金沙江上游雪隆囊古滑坡堰塞湖溃坝堆积物粒度特征
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摘要
金沙江上游地质灾害频发,地质环境演化相对复杂。为研究堰塞湖溃坝后堆积物的来源与坝体物质、沉积环境的关系,以金沙江上游雪隆囊古滑坡堰塞湖溃坝堆积物为主要研究对象,通过野外实地调查取样和室内粒度筛分试验,对雪隆囊滑坡堰塞湖溃坝堆积物的粒度进行测试,并分别对滑坡堰塞湖溃坝堆积物的上、中、下游3段的粒度特征进行研究。结果表明:从溃坝堆积体的上游到下游,粒度分布曲线分别为单峰、多峰、双峰;上游粒度组成主要以砾石为主,中游和下游主要以细砂和极细砂为主,粒度从上游到下游依次有明显的细化趋势,平均粒度由粗变细,分选性整体上较差和差。以上这些特点综合反映出溃坝堆积体的上游段到下游段的水动力条件在逐渐减弱,其中堆积体上游段砾石部分来自坝体物质,而中、下游段细粒部分既可能来自坝体,又可能来自堰塞湖溃坝前的上游湖相沉积层。
[Background]The upper reaches of Jinsha River is a geological disaster prone area,and the geological environment evolution is relatively complex. [Methods] To study the relationship among the source of deposits after the break of dammed lake,the materials in the dam-body and sedimentary environment,taking the dam-break deposits from the dammed lake caused by Xuelongnang ancient landslide in the upper Jinsha River as the main research object,through field survey sampling and indoor sieving test of particle size,the particle sizes were tested,the granularity characteristics in the upstream,middle,and downstream section of the deposits were studied,and the composition of grain size and the size distribution curve of the deposits were analyzed in detail. [Results] The results showed that the distribution curves of grain sizes in the dam-break deposits for the upstream,middle and the downstream sections were unimodal,multimodal and doublet respectively. The composition of the grain size in the upstream section mainly was gravel,the hydrodynamic intensity was very strong,and it was affected bythe single stable hydrodynamic condition. In the middle section,the main ones were fine sand and extremely fine sand,hydrodynamic intensity weakened mainly in the lower reaches. Compared with middle section,also main sizes in downstream were also fine and extremely fine,and the proportion of them increased; moreover, hydrodynamic intensity was even weaker in general. Regarding the relationship between deposits and materials of dam-body,the gravels were from the material of dam-body,and the fine particles might be partly from the dam-body,and partly from the lacustrine sediment in the upper reaches before the break of dammed lake. The particle size presented the trend of obvious becoming thinner from the upstream to the downstream,and the average particle size changed from coarse to fine. The sorting feature of dam-break deposits was poorer and poor. These characteristics reflected the gradual weakening of hydrodynamic intensity from upstream to downstream of dam-break deposits.Contrast to the characteristics of the wind sand dune-sea( lake) beach sand- river sand-glacial and alluvial fan,etc. studied previously,the size distribution of dam-break deposits in the upstream of Jinsha River had high similarity with the grain size distribution curve of the river deposits. [Conclusions]Therefore,to reveal the granularity characteristics and change pattern of the deposits,studying the relationships among the sources of deposits from break of dammed lake,the material composition of dambody and sedimentary environment is of great significance,which may provide reference value for the management of soil and water conservation in the upper reaches of Jinsha River in the future.
[Background]The upper reaches of Jinsha River is a geological disaster prone area,and the geological environment evolution is relatively complex. [Methods] To study the relationship among the source of deposits after the break of dammed lake,the materials in the dam-body and sedimentary environment,taking the dam-break deposits from the dammed lake caused by Xuelongnang ancient landslide in the upper Jinsha River as the main research object,through field survey sampling and indoor sieving test of particle size,the particle sizes were tested,the granularity characteristics in the upstream,middle,and downstream section of the deposits were studied,and the composition of grain size and the size distribution curve of the deposits were analyzed in detail. [Results] The results showed that the distribution curves of grain sizes in the dam-break deposits for the upstream,middle and the downstream sections were unimodal,multimodal and doublet respectively. The composition of the grain size in the upstream section mainly was gravel,the hydrodynamic intensity was very strong,and it was affected bythe single stable hydrodynamic condition. In the middle section,the main ones were fine sand and extremely fine sand,hydrodynamic intensity weakened mainly in the lower reaches. Compared with middle section,also main sizes in downstream were also fine and extremely fine,and the proportion of them increased; moreover, hydrodynamic intensity was even weaker in general. Regarding the relationship between deposits and materials of dam-body,the gravels were from the material of dam-body,and the fine particles might be partly from the dam-body,and partly from the lacustrine sediment in the upper reaches before the break of dammed lake. The particle size presented the trend of obvious becoming thinner from the upstream to the downstream,and the average particle size changed from coarse to fine. The sorting feature of dam-break deposits was poorer and poor. These characteristics reflected the gradual weakening of hydrodynamic intensity from upstream to downstream of dam-break deposits.Contrast to the characteristics of the wind sand dune-sea( lake) beach sand- river sand-glacial and alluvial fan,etc. studied previously,the size distribution of dam-break deposits in the upstream of Jinsha River had high similarity with the grain size distribution curve of the river deposits. [Conclusions]Therefore,to reveal the granularity characteristics and change pattern of the deposits,studying the relationships among the sources of deposits from break of dammed lake,the material composition of dambody and sedimentary environment is of great significance,which may provide reference value for the management of soil and water conservation in the upper reaches of Jinsha River in the future.
引文
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[16]Lord M L,Kehew A E.Sedimentology and paleohydrology of glacial-lake outburst deposits in southeastern Saskatchewan and northwestern North Dakota[J].Geological Society of American Bulletin,1987,99(5):663.
[17]Dai F C,Lee C F,Deng J H,et al.The 1786 earthquake triggered landside dam and subsequent dam-break flood on the Dadu River,Southwestern China[J].Geomorphology,2005,65(3/4):205.
[18]吴庆龙,张培震,张会平,等.黄河上游积石峡古地震堰塞溃决事件与喇家遗址异常古洪水灾害[J].中国科学(D辑):地球科学,2009,39(8):1148.Wu Qinglong,Zhang Peizhen,Zhang Huiping,et al.The Jishixia ancient earthquake damming outburst on the upper reaches of the Yellow River and the Lajia ancient abnormal flood disaster[J].Science in China(Series D:Earth Sciences),2009,39(8):1148.(in Chinese)
[19]崔之久,张梅,崔鹏,等.初论堰塞湖溃坝沉积相特征[J].山地学报,2015,33(2):129Cui Zhijiu,Zhang Mei,Cui Peng,et al.Discussion on characteristics of sedimentary facies of dammed-lakes outburst deposit[J].Mountain Research,2015,33(2):129.(in Chinese)
[20]王兰生,杨立铮,王小群,等.岷江叠溪古堰塞湖的发现[J].成都理工大学学报:自然科学版,2005,32(1):1.Wang Lansheng,Yang Lizheng,Wang Xiaoqun,et al.Discovery of huge ancient dammed lake on upstream of Minjiang River in Sichuan,China[J].Journal of Chengdu University of Technology:Science&Technology Edition,2005,32(1):1.(in Chinese)
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[22]王光谦,钟德钰,张红武,等.汶川地震唐家山堰塞湖泄流过程的数值模拟[J].科学通报,2008,53(24):3127.Wang Guangqian,Zhong Dejue,Zhang Hongwu,et al.The numerical simulation of discharge process of the Tangjiashan Quake Lake formed by the Wenchuan Eathquake[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2008,53(24):3127.(in Chinese)
[23]傅旭东,刘帆,马宏博,等.基于物理模型的唐家山堰塞湖溃决过程模拟[J].清华大学学报(自然科学版),2010,50(12):1910.Fu Xudong,Liu Fan,Ma Hongbo,et al.Physically based simulation of the breaching of the Tangjiashan Quake Lake[J].Journal of Tsinghua University(Science and Technology),2010,50(12):1910.(in Chinese)
[24]王小群,王兰生,崔杰.金沙江乌东德水电站岸坡槽谷堆积体成因分析[J].水文地质工程地质,2008(5):7.Wang Xiaoqun,Wang Lansheng,Cui Jie.Causes analysis of slope accumulation in Wudongde hydropower station of Jinshajiang river valley[J].Hydrogeology&Engineering Geology,2008(5):7.(in Chinese)
[25]崔杰,王兰生,徐进,等.金沙江中游滑坡堵江事件及古滑坡体稳定性分析[J].工程地质学报,2008,16(1):6.Cui Jie,Wang Lansheng,Xu Jin,et al.Stability analysis of old landslide for a possible ancient landslide event blocking middle of Jinsha river[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,2008,16(1):6.(in Chinese)
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[2]肖景义,陈建强,孙刚,等.河北邯郸HZ-S孔第四纪沉积物粒度特征分析[J].干旱区资源与环境,2009,23(1):54.Xiao Jingyi,Chen Jianqiang,Sun Gang,et al.Grain-size characteristics of HZ-S core Quaternary sediments in Handan city,Hebei province[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2009,23(1):54.(in Chinese)
[3]吕连清,方小敏,鹿化煜,等.青藏高原东北缘黄土粒度记录的末次冰期千年尺度气候变化[J].科学通报,2004,49(11):1091.LüLianqing,Fang Xiaomin,Lu Huayu,et al.Grain size records of loess grain size of millennium scale climate change in the northeastern margin of the Tibet Plateau during the last glacial period[J].Science Bulletin,2004,49(11):1091.(in Chinese)
[4]殷志强,秦小光.中国北方部分地区黄土、沙漠沙、湖泊、河流、细粒沉积物粒度多组分分布特征研究[J].沉积学报,2009,27(2):344.Yin Zhiqiang,Qin Xiaoguang.The multimodal grain-size distribution characteristics of loess,desert,lake and river sediments areas of Northern China[J].Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2009,27(2):344.(in Chinese)
[5]李昌志,王裕宜.泥石流、冰碛和河湖沉积物的粒度特征及判别[J].山地学报,1999,17(1):50.Li Changzhi,Wang Yuyi.Prelimilary exploration on grain characteristic and discrimination of debris flow deposit,moraine and river&lake deposit[J].Journal of Mountain Science,1999,17(1):50.(in Chinese)
[6]刘富刚.鲁西北地表沉积物粒度特征及分布成因研究[J].人民黄河,2008,30(7):12.Liu Fugang.Study on grain size characteristics and distribution of surface sediments in the northwest of Shandong Province[J].Yellow River,2008,30(7):12.(in Chinese)
[7]董智,王丽琴,杨文斌,等.额济纳盆地戈壁沉积物粒度特征分析[J].中国水土保持科学,2013,11(1):32.Dong Zhi,Wang Liqin,Yang Wenbin,et al.Grain size characteristics of gobi sediment in Ejina Basin[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2013,11(1):32.(in Chinese)
[8]史兴民,万正耀,师静.渭河咸阳段近代洪水沉积物粒度特征分析[J].水土保持通报,2008,28(3):71.Shi Xingmin,Wan Zhengyao,Shi Jing.Grain-size characteristics of recent flood sediment of Weihe River in Xianyang section[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2008,28(3):71.(in Chinese)
[9]李柏,高甲荣,胡封兵,等.北京王虎沟泥石流堆积物粒度参数分析[J].中国水土保持科学,2011,9(4):7.Li Bai,Gao Jiarong,Hu Fengbing,et al.Granularity parameter of debris flow deposit in Wanghugou Gully,Beijing City[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2011,9(4):7.(in Chinese)
[10]易顺民,唐辉明.冻土粒度成分的分形结构特征及其意义[J].冰川冻土,1994,16(4):314.Yi Shunmin,Tang Huiming.Fractal structure features of granulometric composition in frozen soil and its significance[J].Journal of Glaciolgy and Geocryolong,1994,16(4):314.(in Chinese)
[11]柏春广,王建.一种新的粒度指标:沉积物粒度分维值及其环境意义[J].沉积学报,2003,21(2):234.Bai Chungunag,Wang Jian.A new grain-size index:grain-size fractal dimension of sediment and its environmental signif icance[J].Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2003,21(2):234.(in Chinese)
[12]张宏,柳艳华,杜东菊.渤海湾西岸沉积物粒度参数特征及其工程性质分析[J].天津城市建设学院学报,2007,13(2):104.Zhang Hong,Liu Yanhua,Du Dongju.Analysis of characters of granularity parameters and engineering properties of sediments in western coast of Bohai Bay[J].Journal of Tianjin Institute of Urban Construction,2007,13(2):104.(in Chinese)
[13]Evans S G.The maximum discharge of outburst floods caused by the breaching of man-made and natural dams[J].Canadian Geotechnical Journal,1986,23:385.
[14]Cutler P M,Colgan P M,Mickelson D M.Sedimentologic evidence for outburst floods from the Laurentide Ice Sheet margin in Wisconsin,USA:implications for tunnel-channel formation[J].Quaternary International,2002,90(1):23.
[15]Benn D I,Owen L A,Finkel R C,et al.Pleistocene lake outburst floods and fan formation along the eastern Sierra Nevada,California:implications for the interpretation of intermontane lacustrine records[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,2006,25(21/22):2729.
[16]Lord M L,Kehew A E.Sedimentology and paleohydrology of glacial-lake outburst deposits in southeastern Saskatchewan and northwestern North Dakota[J].Geological Society of American Bulletin,1987,99(5):663.
[17]Dai F C,Lee C F,Deng J H,et al.The 1786 earthquake triggered landside dam and subsequent dam-break flood on the Dadu River,Southwestern China[J].Geomorphology,2005,65(3/4):205.
[18]吴庆龙,张培震,张会平,等.黄河上游积石峡古地震堰塞溃决事件与喇家遗址异常古洪水灾害[J].中国科学(D辑):地球科学,2009,39(8):1148.Wu Qinglong,Zhang Peizhen,Zhang Huiping,et al.The Jishixia ancient earthquake damming outburst on the upper reaches of the Yellow River and the Lajia ancient abnormal flood disaster[J].Science in China(Series D:Earth Sciences),2009,39(8):1148.(in Chinese)
[19]崔之久,张梅,崔鹏,等.初论堰塞湖溃坝沉积相特征[J].山地学报,2015,33(2):129Cui Zhijiu,Zhang Mei,Cui Peng,et al.Discussion on characteristics of sedimentary facies of dammed-lakes outburst deposit[J].Mountain Research,2015,33(2):129.(in Chinese)
[20]王兰生,杨立铮,王小群,等.岷江叠溪古堰塞湖的发现[J].成都理工大学学报:自然科学版,2005,32(1):1.Wang Lansheng,Yang Lizheng,Wang Xiaoqun,et al.Discovery of huge ancient dammed lake on upstream of Minjiang River in Sichuan,China[J].Journal of Chengdu University of Technology:Science&Technology Edition,2005,32(1):1.(in Chinese)
[21]王小群,王兰生,沈军辉.岷江上游叠溪古堰塞湖沉积物粒度特征及环境意义[J].工程地质学报,2010,18(5):677.Wang Xiaoqun,Wang Lansheng,Shen Junhui.Granularity analysis of sediments in Diexi ancient dammed lake on the upstream of Minjiang River and its environmental significance[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,2010,18(5):677.(in Chinese)
[22]王光谦,钟德钰,张红武,等.汶川地震唐家山堰塞湖泄流过程的数值模拟[J].科学通报,2008,53(24):3127.Wang Guangqian,Zhong Dejue,Zhang Hongwu,et al.The numerical simulation of discharge process of the Tangjiashan Quake Lake formed by the Wenchuan Eathquake[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2008,53(24):3127.(in Chinese)
[23]傅旭东,刘帆,马宏博,等.基于物理模型的唐家山堰塞湖溃决过程模拟[J].清华大学学报(自然科学版),2010,50(12):1910.Fu Xudong,Liu Fan,Ma Hongbo,et al.Physically based simulation of the breaching of the Tangjiashan Quake Lake[J].Journal of Tsinghua University(Science and Technology),2010,50(12):1910.(in Chinese)
[24]王小群,王兰生,崔杰.金沙江乌东德水电站岸坡槽谷堆积体成因分析[J].水文地质工程地质,2008(5):7.Wang Xiaoqun,Wang Lansheng,Cui Jie.Causes analysis of slope accumulation in Wudongde hydropower station of Jinshajiang river valley[J].Hydrogeology&Engineering Geology,2008(5):7.(in Chinese)
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