测墒补灌条件下施氮量对冬小麦耗水特性和水氮利用效率的影响
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摘要
为明确黄淮麦区冬小麦高产节水条件下的适宜施氮量,以小麦品种山农23为材料,在大田拔节期和开花期0~40cm土壤含水量分别补灌至田间持水量的70%和65%条件下,设置每公顷施纯氮0kg(N0)、180kg(N1)、240kg(N2)、300kg(N3)4个施氮水平,研究小麦耗水特性和水氮利用效率对施氮量的响应。结果表明,N2处理较N0和N1处理显著提高了20~160cm土层土壤贮水消耗量,但与N3处理无显著差异。N2处理灌水量较N0和N1处理分别降低7.35%和9.51%,显著提高土壤贮水消耗量、开花至成熟阶段的耗水量和耗水模系数;N3处理的灌水量较N2处理增加9.59%,两个处理间土壤贮水消耗量、开花至成熟阶段的耗水量和耗水模系数均无显著差异。N2处理的籽粒产量、降水利用效率和灌水利用效率比N1处理分别高9.53%、9.54%和21.04%,施氮量增加至300kg·hm-2时,籽粒产量无显著变化,灌水利用效率和氮肥偏生产力分别降低7.55%和18.94%。因此,在本试验条件下,施氮240kg·hm-2的增产、水氮高效利用效果最佳。
To clarify the appropriate nitrogen application rate for high-yielding and water-saving of winter wheat production in Huang-Huai winter wheat region,field experiment was conducted under the condition of the relative soil moisture content at jointing and anthesis stages being 70%and 65%.Wheat cultivar Shannong 23 was supplied with nitrogen fertilizer at 0(N0),180(N1),240(N2),and300(N3)kg N·hm-2.We explored the water consumption characteristics and water and nitrogen use efficiencies in response to different nitrogen application rate.The results showed that the consumption amount of soil water in 20-160 cm soil layers for treatment N2 was significantly higher than that of treatment N0 and N1,but no significant difference was found when compared with N3.Compared to treatment N0 and N1,N2 decreased the irrigation water amount by 7.35% and 9.51%,respectively,and significantly increased the soil water consumption,water consumption and water consumption percentage from jointing to anthesis.When the N application rate reached to 300 kg·hm-2,irrigation water amount was increased by 9.59%,and no significant difference was found under N2 treatment in soil water consumption,water consumption and water consumption percentage from jointing to anthesis.Compared to N1 treatment,N2 increased the grain yield,water use efficiency of precipitation and irrigation water productivity by 9.53%,9.54% and 21.04% respectively.While N application rate reached to 300 kg·hm-2,there was no significant difference under N2 treatment in grain yield.Irrigation water use efficiency and nitrogen partial productivity were decreased by 7.55% and18.94%,respectively.Therefore,the optimal N application rate was 240 kg·hm-2(N2)under the present experimental conditions.
To clarify the appropriate nitrogen application rate for high-yielding and water-saving of winter wheat production in Huang-Huai winter wheat region,field experiment was conducted under the condition of the relative soil moisture content at jointing and anthesis stages being 70%and 65%.Wheat cultivar Shannong 23 was supplied with nitrogen fertilizer at 0(N0),180(N1),240(N2),and300(N3)kg N·hm-2.We explored the water consumption characteristics and water and nitrogen use efficiencies in response to different nitrogen application rate.The results showed that the consumption amount of soil water in 20-160 cm soil layers for treatment N2 was significantly higher than that of treatment N0 and N1,but no significant difference was found when compared with N3.Compared to treatment N0 and N1,N2 decreased the irrigation water amount by 7.35% and 9.51%,respectively,and significantly increased the soil water consumption,water consumption and water consumption percentage from jointing to anthesis.When the N application rate reached to 300 kg·hm-2,irrigation water amount was increased by 9.59%,and no significant difference was found under N2 treatment in soil water consumption,water consumption and water consumption percentage from jointing to anthesis.Compared to N1 treatment,N2 increased the grain yield,water use efficiency of precipitation and irrigation water productivity by 9.53%,9.54% and 21.04% respectively.While N application rate reached to 300 kg·hm-2,there was no significant difference under N2 treatment in grain yield.Irrigation water use efficiency and nitrogen partial productivity were decreased by 7.55% and18.94%,respectively.Therefore,the optimal N application rate was 240 kg·hm-2(N2)under the present experimental conditions.
引文
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[9]张珂珂,周苏玫,张嫚,等.减氮补水对小麦高产群体光合性能及产量的影响[J].应用生态学报,2016,27(3):869.ZHANG K K,ZHOU S M,ZHANG M,et al.Effects of reduced nitrogen application and supplemental irrigation on photosynthetic characteristics and grain yield in high-yield populations of winter wheat[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2016,27(3):869.
[10]张黛静,杨逗逗,马建辉,等.测墒滴灌对氮肥调控下冬小麦水分利用效率及灌浆动态的影响[J].河南师范大学学报(自然科学版),2017,45(1):51.ZHANG D J,YANG D D,MA J H,et al.Effects of drip irrigation based on testing soil moisture on water use efficiency and grain filling dynamics of winter wheat under nitrogen fertilizer regulation[J].Journal of Henan Normal University(Natural Science Edition),2017,45(1):51.
[11]韩占江,于振文,王东,等.测墒补灌对冬小麦氮素积累与转运及籽粒产量的影响[J].生态学报,2011,31(6):1632.HAN Z J,YU Z W,WANG D,et al.Effects of supplemental irrigation based on testing soil moisture on dry matter accumulation and distribution and water use efficiency in winter wheat[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2011,31(6):1632.
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[13]CRISTINA P,COSENTINO S L.Yield,water use and radiation use efficiencies of kenaf(Hibiscus cannabinus L.)under reduced water and nitrogen soil availability in a semi-arid Mediterranean area[J].European Journal of Agronomy,2012,46:54.
[14]邓振镛,张强,王强,等.黄土高原旱塬区土壤贮水量对冬小麦产量的影响[J].生态学报,2011,31(18):5286.DENG Z Y,ZHANG Q,WANG Q,et al.Influence of water storage capacity on yield of winter wheat in dry farming area in the Loess Plateau[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2011,31(18):5286.
[15]QIAO Y Z,ZHANG H Z,DONG B D,et al.Effects of elevated CO2concentration on growth and water use efficiency of winter wheat under two soil water regimes[J].Agricultural Water Management,2010,97:1745.
[16]栗丽,洪坚平,王宏庭,等.水氮互作对冬小麦耗水特性和水分利用效率的影响[J].水土保持学报,2012,26(6):293.JA L,HONG J P,WANG H T,et al.Effect of nitrogen and irrigation interaction on water consumption characteristics and use efficiency in winter wheat[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2012,26(6):293,294.
[17]RASMUSSEN I S,DRESBOLL D B,KRISTENSEN K T.Winter wheat cultivars and nitrogen(N)fertilization effects on root growth,N uptake efficiency and N use efficiency[J].European Journal of Agronomy,2015,68:41.
[18]侯翠翠,冯伟,李世莹,等.不同水氮处理对小麦耗水特性及产量的影响[J].麦类作物学报,2013,33(4):701.HOU C C,FENG W,LI S Y,et al.Effects of different irrigation and nitrogen treatments on water consumption characteristics and grain yield in wheat[J].Journal of Triticeae Crops,2013,33(4):701.
[19]张宏,周建斌,王春阳,等.栽培模式及施氮对冬小麦-夏玉米体系产量与水分利用效率的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2010,16(5):1083.ZHANG H,ZHOU J B,WANG C Y,et al.Effects of cultivation pattern and nitrogen rate on crop yield and water use efficiency in winter wheat-summer maize system[J].Plant Nitrogen and Fertilizer Science,2010,16(5):1083.
[20]黄玲,杨文平,胡喜巧,等.水氮互作对冬小麦耗水特性和氮素利用的影响[J].水土保持学报,2016,30(2):173.HUANG L,YANG W P,HU X Q,et al.Effect of irrigation and nitrogen interaction on water consumption characteristics and nitrogen utilization of winter wheat[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2016,30(2):173.
[21]ZHANG Y Q,WANG J D,GONG S H,et al.Nitrogen fertigation effect on photosynthesis,grain yield and water use efficiency of winter wheat[J].Agricultural Water Management,2017,179:284.
[22]赵连佳,薛丽华,孙乾坤,等.不同水氮处理对滴灌冬小麦田耗水特性及水氮利用效率的影响[J].麦类作物学报,2016,36(8):1057.ZHAO L J,XUE L H,SUN Q K,et al.Effect of different irrigation and nitrogen application on water consumption characteristics and the water and nitrogen use efficiencies under drip irrigation in winter wheat[J].Journal of Triticeae Crops,2016,36(8):1057.
[23]蔡瑞国,张迪,张敏,等.雨养和灌溉条件下施氮量对小麦干物质积累和产量的影响[J].麦类作物学报,2014,34(2):199.CAI R G,ZHANG D,ZHANG M,et al.Effects of nitrogen application rate on dry matter accumulation and grain yield of winter wheat under irrigated and rained conditions[J].Journal of Triticeae Crops,2014,34(2):199.
[2]王婧,逄焕成,任天志,等.黄淮海地区主栽作物水分供需平衡分析[J].灌溉排水学报,2010,29(5):106.WANG J,PANG H C,REN T Z,et al.The analysis of Huang-Huai-Hai Plain main crop water balance between demand and supply[J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,2010,29(5):106.
[3]徐建文,居辉,刘勤,等.黄淮海地区干旱变化特征及其对气候变化的响应[J].生态学报,2014,34(2):462.XU J W,JU H,LIU Q,et al.Variation of drought and regional response to climate change in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(2):462.
[4]YANG X L,CHEN Y Q,PACENKA S,et al.Effect of diversified crop rotations on groundwater levels and crop water productivity in the North China Plain[J].Journal of Hydrology,2015,522:428.
[5]裴宏伟,沈彦俊,刘昌明.华北平原典型农田氮素与水分循环[J].应用生态学报,2015,26(1):284.PEI H W,SHEN Y J,LIU C M.Nitrogen and water cycling of typical cropland in the North China Plain[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2016,26(1):284.
[6]LIU H,WANG Z H,YU R,et al.Optimal nitrogen input for higher efficiency and lower environmental impacts of winter wheat production in China[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,2016,224:2.
[7]MAN J G,SHI Y,YU Z W,et al.Root growth,soil water variation,and grain yield response of winter wheat to supplemental irrigation[J].Plant Production Science,2016,19:203.
[8]PAN F F,LI H,LI P P,et al.Effects of Supplemental Irrigation Based on testing soil moisture and nitrogen fertilization amount on the yield and nitrogen uptake of winter wheat[J].Agricultural Science&Technology,2014,15(5):819.
[9]张珂珂,周苏玫,张嫚,等.减氮补水对小麦高产群体光合性能及产量的影响[J].应用生态学报,2016,27(3):869.ZHANG K K,ZHOU S M,ZHANG M,et al.Effects of reduced nitrogen application and supplemental irrigation on photosynthetic characteristics and grain yield in high-yield populations of winter wheat[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2016,27(3):869.
[10]张黛静,杨逗逗,马建辉,等.测墒滴灌对氮肥调控下冬小麦水分利用效率及灌浆动态的影响[J].河南师范大学学报(自然科学版),2017,45(1):51.ZHANG D J,YANG D D,MA J H,et al.Effects of drip irrigation based on testing soil moisture on water use efficiency and grain filling dynamics of winter wheat under nitrogen fertilizer regulation[J].Journal of Henan Normal University(Natural Science Edition),2017,45(1):51.
[11]韩占江,于振文,王东,等.测墒补灌对冬小麦氮素积累与转运及籽粒产量的影响[J].生态学报,2011,31(6):1632.HAN Z J,YU Z W,WANG D,et al.Effects of supplemental irrigation based on testing soil moisture on dry matter accumulation and distribution and water use efficiency in winter wheat[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2011,31(6):1632.
[12]刘增进,李宝萍,李远华,等.冬小麦水分利用效率与最优灌溉制度的研究[J].农业工程学报,2004,20(4):59.LIU Z J,LI B P,LI Y H,et al.Study on water use efficiency and optimal irrigation system of winter wheat[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2004,20(4):59.
[13]CRISTINA P,COSENTINO S L.Yield,water use and radiation use efficiencies of kenaf(Hibiscus cannabinus L.)under reduced water and nitrogen soil availability in a semi-arid Mediterranean area[J].European Journal of Agronomy,2012,46:54.
[14]邓振镛,张强,王强,等.黄土高原旱塬区土壤贮水量对冬小麦产量的影响[J].生态学报,2011,31(18):5286.DENG Z Y,ZHANG Q,WANG Q,et al.Influence of water storage capacity on yield of winter wheat in dry farming area in the Loess Plateau[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2011,31(18):5286.
[15]QIAO Y Z,ZHANG H Z,DONG B D,et al.Effects of elevated CO2concentration on growth and water use efficiency of winter wheat under two soil water regimes[J].Agricultural Water Management,2010,97:1745.
[16]栗丽,洪坚平,王宏庭,等.水氮互作对冬小麦耗水特性和水分利用效率的影响[J].水土保持学报,2012,26(6):293.JA L,HONG J P,WANG H T,et al.Effect of nitrogen and irrigation interaction on water consumption characteristics and use efficiency in winter wheat[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2012,26(6):293,294.
[17]RASMUSSEN I S,DRESBOLL D B,KRISTENSEN K T.Winter wheat cultivars and nitrogen(N)fertilization effects on root growth,N uptake efficiency and N use efficiency[J].European Journal of Agronomy,2015,68:41.
[18]侯翠翠,冯伟,李世莹,等.不同水氮处理对小麦耗水特性及产量的影响[J].麦类作物学报,2013,33(4):701.HOU C C,FENG W,LI S Y,et al.Effects of different irrigation and nitrogen treatments on water consumption characteristics and grain yield in wheat[J].Journal of Triticeae Crops,2013,33(4):701.
[19]张宏,周建斌,王春阳,等.栽培模式及施氮对冬小麦-夏玉米体系产量与水分利用效率的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2010,16(5):1083.ZHANG H,ZHOU J B,WANG C Y,et al.Effects of cultivation pattern and nitrogen rate on crop yield and water use efficiency in winter wheat-summer maize system[J].Plant Nitrogen and Fertilizer Science,2010,16(5):1083.
[20]黄玲,杨文平,胡喜巧,等.水氮互作对冬小麦耗水特性和氮素利用的影响[J].水土保持学报,2016,30(2):173.HUANG L,YANG W P,HU X Q,et al.Effect of irrigation and nitrogen interaction on water consumption characteristics and nitrogen utilization of winter wheat[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2016,30(2):173.
[21]ZHANG Y Q,WANG J D,GONG S H,et al.Nitrogen fertigation effect on photosynthesis,grain yield and water use efficiency of winter wheat[J].Agricultural Water Management,2017,179:284.
[22]赵连佳,薛丽华,孙乾坤,等.不同水氮处理对滴灌冬小麦田耗水特性及水氮利用效率的影响[J].麦类作物学报,2016,36(8):1057.ZHAO L J,XUE L H,SUN Q K,et al.Effect of different irrigation and nitrogen application on water consumption characteristics and the water and nitrogen use efficiencies under drip irrigation in winter wheat[J].Journal of Triticeae Crops,2016,36(8):1057.
[23]蔡瑞国,张迪,张敏,等.雨养和灌溉条件下施氮量对小麦干物质积累和产量的影响[J].麦类作物学报,2014,34(2):199.CAI R G,ZHANG D,ZHANG M,et al.Effects of nitrogen application rate on dry matter accumulation and grain yield of winter wheat under irrigated and rained conditions[J].Journal of Triticeae Crops,2014,34(2):199.