树冠空间结构对微气候影响的模拟
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摘要
随着城市化水平的提高,人们对于健康舒适的公共空间的要求也日益增加。为了更加科学地从空间结构的角度对微气候环境提出改善策略,运用ENVI-met模拟软件,以理想状态下的纯乔木林环境为研究对象,针对南京市的气候条件,分析5种常见的乔木树冠形态(圆柱形、圆球形、倒卵形、三角形和倒三角形)和3种平面布局形式(规则散点式、集中块状式、自然集群式)对微气候环境的温度、湿度及人体热舒适度(PMV指数)的影响。研究表明:树冠形态和布局形式对群落的降温增湿效应具有显著影响(P<0.05)。"上大下小"型的倒卵形和倒三角形树冠的乔木群落降温增湿强度最高、人体热舒适度体验也最好。集中块状式布局的群落降温增湿强度要明显高于规则散点式和自然集群式,但自然集群式布局时人体热舒适度体验更好。
The microclimatic environment created by a plant community could provide wonderful rest space for people. This study focused on how to regulate the microclimate by improving the structure and characteristics of a plant community. The microclimatic environment of Nanjing, a typical city with high temperature and humidity in summer, was studied. Using simulation software, ENVI-met, pure forests in ideal conditions were selected to analyze the impact of five common canopy shapes(cylindrical, spheroidal, obovate, triangular, and inverted triangular) and three layout forms(regular-scatter, centralized-block, and natural-distribution) on temperature,humidity, and thermal comfort(PMV) of a plant community in Nanjing during summer. Results indicated that canopy shapes and layout forms had a significant influence on the cooling and humidification effect of a plant community(P<0.05). The tree communities with an obovate canopy or inverted triangular canopy, which were typically large in the upper part of the canopy and small in the lower part, had the highest cooling and humidification efficiency which could provide the best thermal comfort experience. The cooling and humidification efficiency of the communities planted in a centralized-block form were higher than those in a regular-scatter or natural-distribution form; whereas, the thermal comfort experience of the community planted in a natural-distribution form was better.
The microclimatic environment created by a plant community could provide wonderful rest space for people. This study focused on how to regulate the microclimate by improving the structure and characteristics of a plant community. The microclimatic environment of Nanjing, a typical city with high temperature and humidity in summer, was studied. Using simulation software, ENVI-met, pure forests in ideal conditions were selected to analyze the impact of five common canopy shapes(cylindrical, spheroidal, obovate, triangular, and inverted triangular) and three layout forms(regular-scatter, centralized-block, and natural-distribution) on temperature,humidity, and thermal comfort(PMV) of a plant community in Nanjing during summer. Results indicated that canopy shapes and layout forms had a significant influence on the cooling and humidification effect of a plant community(P<0.05). The tree communities with an obovate canopy or inverted triangular canopy, which were typically large in the upper part of the canopy and small in the lower part, had the highest cooling and humidification efficiency which could provide the best thermal comfort experience. The cooling and humidification efficiency of the communities planted in a centralized-block form were higher than those in a regular-scatter or natural-distribution form; whereas, the thermal comfort experience of the community planted in a natural-distribution form was better.
引文
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[2]刘娇妹,李树华,杨志峰.北京公园绿地夏季温湿效应[J].生态学杂志, 2008, 27(11):1972-1978.LIU Jiaomei, LI Shuhua, YANG Zhifeng. Temperature and humidity effect of urban green spaces in Beijing in summer[J]. Chin J Ecol, 2008, 27(11):1972-1978.
[3] HATHWAY E A, SHARPLES S. The interaction of rivers and urban form in mitigating the urban heat island effect:a UK case study[J]. Build Environ, 2012, 58(15):14-22.
[4] MOHAN M, KANDYA A, BATTIPROLU A. Urban heat island effect over national capital region of India:a study using the temperature trends[J]. J Environ Prot, 2011, 2(4):465-472.
[5]秦仲,李湛东,成仿云,等.北京园林绿地5种植物群落夏季降温增湿作用[J].林业科学, 2016, 52(1):37-47.QIN Zhong, LI Zhandong, CHENG Fangyun, et al. Cooling and humidifying effects of five landscape plant communities on summer days in Beijing[J]. Sci Silv Sin, 2016, 52(1):37-47.
[6]秦仲,李湛东,成仿云,等.夏季栾树群落冠层结构对其环境温湿度的调节作用[J].应用生态学报, 2015, 26(6):1634-1640.QIN Zhong, LI Zhandong, CHENG Fangyun, et al. Impact of canopy structural characteristics on inner air temperature and relative humidity of Koelreuteria paniculata community in summer[J]. Chin J Appl Ecol, 2015, 26(6):1634-1640.
[7]潘剑彬,李树华.北京城市公园绿地热舒适度空间格局特征研究[J].中国园林, 2015, 31(10):91-95.PAN Jianbin, LI Shuhua. Study on spatial pattern of the function of thermal comfort improvement on Beijing city parks[J]. Chin Landscape Arch, 2015, 31(10):91-95.
[8]赵晓龙,卞晴,赵冬琪,等.寒地城市公园春季休闲体力活动强度与植被群落微气候调节效应适应性研究[J].中国园林, 2018, 34(2):42-48.ZHAO Xiaolong, BIAN Qing, ZHAO Dongqi, et al. Research on the adaptability between the leisure physical activity intensity and micro-climate regulation of vegetation community of cold region parks in Spring[J]. Chin Landscape Arch, 2018, 34(2):42-48.
[9]吴翼.树木遮荫与街道绿化[J].园艺学报, 1963, 2(3):295-308, 335-336.WU Yi. Tree-shading and avenue-tree planting[J]. Acta Hortic, 1963, 2(3):295-308, 335-336.
[10]高吉喜,宋婷,张彪,等.北京城市绿地群落结构对降温增湿功能的影响[J].资源科学, 2016, 38(6):1028-1038.GAO Jixi, SONG Ting, ZHANG Biao, et al. The relationship between urban green space community structure and air temperature reduction and humidity increase in Beijing[J]. Resour Sci, 2016, 38(6):1028-1038.
[11]王明月.基于微气候改善的城市景观设计[D].南京:南京林业大学, 2013.WANG Mingyue. Urban Landscape Design for Improving the Microclimate[D]. Nanjing:Nanjing Forestry University,2013.
[12] KNEZ I, THORSSON S. Thermal, emotional and perceptual evaluations of a park:cross-cultural and environmental attitude comparisons[J]. Build Environ, 2008, 43(9):1483-1490.
[13]王振.夏热冬冷地区基于城市微气候的街区层峡气候适应性设计策略研究[D].武汉:华中科技大学, 2008.WANG Zhen. Design Strategies for the Climate Adaptability of Street Canyon based on Urban Microclimate in Hotsummer and Cold-winter Zone[D]. Wuhan:Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 2008.
[14]陈卓伦.绿化体系对湿热地区建筑组团室外热环境影响研究[D].广州:华南理工大学, 2010.CHEN Zhuolun. Research of Vegetation System’s Effects on Outdoor Thermal Environment of Residential Communities in Hot-humid Climate[D]. Guangzhou:South China University of Technology, 2010.
[15]祝善友,高牧原,陈亭,等.基于ENVI-met模式的城市近地表气温模拟与分析:以南京市部分区域为例[J].气候与环境研究, 2017, 22(4):499-508.ZHU Shanyou, GAO Muyuan, CHEN Ting, et al. Simulation and analysis of urban near-surface air temperature based on ENVI-met model:a case study in some areas of Nanjing[J]. Clim Environ Res, 2017, 22(4):499-508.
[16]薛思寒,冯嘉成,肖毅强.岭南名园余荫山房庭园空间的热环境模拟分析[J].中国园林, 2016, 32(1):23-27.XUE Sihan, FENG Jiacheng, XIAO Yiqiang. Research on the thermal environment simulation of the famous Lingnan Garden Yuyin Garden[J]. Chin Landscape Arch, 2016, 32(1):23-27.
[17]朱宇颐,解潍嘉,黄华国.基于三维模型ENVI-met对黑河森林和北方森林的潜热及显热通量模拟[J].浙江农林大学学报, 2018, 35(3):440-452.ZHU Yuyi, XIE Weijia, HUANG Huaguo. Modeling sensible flux and latent flux in Heihe and boreal forests based on a 3D ENVI-met model[J]. J Zhejiang A&F Univ, 2018, 35(3):440-452.
[18]李京津,王建国.南京步行街空间形式与微气候关联性模拟分析技术[J].东南大学学报(自然科学版),2016, 46(5):1103-1109.LI Jingjin, WANG Jianguo. Simulation analysis on relationship between spatial form and microclimate of pedestrian street in Nanjing[J]. J Southeast Univ Nat Sci Ed, 2016, 46(5):1103-1109.
[19]孙欣,杨俊宴,温珊珊.基于ENVI-met模拟的城市中心区空间形态与热环境研究:以南京新街口为例[C]//中国城市规划学会.规划60年:成就与挑战2016中国城市规划年会论文集(07城市生态规划).北京:中国建筑工业出版社, 2016:124-140.
[20]李笑寒,胡聃,韩风森,等.高层住宅小区建筑形态对微气象影响研究[J].生态科学, 2018, 37(1):178-185.LI Xiaohan, HU Dan, HAN Fengsen, et al. The impact of architectural form on micrometeorology in high residential community[J]. Ecol Sci, 2018, 37(1):178-185.
[21]岳小智,尹海伟,孔繁花,等.基于ENVI-met的绿地布局模式对微气候的影响研究:以南京市居住小区为例[J].江苏城市规划, 2018(3):34-40.YUE Xiaozhi, YIN Haiwei, KONG Fanhua, et al. The research about the influence of greenspace layout pattern on microclimate based on ENVI-met:taking residential communities in Nanjing as example[J]. Jiangsu Urban Plann,2018(3):34-40.
[22] SHUDO H, SUGIYARMA J, YOKOO N, et al. A study on temperature distribution influenced by various land uses[J]. Energy Build, 1997, 26(2):199-205.
[23]赵昶淇.南京滨江风光带植物景观研究与评价[D].南京:南京农业大学, 2015.ZHAO Changqi. Research and Evaluation on Plant Landscape of Green Space in Nanjing Yangtse Riverside Scenic Belt[D]. Nanjing:Nanjing Agricultural University, 2015.
[24]杨骏.南京城市绿地木本植物群落多样性研究[D].南京:南京农业大学, 2014.YANG Jun. Study on Diversity of Woody Plant Communities in Nanjing City Green Space[D]. Nanjing:Nanjing Agricultural University, 2014.
[25]吴博.南京市社区公园植物景观研究[D].南京:南京农业大学, 2012.WU Bo. Research on Plant Landscape of the Community Park in Nanjing[D]. Nanjing:Nanjing Agricultural University, 2012.
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