黄海绿潮发生过程监测
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摘要
本文综合采用船舶和MODIS-TERRA卫星遥感监测手段对2015年绿潮发生过程进行全程监视,并系统地调查了南黄海绿潮藻显微繁殖体分布情况。船舶监测结果显示,4月份,零星漂浮状绿潮藻在南黄海如东海域首次出现,组成种类包括浒苔(U.prolifera)、曲浒苔(U.flexuosa)和缘管浒苔(U.linza),之后,绿潮逐步呈现块状分布和大规模带状分布特征,同时逐步向大丰、射阳和滨海等黄海中部海域漂移,并且漂移过程中绿潮藻种类逐渐减少,射阳与滨海未发现除浒苔(U.prolifera)外的其他绿潮藻。卫星遥感监测结果与船舶监测相类似,5月19日,卫星遥感首次在盐城近岸海域监测到小规模漂浮绿潮,之后绿潮分布面积与覆盖面积迅速增大,并向北漂移至山东半岛近岸,覆盖与分布面积峰值分别为594 km~2和52700km~2;直至7月中下旬,绿潮逐渐消亡。南黄海显微繁殖体分布特征与绿潮漂移轨迹相吻合,且3-7月份南黄海显微繁殖体均由浒苔(U.prolifera)、曲浒苔(U.flexuosa)和缘管浒苔(U.linza)组成,3月至5月份,显微繁殖体核心密集区主要分布在南黄海江苏近岸海域的辐射沙洲区域,其分布峰值高达960 ind·L~(-1);随着绿潮向北漂移,6月份显微繁殖体核心密集区亦逐步向北移动,于射阳海域达到峰值(308 ind·L~(-1))。本研究较为清楚地描述了黄海绿潮年度发生过程,为进一步揭示黄海绿潮快速暴发机制和周期性规律提供基础。
Four cruises and satellite remote sensing were used to monitor the development of green tides in Yellow Sea, 2015, aiming to observe and assess the temporal and spatial distribution of green algae micro-propagules. Results obtained from cruises showed that sporadic individual floating green algae first appeared at Rudong area in April, which were Ulva flexuosa, U. prolifera and U. linza. After that, large-scale floating green algae were observed in Dafeng, Sheyang and Binhai. In Sheyang and Binhai, floating green alga was U. prolifera. Similarly, satellite image analysis showed that the floating green algae patches were first monitored at Yancheng area on May 19. Next, the blooms moved northward quickly and reached Shandong Peninsula. The peaks of coverage and distribution area were 594 km~2 and 52,700 km~2, respectively. From M\\mid to late July, the floating green algae gradually disappeared. Distribution characteristics of green algae micro-propagules were consistent with the drifting trajectory of green tide. Green algae micro-propagules mainly distributed at the sand banks radiating off the Jiangsu coast. The peak value of distribution was up to 960 ind L~(-1 )from March to May. As the green tide drifting north, green algae micro-propagules mainly distributed at Sheyang area(308 ind L~(-1)). From March to July, Ulva microscopic propagules were composed by those of U. flexuosa, U. prolifera and U. linza. This study clearly described the green tide annual process in Yellow Sea, and provided the basis for further revealing the green tide rapid outbreak mechanism and periodic law in Yellow Sea.
Four cruises and satellite remote sensing were used to monitor the development of green tides in Yellow Sea, 2015, aiming to observe and assess the temporal and spatial distribution of green algae micro-propagules. Results obtained from cruises showed that sporadic individual floating green algae first appeared at Rudong area in April, which were Ulva flexuosa, U. prolifera and U. linza. After that, large-scale floating green algae were observed in Dafeng, Sheyang and Binhai. In Sheyang and Binhai, floating green alga was U. prolifera. Similarly, satellite image analysis showed that the floating green algae patches were first monitored at Yancheng area on May 19. Next, the blooms moved northward quickly and reached Shandong Peninsula. The peaks of coverage and distribution area were 594 km~2 and 52,700 km~2, respectively. From M\\mid to late July, the floating green algae gradually disappeared. Distribution characteristics of green algae micro-propagules were consistent with the drifting trajectory of green tide. Green algae micro-propagules mainly distributed at the sand banks radiating off the Jiangsu coast. The peak value of distribution was up to 960 ind L~(-1 )from March to May. As the green tide drifting north, green algae micro-propagules mainly distributed at Sheyang area(308 ind L~(-1)). From March to July, Ulva microscopic propagules were composed by those of U. flexuosa, U. prolifera and U. linza. This study clearly described the green tide annual process in Yellow Sea, and provided the basis for further revealing the green tide rapid outbreak mechanism and periodic law in Yellow Sea.
引文
[1] Liu DY, Keesing JK, Xing QG, et al. World's largest macroalgal bloom caused by expansion of seaweed aquaculture in China[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2009, 58: 888-895.
[2] Liu DY. Recurrence of the world's largest green-tide in 2009 in Yellow Sea, China: Porphyra yezoensis aquaculture rafts confirmed as nursery for macroalgal blooms[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2010, 60: 1423-1432.
[3] Hiraoka M, Ohno M, Kawaguchi S, et al. Crossing testamong floating Ulva thalli forming green tide in Japan[J]. Hydrobiologia, 2004, 512: 239-245.
[4] 韩红宾, 华梁, 霍元子, 等. 黄海绿潮暴发前江苏紫菜养殖海域绿藻显微繁殖体分布特征[J]. 上海海洋大学学报, 2015, 24(3): 365-374.
[5] 梁宗英, 林祥志, 马牧, 等. 浒苔漂流聚集绿潮现象的初步分析[J]. 中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版), 2008, 38: 601-604.
[6] Zhang J, Huo Y, Yu K,et al. Growth characteristics and reproductive capability of green tide algae in Rudong coast, China[J]. Journal of Applied Phycology, 2013, 25: 795-803.
[7] 全国海洋标准化技术委员会. HY/T147.7-2013中国标准书号[S]. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 2013.
[8] Zhang X, Xu D,Mao Y, et al. Settlement of vegetative fragments of Ulva prolifera confirmed as an important seed source for succession of a large-scale green tide bloom[J]. Limnology and Oceanography, 2011, 56(1): 233.
[9] Shimada S, Yokoyama N, Arai A, et al. Phylogeography of the genus Ulva (Ulvophyceae,Chlorophyta), with special reference to the Japanese freshwater and brackish taxa[J]. Journal of Applied Phycology, 2008, 20: 979-989.
[10] Zhang JH, Zhao P, Huo YZ, et al. The fast expansion of Pyropia aquaculture in "Sansha" regions should be mainly responsible for the Ulva blooms in Yellow Sea[J]. Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science, 2017, 189: 58-65.
[11] Hu CM, Li DQ, Chen CS, et al. On the recurrent Ulva prolifera blooms in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 2010, 115: C05017.
[12] Keesing JK, Liu DY, Fearns P, et al.Inter-and intra-annual patterns of Ulva prolifera green tides in the Yellow Sea during 2007-2009, their origin and relationship to the expansion of coastal seaweed aquaculture in China[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2011, 62: 1169-1182.
[13] Rong ZR, Li M, Tidal effects on the bulge region of Chang jiang River plume[J]. Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science, 2012, 97: 149-160.
[14] 华梁, 霍元子, 张建恒, 等. 南黄海绿潮暴发早期与末期显微繁殖体分布及种类组成研究[J]. 上海海洋大学学报, 2015, 24(2): 256-264.
[15] Liu XQ, Li Y, Wang ZL, et al.Cruise observation of Ulva prolifera bloom in the southern Yellow Sea,China[J]. Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science, 2015, 163: 17-22.
[16] Li Y, Song W, Xiao J, et al.Tempo-spatial distribution and species diversity of green algae micro-propagules in the Yellow Sea during the large-scale green tide development[J]. Harmful Algae, 2014, 39: 40-47.
[17] Lüning K, Kadel P, Pang SJ. Control of reproduction rhythmicity by environmental and endogenous signals in Ulva pseudocurvata (Chlorophyta)[J]. Journal of Phycology, 2008, 44: 866-873.
[18] 朱明, 刘兆普, 徐军田, 等. 浒苔孢子放散与附着萌发特性及其干出适应性的初步研究[J]. 海洋科学, 2011, 35(7): 1-6.
[19] 陈斌斌, 马家海, 高嵩, 等. 绿潮漂浮种的一种营养增殖方式的初步研究[J]. 上海海洋大学报, 2013, 22(2): 189-193.
[20] Zhang JH, Huo YZ, Wu HL, et al. The origin of the Ulva macroalgal blooms in the Yellow Sea in 2013[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2014, 89: 276-283.
[21] Han W, Chen LP, Zhang JH, et al. Seasonal variation of dominant free-floating and attached Ulva species in Rudong coastal area, China[J]. Harmful Algae, 2013, 28: 46-54.
[22] Liu DY, Keesing JK, He PM, et al. The world's largest macroalgal bloom in the Yellow Sea, China: Formation and implications[J]. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 2013, 192: 2-10.
[23] Huo YZ, Zhang JH, Chen LP, et al. Green algae blooms caused by Ulva prolifera in the southern Yellow Sea: Identification of the original bloom location and evaluation of biological processes occurring during the early northward floating period [J]. Limnology and Oceanography, 2013, 58(6): 2206-2218.
[24] 范士亮, 傅明珠, 李艳, 等. 2009-2010年黄海绿潮起源与发生过程调查研究[J]. 海洋学报, 2012, 34: 187-194.
[25] Xu J, Fan X, Zhang X, et al. Evidence of coexistence of C3 and C4 photosynthetic pathways in a green tideforming Alga, Ulva prolifera[J]. PLoS One, 2012, 7(5): e37438.
[26] 王广策, 唐学玺, 何培民, 等. 浒苔光合作用等关键生理过程对环境因子响应途径的研究进展[J]. 植物生理学报, 2016, 52(11): 1-10.
[27] Liu F, Pang S, Chopin T, et al. Understanding the recurrent large-scale green tide in the Yellow Sea: Temporal and spatial correlations between multiple geographical, aquacultural and biological factors[J]. Marine Environmental Research, 2012, 83(2): 38-47.
[28] Shao JP, Feng L, Shan TF, et al. Tracking the algal origin of the Ulva bloom in the Yellow Sea by a combination of molecular,morphological and physiological analyses[J]. Marine Environmental Research, 2010, 69(4): 207-215.
[29] Tian XL, Huo YZ, Chen LP, et al. Molecular detection and analysis of green seaweeds from Rudong coasts in Jiangsu Province[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2011, 56: 309-317.
[30] Luo M, Liu F, Xu Z, Growth and nutrient uptake capacity of two cooccurring species,Ulva prolifera and Ulva linza[J]. Aquatic Botany, 2012, 100: 18-24.
[31] Zhang JH, Kim JK, Charles Y, et al. The expansion of Ulva prolifera O.F. Müller macroalgal blooms in the Yellow Sea, PR China, through asexual reproduction[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2016, 104: 101-106.
[32] 方松, 王宗灵, 李艳, 等. 南黄海及长江口附近海域绿潮暴发前期微观繁殖体的动态变化[J]. 海洋学报, 2012, 04: 147-154.
[33] Schories D. Sporulation of Enteromorpha spp.(Chlorophyta) and overwintering of pores in sediments of the Wadden Sea,island Sylt,North Sea[J]. Netherlands Journal of Aquatic Ecology, 1995, 29(3-4): 341-347.
[34] 刘峰. 黄海绿潮的成因以及绿潮浒苔的生理生态学和分子系统学研究[D]. 青岛: 中国科学院研究生院(海洋研究所), 2010.
[35] Nelson TA, Haberlin K, Nelson AV, et al. Ecological and physiological controls of species composition in green macroalgal blooms[J]. Ecology , 2008, 89: 1287-1298.
[36] Kim JH, Kang EJ, Park GP, et al. Effects of temperature and irradiance on photosynthesis and growth of a green-tide-forming species (Ulva linza) in the Yellow Sea[J]. Journal of Applied Phycology, 2011, 23(3): 421-432.
[37] Taylor R, Fletcher RL, Raven JA. Preliminary studies on the growth of selected'Green Tide'algae in laboratory culture:effect of irradiance,temperature,salinity and nutrients on growth rate[J]. Botanica Marina, 2001, 44: 327-336.
[38] Cui JJ, Zhang JH, Huo YZ, et al. Adaptability of free-floating green tide algae in the Yellow Sea to variable temperature and light intensity[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2015, 101(2): 660-666.
[2] Liu DY. Recurrence of the world's largest green-tide in 2009 in Yellow Sea, China: Porphyra yezoensis aquaculture rafts confirmed as nursery for macroalgal blooms[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2010, 60: 1423-1432.
[3] Hiraoka M, Ohno M, Kawaguchi S, et al. Crossing testamong floating Ulva thalli forming green tide in Japan[J]. Hydrobiologia, 2004, 512: 239-245.
[4] 韩红宾, 华梁, 霍元子, 等. 黄海绿潮暴发前江苏紫菜养殖海域绿藻显微繁殖体分布特征[J]. 上海海洋大学学报, 2015, 24(3): 365-374.
[5] 梁宗英, 林祥志, 马牧, 等. 浒苔漂流聚集绿潮现象的初步分析[J]. 中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版), 2008, 38: 601-604.
[6] Zhang J, Huo Y, Yu K,et al. Growth characteristics and reproductive capability of green tide algae in Rudong coast, China[J]. Journal of Applied Phycology, 2013, 25: 795-803.
[7] 全国海洋标准化技术委员会. HY/T147.7-2013中国标准书号[S]. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 2013.
[8] Zhang X, Xu D,Mao Y, et al. Settlement of vegetative fragments of Ulva prolifera confirmed as an important seed source for succession of a large-scale green tide bloom[J]. Limnology and Oceanography, 2011, 56(1): 233.
[9] Shimada S, Yokoyama N, Arai A, et al. Phylogeography of the genus Ulva (Ulvophyceae,Chlorophyta), with special reference to the Japanese freshwater and brackish taxa[J]. Journal of Applied Phycology, 2008, 20: 979-989.
[10] Zhang JH, Zhao P, Huo YZ, et al. The fast expansion of Pyropia aquaculture in "Sansha" regions should be mainly responsible for the Ulva blooms in Yellow Sea[J]. Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science, 2017, 189: 58-65.
[11] Hu CM, Li DQ, Chen CS, et al. On the recurrent Ulva prolifera blooms in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 2010, 115: C05017.
[12] Keesing JK, Liu DY, Fearns P, et al.Inter-and intra-annual patterns of Ulva prolifera green tides in the Yellow Sea during 2007-2009, their origin and relationship to the expansion of coastal seaweed aquaculture in China[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2011, 62: 1169-1182.
[13] Rong ZR, Li M, Tidal effects on the bulge region of Chang jiang River plume[J]. Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science, 2012, 97: 149-160.
[14] 华梁, 霍元子, 张建恒, 等. 南黄海绿潮暴发早期与末期显微繁殖体分布及种类组成研究[J]. 上海海洋大学学报, 2015, 24(2): 256-264.
[15] Liu XQ, Li Y, Wang ZL, et al.Cruise observation of Ulva prolifera bloom in the southern Yellow Sea,China[J]. Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science, 2015, 163: 17-22.
[16] Li Y, Song W, Xiao J, et al.Tempo-spatial distribution and species diversity of green algae micro-propagules in the Yellow Sea during the large-scale green tide development[J]. Harmful Algae, 2014, 39: 40-47.
[17] Lüning K, Kadel P, Pang SJ. Control of reproduction rhythmicity by environmental and endogenous signals in Ulva pseudocurvata (Chlorophyta)[J]. Journal of Phycology, 2008, 44: 866-873.
[18] 朱明, 刘兆普, 徐军田, 等. 浒苔孢子放散与附着萌发特性及其干出适应性的初步研究[J]. 海洋科学, 2011, 35(7): 1-6.
[19] 陈斌斌, 马家海, 高嵩, 等. 绿潮漂浮种的一种营养增殖方式的初步研究[J]. 上海海洋大学报, 2013, 22(2): 189-193.
[20] Zhang JH, Huo YZ, Wu HL, et al. The origin of the Ulva macroalgal blooms in the Yellow Sea in 2013[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2014, 89: 276-283.
[21] Han W, Chen LP, Zhang JH, et al. Seasonal variation of dominant free-floating and attached Ulva species in Rudong coastal area, China[J]. Harmful Algae, 2013, 28: 46-54.
[22] Liu DY, Keesing JK, He PM, et al. The world's largest macroalgal bloom in the Yellow Sea, China: Formation and implications[J]. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 2013, 192: 2-10.
[23] Huo YZ, Zhang JH, Chen LP, et al. Green algae blooms caused by Ulva prolifera in the southern Yellow Sea: Identification of the original bloom location and evaluation of biological processes occurring during the early northward floating period [J]. Limnology and Oceanography, 2013, 58(6): 2206-2218.
[24] 范士亮, 傅明珠, 李艳, 等. 2009-2010年黄海绿潮起源与发生过程调查研究[J]. 海洋学报, 2012, 34: 187-194.
[25] Xu J, Fan X, Zhang X, et al. Evidence of coexistence of C3 and C4 photosynthetic pathways in a green tideforming Alga, Ulva prolifera[J]. PLoS One, 2012, 7(5): e37438.
[26] 王广策, 唐学玺, 何培民, 等. 浒苔光合作用等关键生理过程对环境因子响应途径的研究进展[J]. 植物生理学报, 2016, 52(11): 1-10.
[27] Liu F, Pang S, Chopin T, et al. Understanding the recurrent large-scale green tide in the Yellow Sea: Temporal and spatial correlations between multiple geographical, aquacultural and biological factors[J]. Marine Environmental Research, 2012, 83(2): 38-47.
[28] Shao JP, Feng L, Shan TF, et al. Tracking the algal origin of the Ulva bloom in the Yellow Sea by a combination of molecular,morphological and physiological analyses[J]. Marine Environmental Research, 2010, 69(4): 207-215.
[29] Tian XL, Huo YZ, Chen LP, et al. Molecular detection and analysis of green seaweeds from Rudong coasts in Jiangsu Province[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2011, 56: 309-317.
[30] Luo M, Liu F, Xu Z, Growth and nutrient uptake capacity of two cooccurring species,Ulva prolifera and Ulva linza[J]. Aquatic Botany, 2012, 100: 18-24.
[31] Zhang JH, Kim JK, Charles Y, et al. The expansion of Ulva prolifera O.F. Müller macroalgal blooms in the Yellow Sea, PR China, through asexual reproduction[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2016, 104: 101-106.
[32] 方松, 王宗灵, 李艳, 等. 南黄海及长江口附近海域绿潮暴发前期微观繁殖体的动态变化[J]. 海洋学报, 2012, 04: 147-154.
[33] Schories D. Sporulation of Enteromorpha spp.(Chlorophyta) and overwintering of pores in sediments of the Wadden Sea,island Sylt,North Sea[J]. Netherlands Journal of Aquatic Ecology, 1995, 29(3-4): 341-347.
[34] 刘峰. 黄海绿潮的成因以及绿潮浒苔的生理生态学和分子系统学研究[D]. 青岛: 中国科学院研究生院(海洋研究所), 2010.
[35] Nelson TA, Haberlin K, Nelson AV, et al. Ecological and physiological controls of species composition in green macroalgal blooms[J]. Ecology , 2008, 89: 1287-1298.
[36] Kim JH, Kang EJ, Park GP, et al. Effects of temperature and irradiance on photosynthesis and growth of a green-tide-forming species (Ulva linza) in the Yellow Sea[J]. Journal of Applied Phycology, 2011, 23(3): 421-432.
[37] Taylor R, Fletcher RL, Raven JA. Preliminary studies on the growth of selected'Green Tide'algae in laboratory culture:effect of irradiance,temperature,salinity and nutrients on growth rate[J]. Botanica Marina, 2001, 44: 327-336.
[38] Cui JJ, Zhang JH, Huo YZ, et al. Adaptability of free-floating green tide algae in the Yellow Sea to variable temperature and light intensity[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2015, 101(2): 660-666.
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