起爆方式对岩石爆破裂纹扩展影响的实验分析
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摘要
为了了解硬岩爆破施工中,提高炸药能量利用率的最佳起爆方式或药包结构,在聚能作用和岩石破碎理论的基础上,分析了空穴聚能、爆轰聚能的聚能作用和爆破裂纹产生机理及准则。通过实验研究了中心雷管、空穴聚能和爆轰聚能的装药方式下爆破裂纹扩展规律。结果表明,3种装药方式下的岩石破碎区范围相差不大,但是中心雷管起爆时岩石径向裂纹较均匀,空穴聚能时在聚能罩的方向上形成较宽、较长的爆破裂纹,爆轰聚能在起爆点中心轴线上形成大的扩展裂纹,虽其宽度和长度均略小于空穴聚能装药,但该方法避免了金属材料的消耗和繁琐的施工工艺。结合红沿河核电站取水隧洞盾构孤石预裂爆破施工,开展的爆轰聚能的工业应用实验表明,采用爆轰聚能爆破技术使孤石强度大幅降低,减少了孤石对盾构机刀盘的磨损,避免了卡钻现象,使盾构机掘进速率提升至10.42mm/min,极大的提高了施工效率。研究结果对起爆技术改进和夹制力大的孤石爆破具有一定的指导意义。
In order to understand the best initiation method or charge structure for improving the energy efficiency of explosives in hard rock blasting construction,based on the theory of cavity effect and rock fragmentation,the cavity effect of void cavity and detonation cavity was analyzed,and blasting crack generation mechanism and criteria.The explosion crack propagation law was experimentally studied under central detonator,void cavity and detonation cavity.The results showed that the range of rock crushing areas under the three types of charge patterns is not much different,however,when the central detonator detonates was used,the radial cracks of the rock were more uniform,when the void cavity was used,a wide and long blasting crack was formed in the direction of the cavity cover,when the detonation cavity was used,a larger crack was produced on the vertical centerline of the initiating point,however,this method avoided the consumption of metal materials and cumbersome construction processes.Combined with the construction of pre-splitting blasting of the shield stone in the water intake tunnel of the Hongyanhe nuclear power station,the industrial application of the detonation cavityexperiment showed that the boulder strength was greatly weakened,the shield tunneling speed increased to 10.42 mm/min,and blasting efficiency was greatly improved.The results had a guiding significance for the theoretical research of initiating form and hard rock blasting.
In order to understand the best initiation method or charge structure for improving the energy efficiency of explosives in hard rock blasting construction,based on the theory of cavity effect and rock fragmentation,the cavity effect of void cavity and detonation cavity was analyzed,and blasting crack generation mechanism and criteria.The explosion crack propagation law was experimentally studied under central detonator,void cavity and detonation cavity.The results showed that the range of rock crushing areas under the three types of charge patterns is not much different,however,when the central detonator detonates was used,the radial cracks of the rock were more uniform,when the void cavity was used,a wide and long blasting crack was formed in the direction of the cavity cover,when the detonation cavity was used,a larger crack was produced on the vertical centerline of the initiating point,however,this method avoided the consumption of metal materials and cumbersome construction processes.Combined with the construction of pre-splitting blasting of the shield stone in the water intake tunnel of the Hongyanhe nuclear power station,the industrial application of the detonation cavityexperiment showed that the boulder strength was greatly weakened,the shield tunneling speed increased to 10.42 mm/min,and blasting efficiency was greatly improved.The results had a guiding significance for the theoretical research of initiating form and hard rock blasting.
引文
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[14]杨小林,王梦恕.爆生气体作用下岩石裂纹的扩展机理[J].爆炸与冲击,2001,21(2):111-116.YANG X L,WANG M S.Mechanism of rock crack under detonation gas loading[J].Explosion and Shock Waves,2001,21(2):111-116.
[15]夏祥.爆炸荷载作用下岩体损伤特征及安全阈值研究[D].武汉:武汉岩土力学研究所,2006.XIA X.Study on damage characteristics andsafety threshold of rock vibration by blast[D].Wuhan:Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics,the Chinese Academy of Sciences,2006.
[16]李洪涛,王志强,姚强,等.石英云母片岩动力学特性实验及爆破裂纹扩展研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2015,34(10):2 125-2 141.LI H T,WANG Z Q,YAO Q,et al.Study on dynamic characteristics and blasting crack propagation of quartz mica schist[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2015,34(10):2 125-2 141.
[17]蔡峰,刘泽功.岩石爆破损伤SPH-FEM耦合法数值模拟分析[J].采矿与安全工程学报,2015,32(5):840-845.CAI F,LIU Z G.Numerical simulation and analysis of blasting process in rock using SPH-FEM coupling algorthm[J].Journal of Mining﹠Safety Engineering,2015,32(5):840-845.
[18]王奇智.基于断裂动力学的岩石爆破破裂数值计算研究[D].石家庄:石家庄铁道大学,2013.WANG Q Z.The numerical study of rock blasting facture based on dynamic facture theory[D].Shijiangzhuang:Shijiazhuang Tiedao University,2013.
[19]管少华,蒲传金,肖定军,等.偏心不耦合装药爆破裂纹扩展实验研究[J].爆破,2015,32(1):16-21.GUAN S H,PU C J,XIAO D J,et al.Experimental study on crack propagation under eccentric decouple charge structure[J].Blasting,2015,32(1):16-21.
[20]张志呈,肖正学,郭学彬,等.断裂控制爆破裂纹扩展的高速摄影试验研究[J].西南工学院学报,2001,16(2):53-57.ZHANG Z C,XIAO Z X,GUO X B,et al.Experiment study of high-speed photography of crack development in fracture control blasting[J].Journal of Southwest Institute Technology,2001,16(2):53-57.
[21]陈磊.深孔预裂爆破煤层增透相似模拟实验研究[D].淮南:安徽理工大学,2014.CHEN L.Simulation experiments study on permeability improvement technology of deep hole pre-splitting blasting[D].Huainan:Anhui University of Science&Technology,2014.
[2]肖雄,张建华,吴芳,等.两点起爆双槽聚能装药的模拟及实验研究[J].爆破,2015,32(1):38-42.XIAO X,ZHANG J H,WU F,et al.Numerical simulation and experimental study of double groove shaped charge detonated by two initiations[J].Blasting,2015,32(1):38-42.
[3]陈寿峰,薛士文,高伟伟,等.岩石聚能爆破试验与数值模拟研究[J].爆破,2012,29(4):14-18.CHEN S F,XUE S W,GAO W W,et al.Experimental study and numerical simulation of rock shaped charge blasting[J].Blasting,2012,29(4):14-18.
[4]任广学,邵鹏,蔚立元,等.多向聚能爆破爆破漏斗实验研究[J].工程爆破,2012,18(2):1-4.REN G X,SHAO P,YU L Y,et al.Experimental study on crater of multi-direction shaped charge blasting[J].Engineering Blasting,2012,18(2):1-4.
[5]杨仁树,张召冉,杨立云,等.基于硬岩快掘技术的切缝药包聚能爆破试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2013(2):317-323.YANG R S,ZHANG Z R,YANG L Y,et al.Cumulative blasting experiment study of slotted cartridge based on hard-rock rapid driving technology[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2013(2):317-323.
[6]LUO Y,SHEN Z W.Study on orientation fracture blasting with shaped charge in rock[J].Journal of University of Science and Technology Beijing,2006,13(3):193-198.
[7]韦祥光.爆轰波聚能爆破的技术基础研究[D].大连:大连理工大学,2012.WEI X G.Technique basis research on the assembling energy blasting of detonation waves[D].Dalian:Dalian University of Technology,2012.
[8]张奇.线性无罩聚能装药的破岩机理[J].爆破器材,1988,17(3):4-7.ZHANG Q.Rock damage mechanism of linear Noncovered shaped charge[J].Explosive Materials,1988,17(3):4-7.
[9]李军,廖贵超,吴磊,等.无罩线形聚能装药近场爆炸载荷分析[J].解放军理工大学学报(自然科学版),2013,14(5):530-534.LI J,LIAO G C,WU L,et al.Near-field explosive load of non-covered linear shaped charge[J].Journal of PLA University of Science and Technology(Natural Science Edition),2013,14(5):530-534.
[10]王宇新,李晓杰,闫鸿浩,等.爆轰波碰撞聚能无网格MPM法数值模拟[J].计算力学学报,2014,31(2):223-227.WANG Y X,LI X J,YAN H H,et al.Simulation on assembling energy of detonation wave by using MPM[J].Chinese Journal of Computational Mechanics,2014,31(2):223-227.
[11]刘杰,杜忠华,王锋,等.基于爆轰波碰撞形成LEFP的研究[J].工程力学,2014,31(8):235-242.LIU J,DU Z H,WANG F,et al.Linear explosivelyformed penetrators based on detonation wave collision[J].Engineering Mechanics,2014,31(8):235-242.
[12]缪玉松,李晓杰,闫鸿浩,等.爆轰波碰撞聚能效应及其数值分析[J].工程爆破,2016,22(5):45-49.MIAO Y S,LI X J,YAN H H,et al.Theory and simulation analysis of detonation wave collision[J].Engineering Blasting,2016,22(5):45-49.
[13]GRADY D E,KIPP M E.Continuum modeling of explosive fracture in oil-shale[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,1980,17(3):147-157.
[14]杨小林,王梦恕.爆生气体作用下岩石裂纹的扩展机理[J].爆炸与冲击,2001,21(2):111-116.YANG X L,WANG M S.Mechanism of rock crack under detonation gas loading[J].Explosion and Shock Waves,2001,21(2):111-116.
[15]夏祥.爆炸荷载作用下岩体损伤特征及安全阈值研究[D].武汉:武汉岩土力学研究所,2006.XIA X.Study on damage characteristics andsafety threshold of rock vibration by blast[D].Wuhan:Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics,the Chinese Academy of Sciences,2006.
[16]李洪涛,王志强,姚强,等.石英云母片岩动力学特性实验及爆破裂纹扩展研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2015,34(10):2 125-2 141.LI H T,WANG Z Q,YAO Q,et al.Study on dynamic characteristics and blasting crack propagation of quartz mica schist[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2015,34(10):2 125-2 141.
[17]蔡峰,刘泽功.岩石爆破损伤SPH-FEM耦合法数值模拟分析[J].采矿与安全工程学报,2015,32(5):840-845.CAI F,LIU Z G.Numerical simulation and analysis of blasting process in rock using SPH-FEM coupling algorthm[J].Journal of Mining﹠Safety Engineering,2015,32(5):840-845.
[18]王奇智.基于断裂动力学的岩石爆破破裂数值计算研究[D].石家庄:石家庄铁道大学,2013.WANG Q Z.The numerical study of rock blasting facture based on dynamic facture theory[D].Shijiangzhuang:Shijiazhuang Tiedao University,2013.
[19]管少华,蒲传金,肖定军,等.偏心不耦合装药爆破裂纹扩展实验研究[J].爆破,2015,32(1):16-21.GUAN S H,PU C J,XIAO D J,et al.Experimental study on crack propagation under eccentric decouple charge structure[J].Blasting,2015,32(1):16-21.
[20]张志呈,肖正学,郭学彬,等.断裂控制爆破裂纹扩展的高速摄影试验研究[J].西南工学院学报,2001,16(2):53-57.ZHANG Z C,XIAO Z X,GUO X B,et al.Experiment study of high-speed photography of crack development in fracture control blasting[J].Journal of Southwest Institute Technology,2001,16(2):53-57.
[21]陈磊.深孔预裂爆破煤层增透相似模拟实验研究[D].淮南:安徽理工大学,2014.CHEN L.Simulation experiments study on permeability improvement technology of deep hole pre-splitting blasting[D].Huainan:Anhui University of Science&Technology,2014.