覆盖模式对不同类型旱地冬小麦土壤水温特征、籽粒品质和产量的影响
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摘要
为探讨覆盖模式对不同类型旱地冬小麦籽粒品质和产量的调控效应,在甘肃半干旱雨养农业区大田条件下,采用双因素裂区设计,以常规耕作(CT)、全膜覆土穴播(PM)、玉米秸秆带状覆盖(SM)3种种植模式为主区,‘中麦175’(ZM175)、‘兰天26号’(LT26)、‘天选50号’(TX50)3个旱地冬小麦品种为副区,分析不同覆盖模式和小麦品种组合处理下旱地麦田水温特征、籽粒品质和产量的差异。结果表明,覆盖不同程度降低了灌浆期0～25 cm土壤温度,并增加拔节期和收获期0～120 mm土壤含水量。PM土壤温度比CT降低1.3℃,土壤含水量提高5.20%,籽粒产量增加9.36%,产量增加的主要原因是穗粒数的显著增加。SM土壤温度比CT低1.5℃,土壤含水量提高9.75%,籽粒产量略高于CT,但差异不显著。品种间籽粒产量差异显著,依次为LT26>ZM175>TX50。覆盖(PM和SM)对籽粒蛋白质质量分数、降落数值、湿面筋质量分数、糊化粘度、面团稳定时间、粉质评价值有显著影响。比较CT,PM降落数值、面团稳定时间、粉质评价值分别增加4.13%、16.13%和8.33%;SM籽粒蛋白质和湿面筋质量分数分别降低2.52%和6.07%,峰值粘度、低谷粘度、最终粘度分别提高1.93%、3.86%、2.46%。研究也表明,所有品质指标在品种间差异显著。以上结果说明,在降水量500mm左右的甘肃半干旱雨养农业区,PM有利于强筋型品种加工品质的优化,SM趋于使弱筋型品种筋力更弱,但由于覆盖模式对加工品质的影响相对有限,合理的品种选择是实现该区域旱地冬小麦优质化生产的关键。
A two-factor split plot design was adopted in Gansu semi-arid rain-fed agricultural region in order to explore the effect of mulching modes on grain quality and yield on dryland wheat.Main-plots treatment included conventional tillage without mulch(CT),conventional tillage with plastics film mulched(PM) and conventional tillage with maize straw mulched(SM). Three cultivars were ‘Zhongmai 175'(ZM175),‘Lantian 26'(LT26) and ‘Tianxuan 50'(TX50). The soil water and temperature characters,grain quality and yield were analyzed under different combinations between planting models and cultivars. The results showed that mulch decreased soil temperature in 0-25 cm at the filling stage,increased water content in 0-120 mm at the booting and harvesting stage. Compared to the CT,PM decreased soil temperature by 1.3 ℃ and raised soil water content by 5.20 %,and increased grain yield by 9.36% due to the increase of seed number per spike; SM decreased soil temperature by 1.5 ℃ and increased soil water content by 9.75%,while SM had similar grain yield to CT.The significant difference of grain yield was found among three varieties with the order of LT26>ZM175>TX50. Mulch had a significant effect on grain protein mass fraction,falling number,and wet gluten mass fraction,pasting viscosity,dough stable time and farinograph evaluation value. Compared to CT,flour falling number,dough stable time and farinograph evaluation value in PM increased significantly by 4.13%,16.13% and 8.33%,respectively. Grain protein mass fraction and wet gluten mass fraction in SM were lower significantly by 2.52% and 6.07% than those in CT,respectively,while peak viscosity,hold through and final viscosity were higher by 1.93%,3.86% and 2.46%,respectively. All the quality parameters showed the significant difference among the cultivars. The above results indicated that PM has a tendency to improve process quality of the strong gluten wheat while SM is favorable to that of the weak gluten wheat in the semi-arid rainfed farming area of Gansu Province with about 500 mm precipitation. Besides,strengthening the selection of the variety with the high-quality end use,combining with appropriate planting model,is considered as the best way to achieve the high-quality production of winter wheat in this region.
A two-factor split plot design was adopted in Gansu semi-arid rain-fed agricultural region in order to explore the effect of mulching modes on grain quality and yield on dryland wheat.Main-plots treatment included conventional tillage without mulch(CT),conventional tillage with plastics film mulched(PM) and conventional tillage with maize straw mulched(SM). Three cultivars were ‘Zhongmai 175'(ZM175),‘Lantian 26'(LT26) and ‘Tianxuan 50'(TX50). The soil water and temperature characters,grain quality and yield were analyzed under different combinations between planting models and cultivars. The results showed that mulch decreased soil temperature in 0-25 cm at the filling stage,increased water content in 0-120 mm at the booting and harvesting stage. Compared to the CT,PM decreased soil temperature by 1.3 ℃ and raised soil water content by 5.20 %,and increased grain yield by 9.36% due to the increase of seed number per spike; SM decreased soil temperature by 1.5 ℃ and increased soil water content by 9.75%,while SM had similar grain yield to CT.The significant difference of grain yield was found among three varieties with the order of LT26>ZM175>TX50. Mulch had a significant effect on grain protein mass fraction,falling number,and wet gluten mass fraction,pasting viscosity,dough stable time and farinograph evaluation value. Compared to CT,flour falling number,dough stable time and farinograph evaluation value in PM increased significantly by 4.13%,16.13% and 8.33%,respectively. Grain protein mass fraction and wet gluten mass fraction in SM were lower significantly by 2.52% and 6.07% than those in CT,respectively,while peak viscosity,hold through and final viscosity were higher by 1.93%,3.86% and 2.46%,respectively. All the quality parameters showed the significant difference among the cultivars. The above results indicated that PM has a tendency to improve process quality of the strong gluten wheat while SM is favorable to that of the weak gluten wheat in the semi-arid rainfed farming area of Gansu Province with about 500 mm precipitation. Besides,strengthening the selection of the variety with the high-quality end use,combining with appropriate planting model,is considered as the best way to achieve the high-quality production of winter wheat in this region.
引文
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[2] CHEN Y L,LIU T,TIAN X H,et al.Effects of plastic film combined with straw mulch on grain yield and water use efficiency of winter wheat in Loess Plateau[J].Field Crops Research,2015,172:53-58.
[3] 范颖丹,柴守玺,程宏波,等.覆盖方式对旱地冬小麦土壤水分的影响[J].应用生态学报,2013,24(11):3137-3144.FAN Y D,CHAI SH X,CHENG H B,et al.Effects of mulching on soil moisture in a dryland winter wheat field,North-west China [J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2013,24(11):3137-3144.
[4] HAN J,JIA Z K,WU W,et al.Modeling impacts of film mulching on rainfed crop yield in Northern China with DNDC[J].Field Crops Research,2014,155:202-212.
[5] 柴守玺,杨长刚,张淑芳,等.不同覆膜方式对旱地冬小麦土壤水分和产量的影响[J].作物学报,2015,41(5):787-796.CHAI SH X,YANG CH G,ZHANG SH F,et al.Effects of plastic mulching modes on soil moisture and grain yield in dryland winter wheat [J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2015,41(5):787-796.
[6] 杜雄,张维宏,张永升,等.晚冬早春田间阶段性覆膜增温促进冬小麦产量提高[J].作物学报,2016,42(10):1530-1540.DU X,ZHANG W H,ZHANG Y SH,et al.Artificial warming from late winter to early spring by phased plastic mulching increases grain yield of winter wheat[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2016,42(10):1530-1540.
[7] 侯慧芝,吕军峰,郭天文,等.西北黄土高原半干旱区全膜微垄沟穴播对冬小麦耗水特性和水分利用效率的影响[J].中国农业科学,2014,47(22):4392-4404.HOU H ZH,Lü J F,GUO T W,et al.Effects of whole field soil-plastic mulching on spring wheat water consumption,yield,and soil water balance in semiarid region[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2014,47(22):4392-4404.
[8] 杨长刚,柴守玺,常磊,等.不同覆膜方式对旱作冬小麦耗水特性及籽粒产量的影响[J].中国农业科学,2015,48(4):661-671.YANG CH G,CHAI SH X,CHANG L,et al.Effects of plastic mulching on water consumption characteristics and grain yield of winter wheat in arid region of northwest China[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2015,48(4):661-671.
[9] HE G,WANG Z H,LI S X,et al.Plastic mulch:Tradeoffs between productivity and greenhouse gas emissions[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2018,172:1311-1318.
[10] TANVEER S K,ZHANG J,LU X,et al.Effect of corn residue mulch and N fertilizer application on nitrous oxide(N2O) emission and wheat crop productivity under rain-fed condition of loess plateau China[J].International Journal of Agriculture and Biology,2014,16(3):505-512.
[11] 张仁陟,黄高宝,蔡立群,等.几种保护性耕作措施在黄土高原旱作农田的实践[J].中国生态农业学报,2013,21(1):61-69.ZHANG R ZH,HUANG G B,CAI L Q,et al.Dry farmland practice involving multi-conservation tillage measures in the Loess Plateau[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2013,21(1):61-69.
[12] 陈素英,张喜英,孙宏勇,等.华北平原秸秆覆盖冬小麦减产原因分析[J].中国生态农业学报,2013,21(5):519-525.CHEN S Y,ZHANG X Y,SUN H Y,et al.Cause and mechanism of winter wheat yield reduction under straw mulch in the North China Plain[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2013,21(5):519-525.
[13] 兰雪梅,黄彩霞,李博文,等.不同覆盖材料对西北旱地冬小麦地温及产量的影响[J].麦类作物学报,2016,36(8):1084-1092.LAN X M,HUANG C X,LI B W,et al.Effect of different mulching materials on soil temperature and yield of winter wheat in northwest arid land of China[J].Journal of Triticeae Crops,2016,36(8):1084-1092.
[14] FAO.Yield and production quantity of wheat for Chinese mainland.FAOSTAT[DB/OL]2019[2019-01-18].http://www.fao.org/faostat/zh/#data/QC.
[15] ROZBICKI J,CEGLINSKA A,GOZDOWSKI D,et al.Influence of the cultivar,environment and management on the grain yield and bread-making quality in winter wheat[J].Journal of Cereal Science,2015,61(1):126-132.
[16] SINGH S,GUPTA A K,GUPTA S K,et al.Effect of sowing time on protein quality and starch pasting characteristics in wheat genotypes grown under irrigated and rain-fed conditions[J].Food Chemistry,2010,122(3):559-565.
[17] VACLAV S,RADEK V,JANA C,et al.Winter wheat yield and quality related to tillage practice,input level and environmental conditions[J].Soil &Tillage Research,2013,132:77-85.
[18] 李佳,陈庆,吕晓康,等.外源多胺和乙烯对小麦籽粒品质的影响[J].西北农业学报,2017,26(8):1156-1164.LI J,CHEN Q,Lü X K,et al.Effects of polyamines and ethylene on grain quality of wheat[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-occidentalis Sinica,2017,26(8):1156-1164.
[19] GUZMAN C,JORGEE A,SUCHISMITA M,et al.Response to drought and heat stress on wheat quality,with special emphasis on bread-making quality,in durum wheat[J].Field Crop Research,2016,186:157-165.
[20] 邓妍,李青,孙敏,等.休闲期施肥覆盖对旱地小麦产量、品质的影响[J].山西农业大学学报(自然科学版),2011,31(1):9-12.DENG Y,LI Q,SUN M,et al.Effect of different coverings and fertilizers in leisure period on wheat yield and quality under dryland condition[J].Journal of Shanxi Agriculture University(Natural Science Edition),2011,31(1):9-12.
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