不同施氮量对玉米花生间作下茬小麦干物质积累及产量构成的影响
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摘要
为明确适宜玉米花生间作下茬小麦稳产高效的氮肥运筹,在玉米花生间作前茬条件下,以冬小麦品种济麦22为研究材料,以传统施氮量(225. 0 kg/hm~2)为对照,分别设置不同增氮、减氮处理,系统研究了不同施氮量对玉米花生间作下茬小麦产量及产量结构、干物质积累分配及氮肥吸收利用效率的影响。结果表明,两增氮处理及减氮10%处理干物质积累总量、氮素积累总量、花前干物质转运量、花后干物质积累量及其籽粒产量与对照均无显著差异;减氮30%处理显著降低了间作茬小麦拔节后干物质积累总量、氮素积累总量、花后干物质积累量及籽粒产量;以传统施氮量为对照,增加或减少30%范围内,公顷穗数随氮肥减少而降低,且减氮10%处理的公顷穗数与对照无显著差异,均显著高于减氮20%以上处理,但施氮量的增减对穗粒数和千粒质量无显著影响;各减氮处理显著提高了玉米花生间作下茬小麦氮肥偏生产力。综上,该研究条件下,施氮量从225. 0 kg/hm~2减至202. 5 kg/hm~2对玉米花生间作下茬小麦干物质积累及产量形成无显著影响,但显著提高了其氮肥偏生产力。初步得出,该试验条件下,施氮量从225. 0 kg/hm~2减至202. 5 kg/hm~2更利于玉米花生间作下茬小麦的高效安全生产。
In order to study the suitable,stable and efficient nitrogen fertilizer management for following wheat after maize peanut intercropping,the effects of nitrogen fertilization on yield and yield structure,accumulation and distribution of dry matter and nitrogen use efficiency of following wheat after maize peanut intercropping were studied. Jimai 22 was used as experimental material. With traditional nitrogen application( 225. 0 kg/ha) as control,different nitrogen and nitrogen reduction treatments were set up respectively. The results indicated that there were no significant differences in the dry matter accumulation,total nitrogen accumulation,pre-anthesis dry matter translocation amount,post-anthesis dry matter accumulation amount and grain yield among the treatment increased the amount of nitrogen fertilizer,two increased nitrogen treatments,decreased 10% treatment and the control. The dry matter accumulation after jointing,total nitrogen ac-cumulation,pre-anthesis dry matter translocation amount,post-anthesis dry matter accumulation amount and grain yield were significantly reduced by 30% nitrogen reduction. The study also found that the spike number per hectare decreased with the decreased of nitrogen fertilizer in the range of increase or decrease 30%. There was no significant difference in the number of hectare per hectare treated with nitrogen reduction 10%,which was significantly higher than that of nitrogen reduction over 20%. Nitrogen application had no significant effect on grain number per ear and thousand kernel weights. The nitrogen partial factor productivity( NPFP) of following wheat after maize peanut intercropping was significantly improved by reduction of nitrogen. Under the conditions of this experiment,there was no significant difference on dry matter accumulation and yield of wheat,but the nitrogen partial productivity was sharply increased when the nitrogen fertilization was reduced from 225. 0 kg/ha to 202. 5 kg/ha. That the amount of nitrogen fertilizer reduced from 225. 0 kg/ha to202. 5 kg/ha was beneficial to the efficient and safe production of following wheat after maize peanut intercropping.
In order to study the suitable,stable and efficient nitrogen fertilizer management for following wheat after maize peanut intercropping,the effects of nitrogen fertilization on yield and yield structure,accumulation and distribution of dry matter and nitrogen use efficiency of following wheat after maize peanut intercropping were studied. Jimai 22 was used as experimental material. With traditional nitrogen application( 225. 0 kg/ha) as control,different nitrogen and nitrogen reduction treatments were set up respectively. The results indicated that there were no significant differences in the dry matter accumulation,total nitrogen accumulation,pre-anthesis dry matter translocation amount,post-anthesis dry matter accumulation amount and grain yield among the treatment increased the amount of nitrogen fertilizer,two increased nitrogen treatments,decreased 10% treatment and the control. The dry matter accumulation after jointing,total nitrogen ac-cumulation,pre-anthesis dry matter translocation amount,post-anthesis dry matter accumulation amount and grain yield were significantly reduced by 30% nitrogen reduction. The study also found that the spike number per hectare decreased with the decreased of nitrogen fertilizer in the range of increase or decrease 30%. There was no significant difference in the number of hectare per hectare treated with nitrogen reduction 10%,which was significantly higher than that of nitrogen reduction over 20%. Nitrogen application had no significant effect on grain number per ear and thousand kernel weights. The nitrogen partial factor productivity( NPFP) of following wheat after maize peanut intercropping was significantly improved by reduction of nitrogen. Under the conditions of this experiment,there was no significant difference on dry matter accumulation and yield of wheat,but the nitrogen partial productivity was sharply increased when the nitrogen fertilization was reduced from 225. 0 kg/ha to 202. 5 kg/ha. That the amount of nitrogen fertilizer reduced from 225. 0 kg/ha to202. 5 kg/ha was beneficial to the efficient and safe production of following wheat after maize peanut intercropping.
引文
[1]巨晓棠,谷保静.我国农田氮肥施用现状、问题及趋势[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2014,20(4):783-795.
[2]熊淑萍,吴延鹏,王小纯,等.减氮处理对不同小麦品种干物质积累及氮素转运特性的影响[J].麦类作物学报,2015,35(8):1134-1140.
[3]郭丽,王丽英,张彦才,等.滴灌水肥一体化下施氮量对小麦氮素吸收及土壤硝态氮含量的影响[J].华北农学报,2017,32(3):207-213.
[4]周伟,吕腾飞,杨志平,等.氮肥种类及运筹技术调控土壤氮素损失的研究进展[J].应用生态学报,2016,27(9):3051-3058.
[5] Pappa V A,Rees R M,Walker R L,et al. Nitrous oxide emissions and nitrate leaching in an arable rotation resul-ting from the presence of an intercrop[J]. Agriculture Ecosystems&Environment,2011,141(1/2):153-161.
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[7]赵叶舟,王浩铭,汪自强.豆科植物和根瘤菌在生态环境中的地位和作用[J].农业环境与发展,2013,30(4):7-12.
[8] Glasener K M,Wagger M G,Mackown C T,et al. Contributions of shoot and root nitrogen-15 labeled legume nitrogen sources to a sequence of three cereal crops[J]. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 2002, 66(2):523-530.
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[10]房增国,左元梅,赵秀芬,等.玉米-花生混作系统中的氮铁营养效应[J].生态环境,2006,15(1):134-139.
[11]付学鹏,吴凤芝,吴瑕,等.间套作改善作物矿质营养的机理研究进展[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2016,22(2):525-535.
[12]焦念元,侯连涛,宁堂原,等.不同基因型玉米对间作花生铁营养的影响[J].花生学报,2012,41(4):8-11.
[13]焦念元,汪江涛,尹飞,等.施用乙烯利和磷肥对玉米花生间作氮吸收分配及间作优势的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2016,22(6):1477-1484.
[14]吴祯,张保军,海江波,等.不同种植方式对冬小麦花后干物质积累与分配特征及产量的影响[J].麦类作物学报,2017,37(10):1377-1382.
[15]刘建涛,张会永,王雪,等.氮肥调控剂施用对小麦生长、氮素利用及氮素表观平衡的影响[J].水土保持学报,2014,28(1):209-214.
[16]冯波,孔令安,张宾,等.施氮量对垄作小麦氮肥利用率和土壤硝态氮含量的影响[J].作物学报,2012,38(6):1107-1114.
[17]叶优良,王玲敏,黄玉芳,等.施氮对小麦干物质累积和转运的影响[J].麦类作物学报,2012,32(3):488-493.
[18] Zhang J H,Liu J L,Zhang J B,et al. Effects of nitrogen application rates on translocation of dry matter and utilization of nitrogen in rice and wheat[J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica,2010,36(10):1736-1742.
[19]钱宏兵,朱德进,于倩倩.氮素营养水平对中筋小麦扬麦16产量和氮素吸收的影响[J].江苏农业科学,2013,41(6):71-73.
[20]马冬云,郭天财,王晨阳,等.施氮量对冬小麦灌浆期光合产物积累、转运及分配的影响[J].作物学报,2008,34(6):1027-1033.
[21]易媛,董召娣,张明伟,等.减氮对半冬性中筋小麦产量、NUE及氮代谢关键酶活性的影响[J].核农学报,2015,29(2):365-374.
[22]刘欢,陈苗苗,孙志梅,等.氮肥调控对小麦/玉米产量、氮素利用及农田氮素平衡的影响[J].华北农学报,2016,31(1):232-238.
[2]熊淑萍,吴延鹏,王小纯,等.减氮处理对不同小麦品种干物质积累及氮素转运特性的影响[J].麦类作物学报,2015,35(8):1134-1140.
[3]郭丽,王丽英,张彦才,等.滴灌水肥一体化下施氮量对小麦氮素吸收及土壤硝态氮含量的影响[J].华北农学报,2017,32(3):207-213.
[4]周伟,吕腾飞,杨志平,等.氮肥种类及运筹技术调控土壤氮素损失的研究进展[J].应用生态学报,2016,27(9):3051-3058.
[5] Pappa V A,Rees R M,Walker R L,et al. Nitrous oxide emissions and nitrate leaching in an arable rotation resul-ting from the presence of an intercrop[J]. Agriculture Ecosystems&Environment,2011,141(1/2):153-161.
[6] Turner D A,Edis R E,Chen D,et al. Ammonia volatilization from nitrogen fertilizers applied to cereals in two cropping areas of southern Australia[J]. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,2012,93(2):113-126.
[7]赵叶舟,王浩铭,汪自强.豆科植物和根瘤菌在生态环境中的地位和作用[J].农业环境与发展,2013,30(4):7-12.
[8] Glasener K M,Wagger M G,Mackown C T,et al. Contributions of shoot and root nitrogen-15 labeled legume nitrogen sources to a sequence of three cereal crops[J]. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 2002, 66(2):523-530.
[9]刘永秀,张福锁,毛达如.根际微生态系统中豆科植物-根瘤菌共生固氮及其在可持续农业发展中的作用[J].中国农业科技导报,1999,1(4):28-33.
[10]房增国,左元梅,赵秀芬,等.玉米-花生混作系统中的氮铁营养效应[J].生态环境,2006,15(1):134-139.
[11]付学鹏,吴凤芝,吴瑕,等.间套作改善作物矿质营养的机理研究进展[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2016,22(2):525-535.
[12]焦念元,侯连涛,宁堂原,等.不同基因型玉米对间作花生铁营养的影响[J].花生学报,2012,41(4):8-11.
[13]焦念元,汪江涛,尹飞,等.施用乙烯利和磷肥对玉米花生间作氮吸收分配及间作优势的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2016,22(6):1477-1484.
[14]吴祯,张保军,海江波,等.不同种植方式对冬小麦花后干物质积累与分配特征及产量的影响[J].麦类作物学报,2017,37(10):1377-1382.
[15]刘建涛,张会永,王雪,等.氮肥调控剂施用对小麦生长、氮素利用及氮素表观平衡的影响[J].水土保持学报,2014,28(1):209-214.
[16]冯波,孔令安,张宾,等.施氮量对垄作小麦氮肥利用率和土壤硝态氮含量的影响[J].作物学报,2012,38(6):1107-1114.
[17]叶优良,王玲敏,黄玉芳,等.施氮对小麦干物质累积和转运的影响[J].麦类作物学报,2012,32(3):488-493.
[18] Zhang J H,Liu J L,Zhang J B,et al. Effects of nitrogen application rates on translocation of dry matter and utilization of nitrogen in rice and wheat[J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica,2010,36(10):1736-1742.
[19]钱宏兵,朱德进,于倩倩.氮素营养水平对中筋小麦扬麦16产量和氮素吸收的影响[J].江苏农业科学,2013,41(6):71-73.
[20]马冬云,郭天财,王晨阳,等.施氮量对冬小麦灌浆期光合产物积累、转运及分配的影响[J].作物学报,2008,34(6):1027-1033.
[21]易媛,董召娣,张明伟,等.减氮对半冬性中筋小麦产量、NUE及氮代谢关键酶活性的影响[J].核农学报,2015,29(2):365-374.
[22]刘欢,陈苗苗,孙志梅,等.氮肥调控对小麦/玉米产量、氮素利用及农田氮素平衡的影响[J].华北农学报,2016,31(1):232-238.