三峡水库典型支流水体氮磷分布特征及污染评价
|
摘要
研究三峡库区典型支流澎溪河与香溪河水体营养盐分布特征及污染状况,于2017年5月和11月分别对两条河的水体进行采样研究,分析了水体氮磷的含量与时空变化趋势并评价了两条支流沉积物的污染状况.结果为:澎溪河水中的TP含量范围为0. 01～0. 18 mg/L,均值为0. 07mg/L,TN含量范围为0. 45～2. 29 mg/L,均值为1. 22 mg/L;香溪河水中TP含量范围0. 04～0. 31mg/L,均值为0. 15 mg/L,高于澎溪河,可能由于香溪河磷矿资源丰富,TN含量范围0. 20～1. 46mg/L,均值为0. 73 mg/L.澎溪河TN浓度以及香溪河TP浓度丰水期浓度相比枯水期偏高,且香溪河TN/TP比值表明丰水期比枯水期营养水平更高,澎溪河NH4+-N/NO3--N比值表明丰水期营养水平更高.沉积物间隙水中,除了香溪河丰水期TP浓度低于上覆水,澎溪河、香溪河间隙水中其余指标浓度均值均高于上覆水,沉积物表现为营养盐的"源",其中氨氮释放的趋势最大.对澎溪河、香溪河沉积物进行污染评价发现,澎溪河、香溪河存在较明显的有机氮污染,而两条支流的有机指数则表明沉积物在不同水期有差异,丰水期时沉积物受到有机污染,而枯水期时沉积物则无有机污染,处于较清洁～尚清洁的两种类型之间.研究结果表明,两条典型支流澎溪河和香溪河上覆水中丰水期比枯水期营养水平更高,沉积物表现为营养盐的内源,且部分处于清洁状况,部分受到了有机污染,受污染状况呈现季节性波动.
In order to study the distribution characteristics and contamination status of nutrients in typical tributaries of the Three Gorges reservoir,the Pengxi River and Xiangxi River were observed in the reservoir area in May and November 2017. The space-time distribution characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus in the Pengxi River and Xiangxi River were analyzed,and the contamination status of the sediments was evaluated by organic nitrogen,organic index and nutrients enrichment evaluation method. The concentrations of TP,TN in the overlying water of Pengxi River were 0. 01 ～ 0. 18 mg/L,0. 45 ～ 2. 29 mg/L with average values of 0. 07 mg/L,1. 22 mg/L,respectively. Meanwhile,the TP content in the Xiangxi River ranged from 0. 04 to 0. 31 mg/L,with a mean value of 0. 15 mg/L,which was higher than the Pengxi River,and TN content ranged from 0. 20 to 1. 46 mg/L,with an average of 0. 73 mg/L. In the flooding season,the TN concentration in the overlying water of Pengxi River and the TP concentration in the overlying water of Xiangxi River were higher than that in the dry season. The TN/TP ratio in the overlying water of Xiangxi River indicated that the nutrient level in the flooding season was higher than in the dry season,and the NH+4-N/NO-3-N ratio in the overlying water of Pengxi River represented the same situation. As for the interstitial water,except that the TP concentration in the flooding season of Xiangxi River was lower than that of overlying water,the average concentrations of other indicators in the interstitial water of Pengxi River and Xiangxi River were higher than that of overlying water. The sediment was the"source"of nutrients,and ammonia nitrogen was most likely to release. The pollution evaluation of the sediments revealed that there was obvious organic nitrogen pollution in the Pengxi River and the Xiangxi River,while the organic indices of the two tributaries indicated that the sediments were different in different periods. The sediments were polluted in the flooding season,while they were free of organic pollution and were relatively clean in the dry season. The results show that the nutrient level of overlying water in the flooding season was higher than in the dry season. The sediments were the internal source of nutrients,and some were in a clean state,others were organic pollution,and the pollution was seasonally fluctuating.
In order to study the distribution characteristics and contamination status of nutrients in typical tributaries of the Three Gorges reservoir,the Pengxi River and Xiangxi River were observed in the reservoir area in May and November 2017. The space-time distribution characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus in the Pengxi River and Xiangxi River were analyzed,and the contamination status of the sediments was evaluated by organic nitrogen,organic index and nutrients enrichment evaluation method. The concentrations of TP,TN in the overlying water of Pengxi River were 0. 01 ～ 0. 18 mg/L,0. 45 ～ 2. 29 mg/L with average values of 0. 07 mg/L,1. 22 mg/L,respectively. Meanwhile,the TP content in the Xiangxi River ranged from 0. 04 to 0. 31 mg/L,with a mean value of 0. 15 mg/L,which was higher than the Pengxi River,and TN content ranged from 0. 20 to 1. 46 mg/L,with an average of 0. 73 mg/L. In the flooding season,the TN concentration in the overlying water of Pengxi River and the TP concentration in the overlying water of Xiangxi River were higher than that in the dry season. The TN/TP ratio in the overlying water of Xiangxi River indicated that the nutrient level in the flooding season was higher than in the dry season,and the NH+4-N/NO-3-N ratio in the overlying water of Pengxi River represented the same situation. As for the interstitial water,except that the TP concentration in the flooding season of Xiangxi River was lower than that of overlying water,the average concentrations of other indicators in the interstitial water of Pengxi River and Xiangxi River were higher than that of overlying water. The sediment was the"source"of nutrients,and ammonia nitrogen was most likely to release. The pollution evaluation of the sediments revealed that there was obvious organic nitrogen pollution in the Pengxi River and the Xiangxi River,while the organic indices of the two tributaries indicated that the sediments were different in different periods. The sediments were polluted in the flooding season,while they were free of organic pollution and were relatively clean in the dry season. The results show that the nutrient level of overlying water in the flooding season was higher than in the dry season. The sediments were the internal source of nutrients,and some were in a clean state,others were organic pollution,and the pollution was seasonally fluctuating.
引文
[1]Gao Q,Li Y,Cheng Q,et al.Analysis and assessment of the nutrients,biochemical indexes and heavy metals in the Three Gorges Reservoir,China,from 2008 to 2013[J].Water Research,2016,92:262-274.
[2]李俊龙,郑丙辉,张铃松,等.中国主要河口海湾富营养化特征及差异分析[J].中国环境科学,2016,36(2):506-516.
[3]李光浩,杨霞,陈和春,等.三峡水库香溪河库湾水华水动力调控初步研究[J].人民长江,2017,48(10):18-23.
[4]中华人民共和国环保部.长江三峡工程生态与环境监测公报(2007-2017)[R].北京:中华人民共和国环保部.
[5]Cui Y J,Liu D F,Zhang J L,et al.Diel migration of Microcystis,during an algal bloom event in the Three Gorges Reservoir,China[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2016,75(7):1-9.
[6]李哲,方芳,郭劲松,等.三峡小江回水区段2007年春季水华与营养盐特征[J].湖泊科学,2009,21(1):36-44.
[7]罗玉红,聂小倩,李晓玲,等.香溪河沉积物、间隙水的磷分布特征及释放通量估算[J].环境科学,2017,8(6):2345-2354.
[8]Han H J,Lu X X,Burger D F,et al.Nitrogen dynamics at the sediment-water interface in a tropical reservoir[J].Ecological Engineering,2014,73:146-153.
[9]李欣,宋林旭,纪道斌,等.春季敏感时期三峡水库典型支流沉积物-水界面氮释放特性[J].环境科学,2018,39(3):1113-1121.
[10]Ding S,Chen M,Gong M,et al.Internal phosphorus loading from sediments causes seasonal nitrogen limitation for harmful algal blooms[J].Science of the Total Environment,2018,625:872-884.
[11]牛凤霞,肖尚斌,王雨春,等.峡库区沉积物秋末冬初的磷释放通量估算[J].环境科学,2013,34(4):1308-1314.
[12]Zhao H,Li Z,Wang S,et al.Features and influencing factors of nitrogen and phosphorus diffusive fluxes at the sedimentwater interface of Erhai Lake[J].Environmental Science&Pollution Research,2017,25(2):1-10.
[13]Yang Y,Gao B,Hao H,et al.Nitrogen and phosphorus in sediments in China:A national-scale assessment and review[J].Science of the Total Environment,2017,576:840-849.
[14]苏青青,刘德富,纪道斌,等.蓄水期三峡水库香溪河沉积物-水系统营养盐分布特征[J].环境科学,2018,39(5):2135-2144.
[15]Huang Y,Zhang P,Liu D,et al.Nutrient spatial pattern of the upstream,mainstream and tributaries of the Three Gorges Reservoir in China[J].Environmental Monitoring&Assessment,2014,186(10):6833-6847.
[16]Wu Y,Wang X,Zhou J,et al.The fate of phosphorus in sediments after the full operation of the Three Gorges Reservoir,China[J].Environmental Pollution,2016,214:282-289.
[17]卓海华,邱光胜,翟婉盈,等.三峡库区表层沉积物营养盐时空变化及评价[J].环境科学,2017,38(12):5020-5031.
[18]封丽,李崇明,张韵,等.三峡水库运行期支流沉积物营养盐污染评价[J].环境科学与技术,2015(12):151-157.
[19]黄亚男,纪道斌,龙良红,等.三峡库区典型支流春季特征及其水华优势种差异分析[J].长江流域资源与环境,2017,26(3):461-470.
[20]姜伟,周川,纪道斌,等.三峡库区澎溪河与磨刀溪电导率等水质特征与水华的关系比较[J].环境科学,2017,38(6):2326-2335.
[21]重庆水利水务网.河库概况-小江[EB/OL].(2017-08-07).http://www.cqwater.gov.cn/swgg/hkgk/Pages/2017/08/20170807161613.aspx.
[22]王欢,韩霜,邓红兵,等.香溪河河流生态系统服务功能评价[J].生态学报,2006,26(9):2971-2978.
[23]国家环保局.水和废水监测分析方法[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2002:243-281.
[24]Shannon K E M,Saleh-Lakha S,Burton D L,et al.Effect of nitrate and glucose addition on denitrification and nitric oxide reductase(cnor B)gene abundance and m RNA levels in Pseudomonas mandelii,inoculated into anoxic soil[J].Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek,2011,100(2):183-195.
[25]Li H,Wang Y,Shi L Q,et al.Distribution and Fractions of Phosphorus and Nitrogen in Surface Sediments from Dianchi Lake,China[J].International Journal of Environmental Research,2012,6(1):195-208.
[26]Hansen H P.Determination of nutrients[J].Journal of Interventional Cardiology,1999,23(3):223-229.
[27]程先,孙然好,孔佩儒,等.海河流域水体沉积物碳、氮、磷分布与污染评价[J].应用生态学报,2016,27(8):2679-2686.
[28]杨霞,王攀菲,李建华.三峡库区香溪河水体营养状态变化分析[J].人民长江,2018,49(10):11-15.
[29]郑丙辉,张远,富国,等.三峡水库营养状态评价标准研究[J].环境科学学报,2006,26(6):1022-1030.
[30]谌芸,何丙辉,赵秀兰,等.小江流域农地水土流失对水体富营养化的影响[J].水土保持学报,2010,24(4):31-34.
[31]白文辉,王晓昌,王楠,等.北方高盐景观水体氮磷时空分布特征及富营养化评价[J].环境工程,2017,35(4):120-124.
[32]Downing J A,Mccauley E.The nitrogen:phosphorus relationship in lakes[J].Limnology&Oceanography,1992,37(5):936-945.
[33]Quirós R.The relationship between nitrate and ammonia concentrations in the pelagic zone of lakes[J].Limnetica,2003:37-50.
[34]李哲,郭劲松,方芳,等.三峡小江回水区氮素赋存形态与季节变化特点[J].环境科学,2009,30(6):30-36.
[35]米娟,潘学军,李辉,等.滇池水体和表层沉积物间隙水中氮分布特征研究[J].安全与环境学报,2013,13(6):128-132.
[36]王一茹,王圣瑞,焦立新,等.滇池草海间隙水与上覆水氮磷时空变化特征[J].环境科学,2017,38(6):2336-2344.
[37]董慧,郑西来,张健.河口沉积物孔隙水营养盐分布特征及扩散通量[J].水科学进展,2012,3(6):815-821.
[38]文帅龙,龚琬晴,吴涛,等.于桥水库沉积物-水界面氮磷剖面特征及交换通量[J].环境科学,2018(5):2154-2164.
[39]黄廷林,刘飞,史建超.水源水库沉积物间隙水营养盐分布特征及扩散通量[J].环境工程学报,2016,10(8):4357-4363.
[40]王功芹,朱珠,张硕.海州湾表层沉积物中氮的赋存形态及其生态意义[J].环境科学学报,2016,36(2):450-457.
[2]李俊龙,郑丙辉,张铃松,等.中国主要河口海湾富营养化特征及差异分析[J].中国环境科学,2016,36(2):506-516.
[3]李光浩,杨霞,陈和春,等.三峡水库香溪河库湾水华水动力调控初步研究[J].人民长江,2017,48(10):18-23.
[4]中华人民共和国环保部.长江三峡工程生态与环境监测公报(2007-2017)[R].北京:中华人民共和国环保部.
[5]Cui Y J,Liu D F,Zhang J L,et al.Diel migration of Microcystis,during an algal bloom event in the Three Gorges Reservoir,China[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2016,75(7):1-9.
[6]李哲,方芳,郭劲松,等.三峡小江回水区段2007年春季水华与营养盐特征[J].湖泊科学,2009,21(1):36-44.
[7]罗玉红,聂小倩,李晓玲,等.香溪河沉积物、间隙水的磷分布特征及释放通量估算[J].环境科学,2017,8(6):2345-2354.
[8]Han H J,Lu X X,Burger D F,et al.Nitrogen dynamics at the sediment-water interface in a tropical reservoir[J].Ecological Engineering,2014,73:146-153.
[9]李欣,宋林旭,纪道斌,等.春季敏感时期三峡水库典型支流沉积物-水界面氮释放特性[J].环境科学,2018,39(3):1113-1121.
[10]Ding S,Chen M,Gong M,et al.Internal phosphorus loading from sediments causes seasonal nitrogen limitation for harmful algal blooms[J].Science of the Total Environment,2018,625:872-884.
[11]牛凤霞,肖尚斌,王雨春,等.峡库区沉积物秋末冬初的磷释放通量估算[J].环境科学,2013,34(4):1308-1314.
[12]Zhao H,Li Z,Wang S,et al.Features and influencing factors of nitrogen and phosphorus diffusive fluxes at the sedimentwater interface of Erhai Lake[J].Environmental Science&Pollution Research,2017,25(2):1-10.
[13]Yang Y,Gao B,Hao H,et al.Nitrogen and phosphorus in sediments in China:A national-scale assessment and review[J].Science of the Total Environment,2017,576:840-849.
[14]苏青青,刘德富,纪道斌,等.蓄水期三峡水库香溪河沉积物-水系统营养盐分布特征[J].环境科学,2018,39(5):2135-2144.
[15]Huang Y,Zhang P,Liu D,et al.Nutrient spatial pattern of the upstream,mainstream and tributaries of the Three Gorges Reservoir in China[J].Environmental Monitoring&Assessment,2014,186(10):6833-6847.
[16]Wu Y,Wang X,Zhou J,et al.The fate of phosphorus in sediments after the full operation of the Three Gorges Reservoir,China[J].Environmental Pollution,2016,214:282-289.
[17]卓海华,邱光胜,翟婉盈,等.三峡库区表层沉积物营养盐时空变化及评价[J].环境科学,2017,38(12):5020-5031.
[18]封丽,李崇明,张韵,等.三峡水库运行期支流沉积物营养盐污染评价[J].环境科学与技术,2015(12):151-157.
[19]黄亚男,纪道斌,龙良红,等.三峡库区典型支流春季特征及其水华优势种差异分析[J].长江流域资源与环境,2017,26(3):461-470.
[20]姜伟,周川,纪道斌,等.三峡库区澎溪河与磨刀溪电导率等水质特征与水华的关系比较[J].环境科学,2017,38(6):2326-2335.
[21]重庆水利水务网.河库概况-小江[EB/OL].(2017-08-07).http://www.cqwater.gov.cn/swgg/hkgk/Pages/2017/08/20170807161613.aspx.
[22]王欢,韩霜,邓红兵,等.香溪河河流生态系统服务功能评价[J].生态学报,2006,26(9):2971-2978.
[23]国家环保局.水和废水监测分析方法[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2002:243-281.
[24]Shannon K E M,Saleh-Lakha S,Burton D L,et al.Effect of nitrate and glucose addition on denitrification and nitric oxide reductase(cnor B)gene abundance and m RNA levels in Pseudomonas mandelii,inoculated into anoxic soil[J].Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek,2011,100(2):183-195.
[25]Li H,Wang Y,Shi L Q,et al.Distribution and Fractions of Phosphorus and Nitrogen in Surface Sediments from Dianchi Lake,China[J].International Journal of Environmental Research,2012,6(1):195-208.
[26]Hansen H P.Determination of nutrients[J].Journal of Interventional Cardiology,1999,23(3):223-229.
[27]程先,孙然好,孔佩儒,等.海河流域水体沉积物碳、氮、磷分布与污染评价[J].应用生态学报,2016,27(8):2679-2686.
[28]杨霞,王攀菲,李建华.三峡库区香溪河水体营养状态变化分析[J].人民长江,2018,49(10):11-15.
[29]郑丙辉,张远,富国,等.三峡水库营养状态评价标准研究[J].环境科学学报,2006,26(6):1022-1030.
[30]谌芸,何丙辉,赵秀兰,等.小江流域农地水土流失对水体富营养化的影响[J].水土保持学报,2010,24(4):31-34.
[31]白文辉,王晓昌,王楠,等.北方高盐景观水体氮磷时空分布特征及富营养化评价[J].环境工程,2017,35(4):120-124.
[32]Downing J A,Mccauley E.The nitrogen:phosphorus relationship in lakes[J].Limnology&Oceanography,1992,37(5):936-945.
[33]Quirós R.The relationship between nitrate and ammonia concentrations in the pelagic zone of lakes[J].Limnetica,2003:37-50.
[34]李哲,郭劲松,方芳,等.三峡小江回水区氮素赋存形态与季节变化特点[J].环境科学,2009,30(6):30-36.
[35]米娟,潘学军,李辉,等.滇池水体和表层沉积物间隙水中氮分布特征研究[J].安全与环境学报,2013,13(6):128-132.
[36]王一茹,王圣瑞,焦立新,等.滇池草海间隙水与上覆水氮磷时空变化特征[J].环境科学,2017,38(6):2336-2344.
[37]董慧,郑西来,张健.河口沉积物孔隙水营养盐分布特征及扩散通量[J].水科学进展,2012,3(6):815-821.
[38]文帅龙,龚琬晴,吴涛,等.于桥水库沉积物-水界面氮磷剖面特征及交换通量[J].环境科学,2018(5):2154-2164.
[39]黄廷林,刘飞,史建超.水源水库沉积物间隙水营养盐分布特征及扩散通量[J].环境工程学报,2016,10(8):4357-4363.
[40]王功芹,朱珠,张硕.海州湾表层沉积物中氮的赋存形态及其生态意义[J].环境科学学报,2016,36(2):450-457.