三岔河流域坡耕地垄向与侵蚀沟分布耦合分析
|
摘要
黑土区坡耕地的侵蚀沟发育发展与耕作措施密切相关,垄向分布对沟蚀的影响机制研究能够为黑土区采取更合理有效的耕种措施提供科学依据。本文以东北典型黑土区的三岔河流域为研究区,基于2013年地理国情普查提供的高精度基础数据获取耕地垄向和侵蚀沟数据,对沟蚀密度和裂度与耕地垄向角之间的关系进行定量分析,并研究了不同垄向下沟蚀与地形的耦合作用。研究结果表明:(1)研究区坡耕地横坡耕作的趋势非常明显;(2)研究区耕地沟蚀强度为中度侵蚀;(3)耕地垄向角与沟蚀密度和裂度显著负相关,即随着垄向角的增大,研究区耕地的平均沟蚀密度和裂度呈线性下降趋势,横坡垄中的侵蚀沟密度和裂度最大,其中垄向角和沟蚀密度的线性拟合效果最好,沟蚀裂度稍差;(4)不同耕地垄向中的侵蚀沟分布具有明显的地形分异特征:当海拔大于280 m时,各垄向耕作都不能有效地抵御侵蚀沟的产生;当坡度大于15°时,横坡垄中的沟蚀裂度最小,但仍高于缓坡各垄向耕地中的沟蚀裂度;各耕作垄向在阴坡对侵蚀沟面积的影响无明显差异。
The initiation and development of gully erosion in the sloping farmland of black soil area are closely related to the tillage measures. Taking the Sancha River watershed in typical black soil area of Northeast China as the study area, this study used the high precision basic data provided by the geographical conditions information census to obtain the ridge direction of cultivated land and gully erosion data. The relationship between the gully density and intensity and the ridge direction angle in the cultivated land was quantitatively analyzed. Then we studied the coupling effect of the gully erosion in different ridge directions and topography. The results showed that:(1) There was an obvious trend of horizontal ridge tillage of sloping farmland;(2) The gully intensity of cultivated land was moderate in the study area;(3) The ridge angle of cultivated land was significantly negatively correlated with the gully erosion density and intensity. With the increase of the angle between contour line and ridge direction, the average gully density and intensity in sloping farmlands gradually decreased. The gully density and intensity in the horizontal ridge tillage were the largest. The linear fitting effect of ridge angle and gully density was the best,and the gully intensity was slightly worse;(4) The distribution of gullies in different ridge directions has obvious topographic differentiation characteristics. In the cultivated land where the elevation was more than 280 m, all ridge tillage cannot effectively resist the gully erosion; when slope gradient was greater than 15°, the gully intensity of cultivated land with contour ridge was the least, however, it was still higher than the gully intensity of cultivated land with every ridges on gentle slope; there was no significant difference in the effect of ridge directions on the area of the gullies on the shady slope.
The initiation and development of gully erosion in the sloping farmland of black soil area are closely related to the tillage measures. Taking the Sancha River watershed in typical black soil area of Northeast China as the study area, this study used the high precision basic data provided by the geographical conditions information census to obtain the ridge direction of cultivated land and gully erosion data. The relationship between the gully density and intensity and the ridge direction angle in the cultivated land was quantitatively analyzed. Then we studied the coupling effect of the gully erosion in different ridge directions and topography. The results showed that:(1) There was an obvious trend of horizontal ridge tillage of sloping farmland;(2) The gully intensity of cultivated land was moderate in the study area;(3) The ridge angle of cultivated land was significantly negatively correlated with the gully erosion density and intensity. With the increase of the angle between contour line and ridge direction, the average gully density and intensity in sloping farmlands gradually decreased. The gully density and intensity in the horizontal ridge tillage were the largest. The linear fitting effect of ridge angle and gully density was the best,and the gully intensity was slightly worse;(4) The distribution of gullies in different ridge directions has obvious topographic differentiation characteristics. In the cultivated land where the elevation was more than 280 m, all ridge tillage cannot effectively resist the gully erosion; when slope gradient was greater than 15°, the gully intensity of cultivated land with contour ridge was the least, however, it was still higher than the gully intensity of cultivated land with every ridges on gentle slope; there was no significant difference in the effect of ridge directions on the area of the gullies on the shady slope.
引文
[1]刘宝元,阎百兴,沈波,等.东北黑土区农地水土流失现状与综合治理对策[J].中国水土保持科学,2008,6(1):1-8.[Liu B Y,Yan B X,Shen B,et al.Current status and comprehensive control strategies of soil erosion for cultivated land in the Northeastern black soil area of China[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2008,6(1):1-8.]
[2]阎百兴,杨育红,刘兴土,等.东北黑土区土壤侵蚀现状与演变趋势[J].中国水土保持,2008,(12):26-30.[Yan B X,Yang Y H,Liu X T,et al.Status and trends of soil erosion in Northeast China[J].Soil and Water Conservation in China,2008,(12):26-30.]
[3]范昊明,顾广贺,王岩松,等.东北黑土区侵蚀沟发育与环境特征[J].中国水土保持,2013,(10):75-78.[Fan H M,Gu G H,Wang Y S,et al.Characteristics of eroded gully development and environment of black soil region in Northeast China[J].Soil and Water Conservation in China,2013,(10):75-78.]
[4]Daba S,Rieger W,Strauss P.Assessment of gully erosion in eastern Ethiopia using photogrammetric techniques[J].Catena,2003,50(2):273-291.
[5]Poesen J,Nachtergaele J,Verstraeten G,et al.Gully erosion and environmental change:Importance and research needs[J].Catena,2003,50(2):91-133.
[6]闫业超,张树文,岳书平.基于Corona和Spot影像的近40年黑土典型区侵蚀沟动态变化[J].资源科学,2006,28(6):154-160.[Yan Y C,Zhang S W,Yue S P.Application of corona and spot imagery on erosion gully research in typical black soil regions of Northeast China[J].Resources Science,2006,28(6):154-160.]
[7]Wang R,Zhang S,Pu L,et al.Gully erosion mapping and monitoring at multiple scales based on multi-source remote sensing data of the Sancha River Catchment,Northeast China[J].International Journal of Geo-information,2016,DOI:10.3390/ijgi5110200.
[8]游智敏,伍永秋,刘宝元.利用GPS进行切沟侵蚀监测研究[J].水土保持学报,2004,18(5):91-94.[You Z M,Wu Y Q,Liu B Y.Study of monitoring gully erosion using GPS[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2004,18(5):91-94.]
[9]胡刚,伍永秋,刘宝元,等.东北漫川漫岗黑土区浅沟和切沟发生的地貌临界模型探讨[J].地理科学,2006,26(4):449-454.[Hu G,Wu Y Q,Liu B Y,et al.Geomorphic threshold model for ephemeral gully incision in rolling hills with black soil in Northeast China[J].Scientia Geographica Sincia,2006,26(4):449-454.]
[10]Yang J,Zhang S,Chang L,et al.Gully erosion regionalization of black soil area in Northeastern China[J].Chinese Geographical Science,2017,27(1):78-87.
[11]王文娟,邓荣鑫,张树文.东北典型黑土区40年来沟蚀空间格局变化及地形分异规律[J].地理与地理信息科学,2012,28(3):68-71.[Wang W J,Deng R X,Zhang S W.Spatial pattern change and topographic differentia of gully erosion in the type black soil area of northeast China during the past 40 years[J].Geography and Geo-Information Science,2012,28(3):68-71.]
[12]李飞,张树文,李天奇.东北典型黑土区南部侵蚀沟与地形要素之间的空间分布关系[J].土壤与作物,2012,1(3):148-154.[Li F,Zhang S W,Li T Q.The spatial distribution relations between erosion gully and terrain factors in the south of typical black soil zone in Northeast China[J].Soil and Crop,2012,1(3):148-154.]
[13]王文娟,邓荣鑫,张树文.东北典型黑土区讷谟尔河流域土地利用变化对沟蚀影响研究[J].自然资源学报,2016,31(5):833-844.[Wang W J,Deng R X,Zhang S W.Effect of land use change on gully erosion in Nemoer river basin of typical black soil region of Northeast China[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2016,31(5):833-844.]
[14]李浩,张兴义,刘爽,等.典型黑土区村级尺度侵蚀沟演变[J].中国水土保持科学,2012,10(2):21-28.[Li H,Zhang X Y,Liu S,et al.Evolvement of gully erosion in village scale in the typical black soil area[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2012,10(2):21-28.]
[15]álvarez-mozos J,Campo Má,Giménez R,et al.Implications of scale,slope,tillage operation and direction in the estimation of surface depression storage[J].Soil&Tillage Research,2011,111(2):142-153.
[16]Takken I,Jetten V,Govers G,et al.The effect of tillage-induced roughness on runoff and erosion patterns[J].Geomorphology,2001,37(1):1-14.
[17]边锋,郑粉莉,徐锡蒙,等.东北黑土区顺坡垄作和无垄作坡面侵蚀过程对比[J].水土保持通报,2016,36(1):11-16.[Bian F,Zheng F L,Xu X M,et al.Comparison of soil erosion process between longitudinal ridge slope and non-ridge slope in Mollisol Region of Northeast China[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2016,36(1):11-16.]
[18]王磊,何超,郑粉莉,等.黑土区坡耕地横坡垄作措施防治土壤侵蚀的土槽试验[J].农业工程学报,2018,34(15):141-148.[Wang L,He C,Zheng F L,et al.Soil-bin experiment on effects of contour ridge tillage for controlling hillslope soil erosion in black soil region[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2018,34(15):141-148.]
[19]Xu X M,Zheng F L,Wilson G V,et al.Comparison of runoff and soil loss in different tillage systems in the Mollisol region of Northeast China[J].Soil&Tillage Research,2018,177:1-11.
[20]沈昌蒲,龚振平,温锦涛.横坡垄与顺坡垄的水土流失对比研究[J].水土保持通报,2005,25(4):48-49.[Shen C P,Gong Z P,Wen J T.Comparison study on soil and water loss of cross ridge and longitudinal ridge[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2005,25(4):48-49.]
[21]孟令钦.东北黑土区沟蚀机理及防治模式的研究[D].北京:中国农业科学院,2009.[Meng L Q.Study on Dynamics of Gully Erosion and Its Controlling in the Black Soil Region,Northeast China[D].Beijing:Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,2009.]
[22]李飞,张树文,杨久春,等.侵蚀沟与耕地垄向之关系探究[J].水土保持研究,2015,22(1):1-4.[Li F,Zhang S W,Yang J C,et al.Investigation of relations between gully and ridge direction[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2015,22(1):1-4.]
[23]宁静,杨子,姜涛,等.东北黑土区不同垄向耕地沟蚀与地形耦合规律[J].水土保持研究,2016,23(3):29-36.[Ning J,Yang Z,Jiang T,et al.The coupling laws between gully erosion of cultivated lands with different ridge directions and terrain in Northeast Black Soil Region of China[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2016,23(3):29-36.]
[24]Fu B J,Zhao W W,Chen L D,et al.Assessment of soil erosion at large watershed scale using RUSLE and GIS:A case study in the Loess Plateau of China[J].Land Degradation&Development,2005,16(1):73-85.
[25]Zhang J,Li W,Zhai L.Understanding geographical conditions monitoring:A perspective from China[J].International Journal of Digital Earth,2015,8(1):38-57.
[26]赵玉明,刘宝元,姜洪涛.东北黑土区垄向的分布及其对土壤侵蚀的影响[J].水土保持研究,2012,19(5):1-6.[Zhao Y M,Liu BY,Jiang H T.Distribution of tillage-induced direction and its effect on soil erosion in Black Soil Area of Northeast China[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2012,19(5):1-6.]
[27]王让虎.基于多源多尺度数据的东北典型黑土区侵蚀沟遥感监测体系研究[D].长春:吉林大学,2017.[Wang R H.Gully Erosion Monitoring at Multiple Scales Based on Multi-Source Remote Sensing Data of the Typical Black Soil Area,Northeast China[D].Changchun:Jilin University,2017.]
[28]王占礼.黄土坡地耕作侵蚀及其效应研究[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2002.[Wang Z L.Study of Tillage Erosion and Its Effects on Loess Sloping Land[D].Yangling:Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University,2002.]
[29]九台市土地管理局.九台市土地志[M].吉林:九台市土地管理局,1998.[Bureau of Land Management of Jiutai.Jiutai Land History[M].Jilin:Bureau of Land Management of Jiutai,1998.]
[30]中华人民共和国水利部.黑土区水土流失综合防治技术标准(SL446-2009)[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2009.[Ministry of Water Resources of the PRC.Techniques Standard for Comprehensive Control of Soil Erosion in the Black Soil Region(SL446-2009)[M].Beijing:China Water&Power Press,2009.]
[31]李晶,刘志生,薛喜权,等.长春市降雨特征及雨型分析研究[J].中国给水排水,2015,31(5):100-104.[Li J,Liu Z S,Xue X Q,et al.Study of rainfall characteristics and pattern in Changchun City[J].China Water&Wastewater,2015,31(5):100-104.]
[32]Ranzi R,Le T H,Rulli M C.A RUSLE approach to model suspended sediment load in the lo river(Vietnam):Effects of reservoirs and land use changes[J].Journal of Hydrology,2012,422(5):17-29.
[33]李天奇.东北黑土区侵蚀沟成因与模型研究[D].长春:中国科学院研究生院(东北地理与农业生态研究所),2012.[Li T Q.ACause Study and Module Simulation of Gully Erosion in Black Soil Region[D].Changchun:Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences(Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology),2012.]
[34]闫业超,张树文,李晓燕,等.黑龙江克拜黑土区50多年来侵蚀沟时空变化[J].地理学报,2005,60(6):1015-1020.[Yan Y C,Zhang S W,Li X Y,et al.Temporal and spatial variation of erosion gullies in Kebai black soil region of Heilongjiang during the past50 years[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2005,60(6):1015-1020.]
[35]张晶玲,周丽丽,马仁明,等.天然降雨条件下横垄与顺垄坡面产流产沙过程[J].水土保持学报,2017,31(5):114-119.[Zhang J L,Zhou L L,Ma R M,et al.Runoff and sediment yield process on longitudinal and cross ridge slopes under natural rainfall[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2017,31(5):114-119.]
[36]宋玥,张忠学.不同耕作措施对黑土坡耕地土壤侵蚀的影响[J].水土保持研究,2011,18(2):14-16.[Song Y,Zhang Z X.The effect of different tillage measures on soil erosion in slope farmland in black soil region[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2011,18(2):14-16.]
[37]Peter K D,D'Oleire-Oltmanns S,Ries J B,et al.Soil erosion in gully catchments affected by land-levelling measures in the Souss Basin,Morocco,analysed by rainfall simulation and UAV remote sensing data[J].Catena,2014,113(2):24-40.
[38]St?cker C,Eltner A,Karrasch P.Measuring gullies by synergetic application of UAV and close range photogrammetry:A case study from Andalusia,Spain[J].Catena,2015,132:1-11.
[39]Kaiser A,Neugirg F,Rock G,et al.Small-scale surface reconstruction and volume calculation,of soil erosion in complex Moroccan gully morphology using structure from motion[J].Remote Sensing,2014,6(8):7050-7080.
[40]Gudino-Elizondo N,Biggs T,Castillo C,et al.Measuring ephemeral gully erosion rates and topographical thresholds in an urban watershed using unmanned aerial systems and structure from motion photogrammetric techniques[J].Land Degradation&Development,2018,29(6):1896-1905.
[2]阎百兴,杨育红,刘兴土,等.东北黑土区土壤侵蚀现状与演变趋势[J].中国水土保持,2008,(12):26-30.[Yan B X,Yang Y H,Liu X T,et al.Status and trends of soil erosion in Northeast China[J].Soil and Water Conservation in China,2008,(12):26-30.]
[3]范昊明,顾广贺,王岩松,等.东北黑土区侵蚀沟发育与环境特征[J].中国水土保持,2013,(10):75-78.[Fan H M,Gu G H,Wang Y S,et al.Characteristics of eroded gully development and environment of black soil region in Northeast China[J].Soil and Water Conservation in China,2013,(10):75-78.]
[4]Daba S,Rieger W,Strauss P.Assessment of gully erosion in eastern Ethiopia using photogrammetric techniques[J].Catena,2003,50(2):273-291.
[5]Poesen J,Nachtergaele J,Verstraeten G,et al.Gully erosion and environmental change:Importance and research needs[J].Catena,2003,50(2):91-133.
[6]闫业超,张树文,岳书平.基于Corona和Spot影像的近40年黑土典型区侵蚀沟动态变化[J].资源科学,2006,28(6):154-160.[Yan Y C,Zhang S W,Yue S P.Application of corona and spot imagery on erosion gully research in typical black soil regions of Northeast China[J].Resources Science,2006,28(6):154-160.]
[7]Wang R,Zhang S,Pu L,et al.Gully erosion mapping and monitoring at multiple scales based on multi-source remote sensing data of the Sancha River Catchment,Northeast China[J].International Journal of Geo-information,2016,DOI:10.3390/ijgi5110200.
[8]游智敏,伍永秋,刘宝元.利用GPS进行切沟侵蚀监测研究[J].水土保持学报,2004,18(5):91-94.[You Z M,Wu Y Q,Liu B Y.Study of monitoring gully erosion using GPS[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2004,18(5):91-94.]
[9]胡刚,伍永秋,刘宝元,等.东北漫川漫岗黑土区浅沟和切沟发生的地貌临界模型探讨[J].地理科学,2006,26(4):449-454.[Hu G,Wu Y Q,Liu B Y,et al.Geomorphic threshold model for ephemeral gully incision in rolling hills with black soil in Northeast China[J].Scientia Geographica Sincia,2006,26(4):449-454.]
[10]Yang J,Zhang S,Chang L,et al.Gully erosion regionalization of black soil area in Northeastern China[J].Chinese Geographical Science,2017,27(1):78-87.
[11]王文娟,邓荣鑫,张树文.东北典型黑土区40年来沟蚀空间格局变化及地形分异规律[J].地理与地理信息科学,2012,28(3):68-71.[Wang W J,Deng R X,Zhang S W.Spatial pattern change and topographic differentia of gully erosion in the type black soil area of northeast China during the past 40 years[J].Geography and Geo-Information Science,2012,28(3):68-71.]
[12]李飞,张树文,李天奇.东北典型黑土区南部侵蚀沟与地形要素之间的空间分布关系[J].土壤与作物,2012,1(3):148-154.[Li F,Zhang S W,Li T Q.The spatial distribution relations between erosion gully and terrain factors in the south of typical black soil zone in Northeast China[J].Soil and Crop,2012,1(3):148-154.]
[13]王文娟,邓荣鑫,张树文.东北典型黑土区讷谟尔河流域土地利用变化对沟蚀影响研究[J].自然资源学报,2016,31(5):833-844.[Wang W J,Deng R X,Zhang S W.Effect of land use change on gully erosion in Nemoer river basin of typical black soil region of Northeast China[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2016,31(5):833-844.]
[14]李浩,张兴义,刘爽,等.典型黑土区村级尺度侵蚀沟演变[J].中国水土保持科学,2012,10(2):21-28.[Li H,Zhang X Y,Liu S,et al.Evolvement of gully erosion in village scale in the typical black soil area[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2012,10(2):21-28.]
[15]álvarez-mozos J,Campo Má,Giménez R,et al.Implications of scale,slope,tillage operation and direction in the estimation of surface depression storage[J].Soil&Tillage Research,2011,111(2):142-153.
[16]Takken I,Jetten V,Govers G,et al.The effect of tillage-induced roughness on runoff and erosion patterns[J].Geomorphology,2001,37(1):1-14.
[17]边锋,郑粉莉,徐锡蒙,等.东北黑土区顺坡垄作和无垄作坡面侵蚀过程对比[J].水土保持通报,2016,36(1):11-16.[Bian F,Zheng F L,Xu X M,et al.Comparison of soil erosion process between longitudinal ridge slope and non-ridge slope in Mollisol Region of Northeast China[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2016,36(1):11-16.]
[18]王磊,何超,郑粉莉,等.黑土区坡耕地横坡垄作措施防治土壤侵蚀的土槽试验[J].农业工程学报,2018,34(15):141-148.[Wang L,He C,Zheng F L,et al.Soil-bin experiment on effects of contour ridge tillage for controlling hillslope soil erosion in black soil region[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2018,34(15):141-148.]
[19]Xu X M,Zheng F L,Wilson G V,et al.Comparison of runoff and soil loss in different tillage systems in the Mollisol region of Northeast China[J].Soil&Tillage Research,2018,177:1-11.
[20]沈昌蒲,龚振平,温锦涛.横坡垄与顺坡垄的水土流失对比研究[J].水土保持通报,2005,25(4):48-49.[Shen C P,Gong Z P,Wen J T.Comparison study on soil and water loss of cross ridge and longitudinal ridge[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2005,25(4):48-49.]
[21]孟令钦.东北黑土区沟蚀机理及防治模式的研究[D].北京:中国农业科学院,2009.[Meng L Q.Study on Dynamics of Gully Erosion and Its Controlling in the Black Soil Region,Northeast China[D].Beijing:Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,2009.]
[22]李飞,张树文,杨久春,等.侵蚀沟与耕地垄向之关系探究[J].水土保持研究,2015,22(1):1-4.[Li F,Zhang S W,Yang J C,et al.Investigation of relations between gully and ridge direction[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2015,22(1):1-4.]
[23]宁静,杨子,姜涛,等.东北黑土区不同垄向耕地沟蚀与地形耦合规律[J].水土保持研究,2016,23(3):29-36.[Ning J,Yang Z,Jiang T,et al.The coupling laws between gully erosion of cultivated lands with different ridge directions and terrain in Northeast Black Soil Region of China[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2016,23(3):29-36.]
[24]Fu B J,Zhao W W,Chen L D,et al.Assessment of soil erosion at large watershed scale using RUSLE and GIS:A case study in the Loess Plateau of China[J].Land Degradation&Development,2005,16(1):73-85.
[25]Zhang J,Li W,Zhai L.Understanding geographical conditions monitoring:A perspective from China[J].International Journal of Digital Earth,2015,8(1):38-57.
[26]赵玉明,刘宝元,姜洪涛.东北黑土区垄向的分布及其对土壤侵蚀的影响[J].水土保持研究,2012,19(5):1-6.[Zhao Y M,Liu BY,Jiang H T.Distribution of tillage-induced direction and its effect on soil erosion in Black Soil Area of Northeast China[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2012,19(5):1-6.]
[27]王让虎.基于多源多尺度数据的东北典型黑土区侵蚀沟遥感监测体系研究[D].长春:吉林大学,2017.[Wang R H.Gully Erosion Monitoring at Multiple Scales Based on Multi-Source Remote Sensing Data of the Typical Black Soil Area,Northeast China[D].Changchun:Jilin University,2017.]
[28]王占礼.黄土坡地耕作侵蚀及其效应研究[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2002.[Wang Z L.Study of Tillage Erosion and Its Effects on Loess Sloping Land[D].Yangling:Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University,2002.]
[29]九台市土地管理局.九台市土地志[M].吉林:九台市土地管理局,1998.[Bureau of Land Management of Jiutai.Jiutai Land History[M].Jilin:Bureau of Land Management of Jiutai,1998.]
[30]中华人民共和国水利部.黑土区水土流失综合防治技术标准(SL446-2009)[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2009.[Ministry of Water Resources of the PRC.Techniques Standard for Comprehensive Control of Soil Erosion in the Black Soil Region(SL446-2009)[M].Beijing:China Water&Power Press,2009.]
[31]李晶,刘志生,薛喜权,等.长春市降雨特征及雨型分析研究[J].中国给水排水,2015,31(5):100-104.[Li J,Liu Z S,Xue X Q,et al.Study of rainfall characteristics and pattern in Changchun City[J].China Water&Wastewater,2015,31(5):100-104.]
[32]Ranzi R,Le T H,Rulli M C.A RUSLE approach to model suspended sediment load in the lo river(Vietnam):Effects of reservoirs and land use changes[J].Journal of Hydrology,2012,422(5):17-29.
[33]李天奇.东北黑土区侵蚀沟成因与模型研究[D].长春:中国科学院研究生院(东北地理与农业生态研究所),2012.[Li T Q.ACause Study and Module Simulation of Gully Erosion in Black Soil Region[D].Changchun:Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences(Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology),2012.]
[34]闫业超,张树文,李晓燕,等.黑龙江克拜黑土区50多年来侵蚀沟时空变化[J].地理学报,2005,60(6):1015-1020.[Yan Y C,Zhang S W,Li X Y,et al.Temporal and spatial variation of erosion gullies in Kebai black soil region of Heilongjiang during the past50 years[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2005,60(6):1015-1020.]
[35]张晶玲,周丽丽,马仁明,等.天然降雨条件下横垄与顺垄坡面产流产沙过程[J].水土保持学报,2017,31(5):114-119.[Zhang J L,Zhou L L,Ma R M,et al.Runoff and sediment yield process on longitudinal and cross ridge slopes under natural rainfall[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2017,31(5):114-119.]
[36]宋玥,张忠学.不同耕作措施对黑土坡耕地土壤侵蚀的影响[J].水土保持研究,2011,18(2):14-16.[Song Y,Zhang Z X.The effect of different tillage measures on soil erosion in slope farmland in black soil region[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2011,18(2):14-16.]
[37]Peter K D,D'Oleire-Oltmanns S,Ries J B,et al.Soil erosion in gully catchments affected by land-levelling measures in the Souss Basin,Morocco,analysed by rainfall simulation and UAV remote sensing data[J].Catena,2014,113(2):24-40.
[38]St?cker C,Eltner A,Karrasch P.Measuring gullies by synergetic application of UAV and close range photogrammetry:A case study from Andalusia,Spain[J].Catena,2015,132:1-11.
[39]Kaiser A,Neugirg F,Rock G,et al.Small-scale surface reconstruction and volume calculation,of soil erosion in complex Moroccan gully morphology using structure from motion[J].Remote Sensing,2014,6(8):7050-7080.
[40]Gudino-Elizondo N,Biggs T,Castillo C,et al.Measuring ephemeral gully erosion rates and topographical thresholds in an urban watershed using unmanned aerial systems and structure from motion photogrammetric techniques[J].Land Degradation&Development,2018,29(6):1896-1905.