考虑可再生能源供电的油改电汽车充电站调控能力评估
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摘要
随着可再生能源的大规模接入和电动汽车充换电设施的推广,电动汽车充电可以作为移动储能发挥调控能力,促进光伏、风电等间歇性可再生能源的消纳,实现城镇能源清洁化改造。在交通运输油改电背景下,以汽车加油站和停车场的运行特性分析为基础,提出加油站与充电站映射关系模型以及充电负荷可调节能力的计算方法,并提出充电站调控策略。通过在线提取停车场和加油站数据,基于排队论和隶属度函数确定EV充电关键参数,构建充电站配置与运行综合优化模型。采用二阶段混合优化算法对区域配电网中油改电充电负荷进行算例分析,验证所提出算法评估和利用充电站调控能力的效果,以及可再生能源与EV充电站的协同增效利用。
The controllability of EV charging station can facilitate the large-scale integration of intermittent renewable generation units, such as distributed photovoltaic(PV) panels.EV charging network will be integrated with the power grid to replace the fuel consumption at the gas stations for the same mobile needs. The temporal and spatial distribution of the charging power demand changed from the gas stations was calculated with the charging facilities correlated with the parking lots covering the same region. Firstly, the arrival and parking period was quantified by applying queuing theory and defining membership function between EVs to parking lots.Then, the control variables were also identified according to the flexible factors of EV charging network. Lastly, an optimal control was formulated by integrating formulated EV charging network into the typical framework of vehicle-to-grid operation,which was solved by a two-stage hybrid optimization algorithm.Simulation results validate the proposed method in evaluating the flexibility of EV charging station and the synergy effects between EV and renewable integration.
The controllability of EV charging station can facilitate the large-scale integration of intermittent renewable generation units, such as distributed photovoltaic(PV) panels.EV charging network will be integrated with the power grid to replace the fuel consumption at the gas stations for the same mobile needs. The temporal and spatial distribution of the charging power demand changed from the gas stations was calculated with the charging facilities correlated with the parking lots covering the same region. Firstly, the arrival and parking period was quantified by applying queuing theory and defining membership function between EVs to parking lots.Then, the control variables were also identified according to the flexible factors of EV charging network. Lastly, an optimal control was formulated by integrating formulated EV charging network into the typical framework of vehicle-to-grid operation,which was solved by a two-stage hybrid optimization algorithm.Simulation results validate the proposed method in evaluating the flexibility of EV charging station and the synergy effects between EV and renewable integration.
引文
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[15]Zhao Junhua,Wen Fushuan,Dong Zhaoyang,et al.Optimal dispatch of electric vehicles and wind power using enhanced particle swarm optimization[J].IEEETransactions on Industrial Informatics,2012,8(4):889-899.
[16]Sarker M R,Dvorkin Y,Ortega-Vazquez M A.Optimal participation of an electric vehicle aggregator in day-ahead energy and reserve markets[J].IEEETransactions on Power Systems,2016,31(5):3506-3515.
[17]Mukherjee J C,Gupta A.Distributed charge scheduling of plug-in electric vehicles using inter-aggregator collaboration[J].IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid,2017,8(1):331-341.
[18]Floch C L,Kara E C,Moura S.PDE modeling and control of electric vehicle fleets for ancillary services:A discrete charging case[J].IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid,2018,9(2):573-581.
[19]Wei Wei,Liu Feng,Mei Shengwei.Charging strategies of EV aggregator under renewable generation and congestion:A normalized Nash equilibrium approach[J].IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid,2016,7(3):1630-1641.
[20]王殊,徐英俊.基于排队论的高速公路服务区停车位合理规模的计算[J].公路交通科技,2016,33(3):116-119.Wang Shu,Xu Yingjun.Calculation of reasonable scale of parking spaces in expressway service area based on queuing theory[J].Journal of Highway and Transportation Research and Development,2016,33(3):116-119(in Chinese).
[21]Melo D F R,Trippe A,Gooi H B,et al.Robust electric vehicle aggregation for ancillary service provision considering battery aging[J].IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid,2018,9(3):1728-1738.
[22]VayáM G,Andersson G.Optimal bidding strategy of a plug-in electric vehicle aggregator in day-ahead electricity markets under uncertainty[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2015,30(5):2375-2385.
[23]Liu Zhipeng,Wen Fushuan,Ledwich G.Optimal planning of electric-vehicle charging stations in distribution systems[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,2013,28(1):102-110.
[24]徐智威,胡泽春,宋永华,等.基于动态分时电价的电动汽车充电站有序充电策略[J].中国电机工程学报,2014,34(22):3638-3646.Xu Zhiwei,Hu Zechun,Song Yonghua,et al.Coordinated charging strategy for PEV charging stations based on dynamic time-of-use tariffs[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2014,34(22):3638-3646.
[2]卢志刚,姜春光,李学平,等.清洁能源与电动汽车充电站协调投资的低碳效益分析[J].电工技术学报,2016,31(19):163-171.Lu Zhigang,Jiang Chunguang,Li Xueping,et al.Low-carbon benefit analysis on coordinating investment for clean energy and electric vehicle charging stations[J].Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society,2016,31(19):163-171(in Chinese).
[3]许江风.交通领域应力推油改电、油改气[N].中国能源报,2018-10-22(04).Xu Jiangfeng.Traffic domain should push oil to change electricity,oil changes gas energetically[N].China Energy News,2018-10-22(04)(in Chinese).
[4]应紫敏,吴旭,杨武.杭州市公交车油改电项目碳排放效益核算[J].生态学报,2018,38(18):6452-6464.Ying Zimin,Wu Xu,Yang Wu.Carbon emission accounting for the transition of public buses from gasoline to electricity in Hangzhou City,China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2018,38(18):6452-6464(in Chinese).
[5]陈征,刘念,路欣怡,等.考虑换电储备的电动汽车光伏换电站动态功率分配方法[J].电工技术学报,2014,29(4):306-315.Chen Zheng,Liu Nian,Lu Xinyi,et al.Dynamic power distribution method of PV-based battery switch stations considering battery reservation[J].Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society,2014,29(4):306-315(in Chinese).
[6]路欣怡,刘念,陈征,等.电动汽车光伏充电站的多目标优化调度方法[J].电工技术学报,2014,29(8):46-56.Lu Xinyi,Liu Nian,Chen Zheng,et al.Multi-objective optimal scheduling for PV-assisted charging station of electric vehicles[J].Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society,2014,29(8):46-56(in Chinese).
[7]杨晓东,张有兵,蒋杨昌,等.微电网下考虑分布式电源消纳的电动汽车互动响应控制策略[J].电工技术学报,2018,33(2):390-400.Yang Xiaodong,Zhang Youbing,Jiang Yangchang,et al.Renewable energy accommodation-based Strategy for electric vehicle considering dynamic interaction in microgrid[J].Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society,2018,33(2):390-400(in Chinese).
[8]李睿雪,胡泽春.电动公交车光储充电站日运行随机优化策略[J].电网技术,2017,41(12):3772-3779.Li Ruixue,Hu Zechun.Stochastic optimization strategy for daily operation of electric bus charging station with PVand energy storage[J].Power System Technology,2017,41(12):3772-3779(in Chinese).
[9]卫婧菲,刘其辉.居民小区电动汽车光伏充电站三分段能量管理策略[J].电力自动化设备,2017,37(8):249-255.Wei Jingfei,Liu Qihui.Tri-period energy management strategy for PV-assisted EV charging station in residential area[J].Electric Power Automation Equipment,2017,37(8):249-255(in Chinese).
[10]Moghaddam Z,Ahmad I,Habibi D,et al.Smart charging strategy for electric vehicle charging stations[J].IEEETransactions on Transportation Electrification,2018,4(1):76-88.
[11]Hafez O,Bhattacharya K.Integrating EV charging stations as smart loads for demand response provisions in distribution systems[J].IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid,2018,9(2):1096-1106.
[12]Bessa R J,Matos M A.Optimization models for EVaggregator participation in a manual reserve market[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2013,28(3):3085-3095.
[13]Santos A,Mcguckin N,Nakamoto H,et al.Summary of travel trends:2009 national household travel survey[R].Washington,DC:Federal Highway Administration,2011.
[14]徐方维,谭洋洋,杨洪耕,等.兼顾不同角色利益的集中型充电站优化布局[J].高电压技术,2017,43(4):1256-1262.Xu Fangwei,Tan Yangyang,Yang Honggeng,et al.Optimal planning of centralized charging stations considering benefits for different roles[J].High Voltage Engineering,2017,43(4):1256-1262(in Chinese).
[15]Zhao Junhua,Wen Fushuan,Dong Zhaoyang,et al.Optimal dispatch of electric vehicles and wind power using enhanced particle swarm optimization[J].IEEETransactions on Industrial Informatics,2012,8(4):889-899.
[16]Sarker M R,Dvorkin Y,Ortega-Vazquez M A.Optimal participation of an electric vehicle aggregator in day-ahead energy and reserve markets[J].IEEETransactions on Power Systems,2016,31(5):3506-3515.
[17]Mukherjee J C,Gupta A.Distributed charge scheduling of plug-in electric vehicles using inter-aggregator collaboration[J].IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid,2017,8(1):331-341.
[18]Floch C L,Kara E C,Moura S.PDE modeling and control of electric vehicle fleets for ancillary services:A discrete charging case[J].IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid,2018,9(2):573-581.
[19]Wei Wei,Liu Feng,Mei Shengwei.Charging strategies of EV aggregator under renewable generation and congestion:A normalized Nash equilibrium approach[J].IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid,2016,7(3):1630-1641.
[20]王殊,徐英俊.基于排队论的高速公路服务区停车位合理规模的计算[J].公路交通科技,2016,33(3):116-119.Wang Shu,Xu Yingjun.Calculation of reasonable scale of parking spaces in expressway service area based on queuing theory[J].Journal of Highway and Transportation Research and Development,2016,33(3):116-119(in Chinese).
[21]Melo D F R,Trippe A,Gooi H B,et al.Robust electric vehicle aggregation for ancillary service provision considering battery aging[J].IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid,2018,9(3):1728-1738.
[22]VayáM G,Andersson G.Optimal bidding strategy of a plug-in electric vehicle aggregator in day-ahead electricity markets under uncertainty[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2015,30(5):2375-2385.
[23]Liu Zhipeng,Wen Fushuan,Ledwich G.Optimal planning of electric-vehicle charging stations in distribution systems[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,2013,28(1):102-110.
[24]徐智威,胡泽春,宋永华,等.基于动态分时电价的电动汽车充电站有序充电策略[J].中国电机工程学报,2014,34(22):3638-3646.Xu Zhiwei,Hu Zechun,Song Yonghua,et al.Coordinated charging strategy for PEV charging stations based on dynamic time-of-use tariffs[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2014,34(22):3638-3646.