云贵高原抚仙湖近13300年的花粉/炭屑记录
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摘要
抚仙湖是云贵高原著名的断陷深水湖,其沉积物蕴藏着流域地质历史时期丰富的环境信息。对钻取自该湖的900cm湖泊沉积物岩芯进行花粉/炭屑分析及花粉数据的主成分分析表明,抚仙湖流域的植被、气候与火灾在过去的13 300年经历了5个阶段的变化:(1)13 300—10 400cal.a BP,植被以松林为主,伴有山地暗针叶林和常绿阔叶林,表明该时期气候较为冷湿,森林火灾多发,在后期随着温度和湿度的降低,森林火灾愈加频繁。(2)10 400—5 700cal.a BP,松林收缩,常绿阔叶林扩张,出现一定数量的落叶阔叶林,显示该时期气候偏暖偏干;此阶段早期随着气候变暖变干森林火灾的发生延续上阶段高发的状态,直到9 500cal.a BP后随着湿度的增加森林火灾明显减少。(3)5 700—1 800cal.a BP,松林变化较小,常绿/落叶阔叶林比重增大,首次出现了暖热性的枫香林,显示该时期暖湿的气候特征,火灾发生频率低。(4)1 800—500cal.a BP,松林扩张,阔叶林收缩,本阶段后期草本植被比重开始增加,显示该时期气候相对冷干,森林火灾发生频率较高。(5)500cal.a BP至今,松林收缩,落叶阔叶树种增多,草本植物花粉明显增多,显示该时期气候温凉偏干,森林火灾发生频率降低。
Fuxian Lake is a well-known rift deep-water lake on the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau. Its sediments contain abundant environmental information in its drainage region during geologic times.Pollen/charcoal analysis on 46 samples from a 900 cm core of this lake provides a history of vegetation,climate,and forest fire in its drainage region during the last 13 300 years.The results of pollen/charcoal analysis and principal component analysis on pollen data show five-stage vegetation succession,climate change,and forest fire:1)13 300-10 400 cal.a BP,the vegetation was dominated by pine forests,accompanied by dark coniferous forests and evergreen broadleaved forests,indicating cold and wet conditions;high frequent forest fires occurred in this stage,and especially more fires appeared as the humidity decreased in its late period.2)10 400-5 700 cal.a BP,the shrinkage in pine forest,expansion in evergreen broadleaved forest,and appearance of deciduous broadleaved forest indicated relatively warm and dry conditions;forest fires occurred frequently like the previous stage as climatic conditions became warm and dry at the early period of this stage until 9 500 cal.a BP,when relative humidity increased and forest fires decreased obviously.3)5 700-1 800 cal.a BP,the pine and evergreen broadleaved forests still dominated,but Liquidambar forests favoring warm and hot climate first appeared,showing warm and wet conditions;the occurrence frequency of forest fire was low.4)1 800-500 cal.a BP,the expansion of pine forest and the shrinkage of deciduous broadleaved forest with an increase of upland herbaceous plants indicated relatively cold and dry conditions;forest fires were more than the preceding stage but less than the first stage.5)500 cal.a BP to the present,the shrinkage of pine forests and a significant increase of upland herbs showed cool and dry conditions,and suggested increasing human activities.
Fuxian Lake is a well-known rift deep-water lake on the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau. Its sediments contain abundant environmental information in its drainage region during geologic times.Pollen/charcoal analysis on 46 samples from a 900 cm core of this lake provides a history of vegetation,climate,and forest fire in its drainage region during the last 13 300 years.The results of pollen/charcoal analysis and principal component analysis on pollen data show five-stage vegetation succession,climate change,and forest fire:1)13 300-10 400 cal.a BP,the vegetation was dominated by pine forests,accompanied by dark coniferous forests and evergreen broadleaved forests,indicating cold and wet conditions;high frequent forest fires occurred in this stage,and especially more fires appeared as the humidity decreased in its late period.2)10 400-5 700 cal.a BP,the shrinkage in pine forest,expansion in evergreen broadleaved forest,and appearance of deciduous broadleaved forest indicated relatively warm and dry conditions;forest fires occurred frequently like the previous stage as climatic conditions became warm and dry at the early period of this stage until 9 500 cal.a BP,when relative humidity increased and forest fires decreased obviously.3)5 700-1 800 cal.a BP,the pine and evergreen broadleaved forests still dominated,but Liquidambar forests favoring warm and hot climate first appeared,showing warm and wet conditions;the occurrence frequency of forest fire was low.4)1 800-500 cal.a BP,the expansion of pine forest and the shrinkage of deciduous broadleaved forest with an increase of upland herbaceous plants indicated relatively cold and dry conditions;forest fires were more than the preceding stage but less than the first stage.5)500 cal.a BP to the present,the shrinkage of pine forests and a significant increase of upland herbs showed cool and dry conditions,and suggested increasing human activities.
引文
Chen F H,Chen X M,Chen J H,Zhou A F,Wu D,Tang L Y,Zhang X J,Huang X Z,Yu J Q,2014.Holocene vegetation history,precipitation changes and Indian Summer Monsoon evolution documented from sediments of Xingyun Lake,south-west China.Journal of Quaternary Science,29(7):661-674.
Cook C G,Jones R T,Langdon P G,Leng M J,Zhang E,2011.New insights on Late Quaternary Asian palaeomonsoon variability and the timing of the Last Glacial Maximum in southwestern China.Quaternary Science Reviews,30(7-8):808-820.
Editorial Board for Yunnan Forests(《云南森林》编写委员会),1986.Forests of Yunnan.Kunming:Yunnan Science and Technology Press.1-572(in Chinese).
Editorial Group for Yunnan Vegetation(《云南植被》编写组),1987.Vegetation of Yunnan.Beijing:Science Press.1-1024(in Chinese).
Fu Li-guo(傅立国),1980.Notulae de Ulmus sinensibus.Journal of North-Eastern Forestry Institute(东北林学院学报),3:3-42(in Chinese with English abstract).
Gao Xin(高鑫),Jia Tie-fei(贾铁飞),Xu Qing-hai(许清海),Wang A-min(王阿敏),2016.Records of lacustrine sedimentology and pollen-charcoal assemblages responding to climate change and human activities in Zhongzhouzi Oxbow Lake,Hubei Province for about 70years.Quaternary Sciences(第四纪研究),36(6):1445-1455(in Chinese with English abstract).
Grimm Eric C,1987.CONISS:a FORTRAN 77program for stratigraphically constrained cluster analysis by the method of incremental sum of squares.Computers&Geosciences,13(1):13-35.
Grimm Eric C,2004.Tilia software 2.0.2.Illinois State Museum Research and Collection Center,Springfield.
Kong Wei-lin(孔维琳),Wang Yu-zhou(王余舟),Xiang Ling(向伶),Wang Chong-yun(王崇云),He Zhao-rong(和兆荣),Yang Shu-hua(杨树华),2012.An analysis on the landscape pattern of the vegetation in Fuxian Lake basin in Yunnan.Journal of Yunnan University:Natural Sciences(云南大学学报自然科学版),34(4):468-475(in Chinese with English abstract).
Li Yi-yin(李宜垠),Hou Shu-fang(侯树芳),Zhao Peng-fei(赵鹏飞),2010.Comparison of different quantificatian methods for microfossil charcoal concentration and the implication for human activities.Quaternary Sciences(第四纪研究),30(2):356-363(in Chinese with English abstract).
Lin S M,Qiao Y L,Walker D,1986.Late Pleistocene and Holocene vegetation history at Xihu,Eryuan,Yunnan Province,southwest China.Journal of Biogeography,13(5):419-440.
Liu J L,Tang L Y,Qiao Y L,Head M J,Walker D,1986.Late Quaternary vegetation history at Menghai,Yunnan Province,southwest China.Journal of Biogeography,13(5):399-418.
Liu Wen-yao(刘文耀),Liu Lun-hui(刘伦辉),Jing Gui-fen(荆桂芬),He Ai-jun(和爱军),2000.Decomposition of leaf litter in Pinus yunnanensis forestand evergreen broad-leaved forest in central Yunnan.Acta Botanica Yunnanica(云南植物研究),22(3):298-306(in Chinese with English abstract).
Liu Ying(刘颖),Sun Hui-ling(孙惠玲),Zhou Xiao-juan(周晓娟),Duan Li-zeng(段立曾),Li Hua-yong(李华勇),Zhang Hu-cai(张虎才),2017.Paleoenvironmental significance of organic carbon isotope in lacustrine sediments in Lake Fuxian during the past 5ka.Journal of Lake Sciences(湖泊科学),29(3):722-729(in Chinese with English abstract).
Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology,Chinese Academy of Sciences(中国科学院南京地理与湖泊研究所),1990.Fuxian Lake.Beijing:Ocean Press.1-7(in Chinese).
Pitknen A,Huttunen P,1999.A 1300-year forest-fire history at a site in eastern Finland based on charcoal and pollen records in laminated lake sediment.Holocene,9(3):311-320.
Reimer P J,Bard E,Bayliss A,Beck J W,Blackwell P G,Ramsey CB,Buck C E,Cheng H,Edwards R L,Friedrich M,2013.IntCal13and Marine13radiocarbon age calibration curves 0-50,000years cal BP.Radiocarbon,55:1869-1887.
Shen J,Jones R T,Yang X D,Dearing J A,Wang S M,2006.The Holocene vegetation history of Lake Erhai,Yunnan Province southwestern China:the role of climate and human forcings.Holocene,16(2):265-276.
Shen Ji(沈吉),Xue Bin(薛滨),Wu Jing-lu(吴敬禄),Wu Yanhong(吴艳宏),Liu Xing-qi(刘兴起),Yang Xiang-dong(羊向东),Liu Jian(刘健),Wang Su-min(王苏民),2010.Lake Deposition and Environmental Evolution.Beijing:Science Press.1-473(in Chinese).
Shen Ji(沈吉),Yang Li-yuan(杨丽原),Yang Xiang-dong(羊向东),Matsumoto R,Tong Guo-bang(童国榜),Zhu Yu-xin(朱育新),2004.Climate change and lake record of human activities in Erhai Lake Basin,Yunnan Province since the Holocene.Science in China Series D-Earth Sciences(中国科学D辑地球科学),34(2):130-138(in Chinese with English abstract).
Sun X J,Wu Y S,QiaoY L,Walker D,1986.Late Pleistocene and Holocene vegetation history at Kunming,Yunnan Province,southwest China.Journal of Biogeography,13(5):441-476.
Song Xue-liang(宋学良),Wu Yu-an(吴遇安),Jiang Zhi-wen(蒋志文),1994.Ancient Limnology Research Central Plateau Lakes in Yunnan Limestone Area.Kunming:Yunnan Science and Technology Press.1-124
Song X Y,Yao Y F,Wortley A H,Paudayal K N,Yang S H,Li C S,Blackmore S,2012.Holocene vegetation and climate history at Haligu on the Jade Dragon Snow Mountain,Yunnan,SW China.Climatic Change,113(3-4):841-866.
Tinner W,Conedera M,Ammann B,Gaggeler H W,Gedye S,Jones R,1998.Pollen and charcoal in lake sediments compared with historically documented forest fires in southern switzerland since AD 1920.Holocene,8(1):31-42.
Wang Su-min(王苏民),Dou Hong-shen(窦鸿身),1998.Lakes in China.Beijing:Science Press.1-580(in Chinese).
Wang Yu(王宇),2006.Climate of Yunnan Mountain Climate.Kunming:Yunan Science and Technology Press.1-412(in Chinese).
Wick L,Lemcke G,Sturm M,2003.Evidence of Lateglacial and Holocene climatic change and human impact in eastern Anatolia:high-resolution pollen,charcoal,isotopic and geochemical records from the laminated sediments of Lake Van,Turkey.Holocene,13(13):665-675.
Wu Li(吴立),Wang Xin-yuan(王心源),Zhang Guang-sheng(张广胜),Xiao Xia-yun(肖霞云),2008.Vegetation evolution and climate change since the Holocene recorded by pollen-charcoal assemblages from lacustrinesed sediments of Chaohu Lake in Anhui Province.Journal of Palaeogeography(古地理学报),10(2):183-192(in Chinese with English abstract).
Wu Yan-hong(吴艳宏),Wu Rui-jin(吴瑞金),Xue Bin(薛滨),Qian Jun-long(钱君龙),Xiao Jia-yi(萧家仪),1998.Paleoenvironmental evolution in Dianchi Lake area since 13ka BP.Journal of Lake Sciences(湖泊科学),10(2):5-9(in Chinese with English abstract).
Xiao X Y,Haberle S G,Shen J,Xue B,Burrows M,Wang S,2017.Postglacial fire history and interactions with vegetation and climate in southwestern Yunnan Province of China.Climate of the Past,13(6):1-23.
Xiao X Y,Haberle S G,Shen J,Yang X D,Han Y,Zhang E L,Wang S M,2014.Latest Pleistocene and Holocene vegetation and climate history inferred from an alpine lacustrine record,northwestern Yunnan Province,southwestern China.Quaternary Science Reviews,86:35-48.
Yang Y P,Zhang H C,Chang F Q,Meng H W,Pan A D,Zheng Z,Xiang R,2016.Vegetation and climate history inferred from a Qinghai Crater Lake pollen record from Tengchong,southwestern China.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,461:1-11.
Yao Y F,Song X Y,Wortley A H,BlackmoreS,Li C S,2015.A 22570yr record of vegetational and climatic change from Wenhai Lake in the Hengduan mountains biodiversity hotspot,Yunnan,southwest China.Biogeosciences,12(5):1525-1535.
Zhang E L,Sun W W,Zhao C,Wang Y B,Xue B,Shen J,2015.Linkages between climate,fire and vegetation in southwest China during the last 18.5ka based on a sedimentary record of black carbon and its isotopic composition.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,435:86-94.
Zheng Qian(郑茜),Zhang Hu-cai(张虎才),Ming Qing-zhong(明庆忠),Chang Feng-qin(常凤琴),Meng Hong-wei(蒙红卫),Zhang Wen-xiang(张文翔),Liu Meng-zhu(刘梦竹),Shen Caiming(沈才明),2014.Vegetation and environmental changes since 15ka B.P.recorded by Lake Lugu in the southwest monsoon domain region.Quaternary Sciences(第四纪研究),34(6):1314-1326(in Chinese with English abstract).
Cook C G,Jones R T,Langdon P G,Leng M J,Zhang E,2011.New insights on Late Quaternary Asian palaeomonsoon variability and the timing of the Last Glacial Maximum in southwestern China.Quaternary Science Reviews,30(7-8):808-820.
Editorial Board for Yunnan Forests(《云南森林》编写委员会),1986.Forests of Yunnan.Kunming:Yunnan Science and Technology Press.1-572(in Chinese).
Editorial Group for Yunnan Vegetation(《云南植被》编写组),1987.Vegetation of Yunnan.Beijing:Science Press.1-1024(in Chinese).
Fu Li-guo(傅立国),1980.Notulae de Ulmus sinensibus.Journal of North-Eastern Forestry Institute(东北林学院学报),3:3-42(in Chinese with English abstract).
Gao Xin(高鑫),Jia Tie-fei(贾铁飞),Xu Qing-hai(许清海),Wang A-min(王阿敏),2016.Records of lacustrine sedimentology and pollen-charcoal assemblages responding to climate change and human activities in Zhongzhouzi Oxbow Lake,Hubei Province for about 70years.Quaternary Sciences(第四纪研究),36(6):1445-1455(in Chinese with English abstract).
Grimm Eric C,1987.CONISS:a FORTRAN 77program for stratigraphically constrained cluster analysis by the method of incremental sum of squares.Computers&Geosciences,13(1):13-35.
Grimm Eric C,2004.Tilia software 2.0.2.Illinois State Museum Research and Collection Center,Springfield.
Kong Wei-lin(孔维琳),Wang Yu-zhou(王余舟),Xiang Ling(向伶),Wang Chong-yun(王崇云),He Zhao-rong(和兆荣),Yang Shu-hua(杨树华),2012.An analysis on the landscape pattern of the vegetation in Fuxian Lake basin in Yunnan.Journal of Yunnan University:Natural Sciences(云南大学学报自然科学版),34(4):468-475(in Chinese with English abstract).
Li Yi-yin(李宜垠),Hou Shu-fang(侯树芳),Zhao Peng-fei(赵鹏飞),2010.Comparison of different quantificatian methods for microfossil charcoal concentration and the implication for human activities.Quaternary Sciences(第四纪研究),30(2):356-363(in Chinese with English abstract).
Lin S M,Qiao Y L,Walker D,1986.Late Pleistocene and Holocene vegetation history at Xihu,Eryuan,Yunnan Province,southwest China.Journal of Biogeography,13(5):419-440.
Liu J L,Tang L Y,Qiao Y L,Head M J,Walker D,1986.Late Quaternary vegetation history at Menghai,Yunnan Province,southwest China.Journal of Biogeography,13(5):399-418.
Liu Wen-yao(刘文耀),Liu Lun-hui(刘伦辉),Jing Gui-fen(荆桂芬),He Ai-jun(和爱军),2000.Decomposition of leaf litter in Pinus yunnanensis forestand evergreen broad-leaved forest in central Yunnan.Acta Botanica Yunnanica(云南植物研究),22(3):298-306(in Chinese with English abstract).
Liu Ying(刘颖),Sun Hui-ling(孙惠玲),Zhou Xiao-juan(周晓娟),Duan Li-zeng(段立曾),Li Hua-yong(李华勇),Zhang Hu-cai(张虎才),2017.Paleoenvironmental significance of organic carbon isotope in lacustrine sediments in Lake Fuxian during the past 5ka.Journal of Lake Sciences(湖泊科学),29(3):722-729(in Chinese with English abstract).
Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology,Chinese Academy of Sciences(中国科学院南京地理与湖泊研究所),1990.Fuxian Lake.Beijing:Ocean Press.1-7(in Chinese).
Pitknen A,Huttunen P,1999.A 1300-year forest-fire history at a site in eastern Finland based on charcoal and pollen records in laminated lake sediment.Holocene,9(3):311-320.
Reimer P J,Bard E,Bayliss A,Beck J W,Blackwell P G,Ramsey CB,Buck C E,Cheng H,Edwards R L,Friedrich M,2013.IntCal13and Marine13radiocarbon age calibration curves 0-50,000years cal BP.Radiocarbon,55:1869-1887.
Shen J,Jones R T,Yang X D,Dearing J A,Wang S M,2006.The Holocene vegetation history of Lake Erhai,Yunnan Province southwestern China:the role of climate and human forcings.Holocene,16(2):265-276.
Shen Ji(沈吉),Xue Bin(薛滨),Wu Jing-lu(吴敬禄),Wu Yanhong(吴艳宏),Liu Xing-qi(刘兴起),Yang Xiang-dong(羊向东),Liu Jian(刘健),Wang Su-min(王苏民),2010.Lake Deposition and Environmental Evolution.Beijing:Science Press.1-473(in Chinese).
Shen Ji(沈吉),Yang Li-yuan(杨丽原),Yang Xiang-dong(羊向东),Matsumoto R,Tong Guo-bang(童国榜),Zhu Yu-xin(朱育新),2004.Climate change and lake record of human activities in Erhai Lake Basin,Yunnan Province since the Holocene.Science in China Series D-Earth Sciences(中国科学D辑地球科学),34(2):130-138(in Chinese with English abstract).
Sun X J,Wu Y S,QiaoY L,Walker D,1986.Late Pleistocene and Holocene vegetation history at Kunming,Yunnan Province,southwest China.Journal of Biogeography,13(5):441-476.
Song Xue-liang(宋学良),Wu Yu-an(吴遇安),Jiang Zhi-wen(蒋志文),1994.Ancient Limnology Research Central Plateau Lakes in Yunnan Limestone Area.Kunming:Yunnan Science and Technology Press.1-124
Song X Y,Yao Y F,Wortley A H,Paudayal K N,Yang S H,Li C S,Blackmore S,2012.Holocene vegetation and climate history at Haligu on the Jade Dragon Snow Mountain,Yunnan,SW China.Climatic Change,113(3-4):841-866.
Tinner W,Conedera M,Ammann B,Gaggeler H W,Gedye S,Jones R,1998.Pollen and charcoal in lake sediments compared with historically documented forest fires in southern switzerland since AD 1920.Holocene,8(1):31-42.
Wang Su-min(王苏民),Dou Hong-shen(窦鸿身),1998.Lakes in China.Beijing:Science Press.1-580(in Chinese).
Wang Yu(王宇),2006.Climate of Yunnan Mountain Climate.Kunming:Yunan Science and Technology Press.1-412(in Chinese).
Wick L,Lemcke G,Sturm M,2003.Evidence of Lateglacial and Holocene climatic change and human impact in eastern Anatolia:high-resolution pollen,charcoal,isotopic and geochemical records from the laminated sediments of Lake Van,Turkey.Holocene,13(13):665-675.
Wu Li(吴立),Wang Xin-yuan(王心源),Zhang Guang-sheng(张广胜),Xiao Xia-yun(肖霞云),2008.Vegetation evolution and climate change since the Holocene recorded by pollen-charcoal assemblages from lacustrinesed sediments of Chaohu Lake in Anhui Province.Journal of Palaeogeography(古地理学报),10(2):183-192(in Chinese with English abstract).
Wu Yan-hong(吴艳宏),Wu Rui-jin(吴瑞金),Xue Bin(薛滨),Qian Jun-long(钱君龙),Xiao Jia-yi(萧家仪),1998.Paleoenvironmental evolution in Dianchi Lake area since 13ka BP.Journal of Lake Sciences(湖泊科学),10(2):5-9(in Chinese with English abstract).
Xiao X Y,Haberle S G,Shen J,Xue B,Burrows M,Wang S,2017.Postglacial fire history and interactions with vegetation and climate in southwestern Yunnan Province of China.Climate of the Past,13(6):1-23.
Xiao X Y,Haberle S G,Shen J,Yang X D,Han Y,Zhang E L,Wang S M,2014.Latest Pleistocene and Holocene vegetation and climate history inferred from an alpine lacustrine record,northwestern Yunnan Province,southwestern China.Quaternary Science Reviews,86:35-48.
Yang Y P,Zhang H C,Chang F Q,Meng H W,Pan A D,Zheng Z,Xiang R,2016.Vegetation and climate history inferred from a Qinghai Crater Lake pollen record from Tengchong,southwestern China.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,461:1-11.
Yao Y F,Song X Y,Wortley A H,BlackmoreS,Li C S,2015.A 22570yr record of vegetational and climatic change from Wenhai Lake in the Hengduan mountains biodiversity hotspot,Yunnan,southwest China.Biogeosciences,12(5):1525-1535.
Zhang E L,Sun W W,Zhao C,Wang Y B,Xue B,Shen J,2015.Linkages between climate,fire and vegetation in southwest China during the last 18.5ka based on a sedimentary record of black carbon and its isotopic composition.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,435:86-94.
Zheng Qian(郑茜),Zhang Hu-cai(张虎才),Ming Qing-zhong(明庆忠),Chang Feng-qin(常凤琴),Meng Hong-wei(蒙红卫),Zhang Wen-xiang(张文翔),Liu Meng-zhu(刘梦竹),Shen Caiming(沈才明),2014.Vegetation and environmental changes since 15ka B.P.recorded by Lake Lugu in the southwest monsoon domain region.Quaternary Sciences(第四纪研究),34(6):1314-1326(in Chinese with English abstract).