究---基于长三角经济一体化的实证.地域研究与开发,2010(5):33~38
37.周凯,刘帅.金融资源空间集聚对经济增长的空间效应分析---基于中国省域空间面板数据的实证分析.投资研究,2013(1):75~88
(1)数据来自中国人民银行《2016年农村地区支付业务发展总体情况》
(2)数据来自中投顾问《2018~2022年中国农村金融行业深度调研及投资前景预测报告》
(3)数据来自中国人民银行《中国区域金融运行报告(2017)》
(1)根据中国人民银行《中国农村金融服务报告2016》中的相关数据整理
(2)广义上讲,网点包括实体网点中的有人网点和自助服务型网点,以及作为实体网点延伸的虚拟网点;狭义上讲,仅指实体网点中的有人网点。本文所指银行网点是设置营业窗口的总行及其所有分行、支行、分理处、储蓄所等分支机构的加总
*本文沿用了农信社这一概念,指农信社系统,包含一级法人农村信用社、农村商业银行和农村合作银行三种产权组织形式。截止2016年末,全国共组建以县(市)为单位的统一法人农村信用社1054家,农村商业银行1114家,农村合作银行40家。江苏省县(市)农信社于2000年率先进行股份制改革,至2016年5月省内法人单位已全部改制为农商行,是全国较早完成股份制改革的省份之一
(1)例如2001年《关于进一步规范股份制商业银行分支机构准入管理的通知》(银发[2001]173号文)、2006年《城市商业银行异地分支机构管理办法》(银监发[2006]12号文)以及2009年《关于中小商业银行分支机构市场准入政策的调整意见(试行)》(银监办发[2009]143号文)等系列政策实施
(1)数据来自中国人民银行《中国区域金融运行报告(2017)》
(1)根据《中国人民银行关于进一步规范股份制商业银行分支机构准入管理的通知》(银发[2001]173号)规定,股份制商业银行的机构发展需与当地经济发展、市场需求相适应,拟设立网点的城市具有良好的经济发展前景和市场潜力,城市国内生产总值应达到100 亿元,各项存款余额应达到300亿元
(2)数据来自中国邮政储蓄银行官网,http://www. psbc. com/cn/index/syycxw/34760. html
(1)数据来自中国互联网络信息中心《第40次中国互联网络发展状况统计报告》
2.Awusabo-Asare K.,S.K Annim,A.M.Abane and D.Asare-Minta.“Who is Reaching Whom?Depth of Outreach of Rural Micro Finance Institutions in Ghana”,International NGO Journal,2009,4(4):132~141
3.Baldwin R.,P.Martin.“Global Income Divergence,Trade and Industrialization:The Geograpgy of Growth Take-offs”,Journal of Economic Growth,2001,6(1):5~37
4.Beck T.,A.De La Torre.“The Basic Analytics of Access to Financial Services”.Financial Markets,Institutions&Instruments,2007,16(2):79~117
5.Brevoort,K.P.,and T.H.Hannan.“Commercial Lending and Distance:Evidence from Community Reinvestment Act Data”,Journal of Money,Credit,and Banking,2006,38(8):1991~2012
6.Burgess,R.,and R.Pande.“Do Rural Banks Matter?Evidence from the Indian Social Banking Experiment”,The American Economic Review,2005,95(3):780~795
7.Chang,A.,S.Chaudhuri,and J.Jayaratne.“Rational Herd and the Spatial Clustering of Bank Branches:an Empirical Analysis”,Federal Reserve Bank of New York,1997,Research Paper 9724
8.Crawford,R.J.“A Comparison of the Internal Urban Spatial Pattern of Unit and Branch Bank Offices”,The Professional Geographer,1973,25(4):353~356
9.Davis,E.P.“International Financial Centers:an Industrial Analysis”,Bank of England Discussion Paper,1990,50~57
10.Dymski,G.A.,and J.M.Veitch.“Financial Transformation and the Metropolis:Booms,Busts,andBanking in Los Angeles”,Environment and Planning A,1996,28(7):1233~1260
11.Dehejia,R.,and A.Lleras-Muney.“Financial Development and Pathways of Growth:State Branching and Deposit Insurance Laws in the United States from 1900 to 1940”,Journal of Law and Economics,2007,50(2):239~272
12.Gehrig,T.“Competing Markets”,European Economic Review,1998,42(2):277~310
13.Hannan,T.H.,and G.A.Hanweck.“Recent Trends in the Number and Size of Bank Branches:An Examination of Likely Determinants”,FEDS Working Paper,2008,23(2):155~164
14.Jayaratne,J.,and P.E.Strahan.“The Finance Growth Nexus:Evidence from Bank Branch Deregulation”,The Quarterly Journal of E-conomics,1996,111(3):639~670
15.Keskin H.D.,and Z.Abdioglu.“Factors Affecting the Geographical Distribution of Bank Branches in Turkey”,European Journal of Social Sciences,2011,(4):23~38
16.Lanzillotti,R.F.and T.R.Saving.“State Branching Restrictions and Availability of Branching Services Comment”,Journal of Money,Credit and Banking,1969,1(4):778~788
17.Leyshon,A.,and N.Thrift.“Financial Exclusion and the Shifting Boundaries of the Financial System”,Environment and Planning A,1996,28(7):1150~156
18.Park,Y.S.“Interrnational Banking and Financial Centers”,Boston Kluwer Academic Publishers,1989
19.Tobler,W.R.“A Computer Movie Simulating Urban Growth in the Detroit Region”,Economic Geography,1970,46(2):234~240
20.Tschoegl,A.E.“International Banking Centers,Geography,and Foreign Banks”,Financial Markets,Institutions&Instruments,2000,9(1):1~32
21.Yaron,J.,M.Benjamin,and G.Piprek.“Rural Finance:Issue,Design,and Best Practices”,The World Bank Working Paper,1997
22.部慧,梁小珍,皮理.我国金融业区域发展差异的空间统计分析.系统工程理论与实践,2014(5):1171~1180
23.蔡卫星.分支机构市场准入放松、跨区域经营与银行绩效.金融研究,2016(6):127~141
24.褚保金,莫媛.金融市场分割下的县域农村资本流动---基于江苏省39个县(市)的实证分析.中国农村经济,2011(1):88~96
25.董晓林,徐虹.我国农村金融排斥影响因素的实证分析---基于县域金融机构网点分布的视角.金融研究,2012(9):115~126
26.黄永兴,徐鹏,孙彦骊.金融集聚影响因素及其溢出效应---基于长三角的实证分析.投资研究,2011(8):111~119
27.焦瑾璞,陈瑾.建设中国普惠金融体系-提供全民享受现代金融服务的机会和途径.中国金融出版社,2009
28.李林,丁艺,刘志华.金融集聚对区域经济增长溢出作用的空间计量分析.金融研究,2011(5):113~123
29.吕捷,郭俊杰,唐忠.利率管制放开会加速资本的离农化吗.管理世界,2016(12):47~59
30.莫媛,徐虹.农村金融发展中的区域市场分割研究:江苏样本.南京农业大学学报(社会科学版),2012(3):34~40
31.任英华,徐玲,游万海.金融集聚影响因素空间计量模型及其应用.数量经济技术经济研究,2010(5):104~115
32.谭庆华,呙玉红.政策性金融的引导-虹吸-扩张机制及相关政策探讨.广东商学院学报,2004(4):67~73
33.王擎,吴玮,黄娟.城市商业银行跨区域经营:信贷扩张、风险水平及银行绩效.金融研究,2012(1):141~153
34.熊德平,陆智强,李红玉.农村金融供给、主发起行跨区经营与村镇银行网点数量---基于中国865家村镇银行数据的实证分析.中国农村经济,2017(4):30~45
35.许圣道,田霖.我国农村地区金融排斥研究.金融研究,2008(7):195~206
36.张婧,沈玉芳,刘曙华等.区域金融协调发展研究---基于长三角经济一体化的实证.地域研究与开发,2010(5):33~38
37.周凯,刘帅.金融资源空间集聚对经济增长的空间效应分析---基于中国省域空间面板数据的实证分析.投资研究,2013(1):75~88
(1)数据来自中国人民银行《2016年农村地区支付业务发展总体情况》
(2)数据来自中投顾问《2018~2022年中国农村金融行业深度调研及投资前景预测报告》
(3)数据来自中国人民银行《中国区域金融运行报告(2017)》
(1)根据中国人民银行《中国农村金融服务报告2016》中的相关数据整理
(2)广义上讲,网点包括实体网点中的有人网点和自助服务型网点,以及作为实体网点延伸的虚拟网点;狭义上讲,仅指实体网点中的有人网点。本文所指银行网点是设置营业窗口的总行及其所有分行、支行、分理处、储蓄所等分支机构的加总
*本文沿用了农信社这一概念,指农信社系统,包含一级法人农村信用社、农村商业银行和农村合作银行三种产权组织形式。截止2016年末,全国共组建以县(市)为单位的统一法人农村信用社1054家,农村商业银行1114家,农村合作银行40家。江苏省县(市)农信社于2000年率先进行股份制改革,至2016年5月省内法人单位已全部改制为农商行,是全国较早完成股份制改革的省份之一
(1)例如2001年《关于进一步规范股份制商业银行分支机构准入管理的通知》(银发[2001]173号文)、2006年《城市商业银行异地分支机构管理办法》(银监发[2006]12号文)以及2009年《关于中小商业银行分支机构市场准入政策的调整意见(试行)》(银监办发[2009]143号文)等系列政策实施
(1)数据来自中国人民银行《中国区域金融运行报告(2017)》
(1)根据《中国人民银行关于进一步规范股份制商业银行分支机构准入管理的通知》(银发[2001]173号)规定,股份制商业银行的机构发展需与当地经济发展、市场需求相适应,拟设立网点的城市具有良好的经济发展前景和市场潜力,城市国内生产总值应达到100 亿元,各项存款余额应达到300亿元
(2)数据来自中国邮政储蓄银行官网,http://www. psbc. com/cn/index/syycxw/34760. html
(1)数据来自中国互联网络信息中心《第40次中国互联网络发展状况统计报告》