黄河河口莱州湾人工潟湖的设计和功能
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摘要
在简要概述潟湖基本概念和特征的基础上,围绕黄河河口莱州湾人工潟湖工程的布局方案进行了初步设计。初步设计的莱州湾人工潟湖属于半封闭型海岸潟湖,涉及海岸线长度约35km,海域面积470km2,主要由入海水沙通道、人工沙坝、潮汐通道三大工程体系组成。分析指出:人工潟湖将具有优化黄河入海水沙分配格局、减轻河口防洪防凌防潮压力、改善和维护海岸带生态环境、发展水产养殖、丰富旅游资源等多项功能。本文从施工技术、维护技术两个方面论证分析了人工潟湖的可行性,最后提出了兴建人工潟湖需要解决的诸多关键技术问题,如入海水沙通道的设计标准、补水分洪时机和规模、潮汐通道的设置及其纳潮数量、潟湖形成后泥沙输移与沉积及其容沙能力、对周围海域环境及其滨海生物的影响效应等问题等。
On the basis of a brief overview of the basic concepts and characteristics of lagoons,an artificial lagoon in the Laizhou Bay nearby the Yellow River mouth is preliminarily designed according to the layout scheme of the project.The artificial lagoon thus designed is a semi-closed coastal lagoon which involves a coastline of about 35 km and a sea area of about 470 km2 and is mainly composed of three large engineering systems:the channels for water and sediments entering into the sea,the artificial sandbars and the tidal inlets.Analyses have pointed out that the artificial lagoon would have multiple functions such as optimizing the distribution patterns of water and sediments entering into the sea from the Yellow River,reducing the pressure of flood prevention,ice prevention and tide prevention,improving and maintaining the ecological environment of coastal zone,developing the aquaculture,enriching the tourism resources,and so on.The feasibility of the artificial lagoon is analyzed from the aspects of construction and maintenance technologies,and finally many key techniques which need to be solved in constructing the artificial lagoon are put forward,which include the standard for the design of seaward water and sediment channels,the time and scale of water replenishing and flood diversion,the setting of tidal inlets and tidal capacity,the sediment transport and deposition and the sediment capacity after the construction of the lagoon and the impact on surrounding marine environment and coastal organisms,etc.
On the basis of a brief overview of the basic concepts and characteristics of lagoons,an artificial lagoon in the Laizhou Bay nearby the Yellow River mouth is preliminarily designed according to the layout scheme of the project.The artificial lagoon thus designed is a semi-closed coastal lagoon which involves a coastline of about 35 km and a sea area of about 470 km2 and is mainly composed of three large engineering systems:the channels for water and sediments entering into the sea,the artificial sandbars and the tidal inlets.Analyses have pointed out that the artificial lagoon would have multiple functions such as optimizing the distribution patterns of water and sediments entering into the sea from the Yellow River,reducing the pressure of flood prevention,ice prevention and tide prevention,improving and maintaining the ecological environment of coastal zone,developing the aquaculture,enriching the tourism resources,and so on.The feasibility of the artificial lagoon is analyzed from the aspects of construction and maintenance technologies,and finally many key techniques which need to be solved in constructing the artificial lagoon are put forward,which include the standard for the design of seaward water and sediment channels,the time and scale of water replenishing and flood diversion,the setting of tidal inlets and tidal capacity,the sediment transport and deposition and the sediment capacity after the construction of the lagoon and the impact on surrounding marine environment and coastal organisms,etc.
引文
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[9] GUO J H,LU Y,HOU Q Z,et al.Study on index and evaluation of tidal flat resources carrying capacity[J].Yellow River,2015,37(6):63-66.郭巨海,陆彦,侯庆志,等.滩涂资源承载力指标及评价方法研究[J].人民黄河,2015,37(6):63-66.
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[11] TONG G Q,WANG Q L.Prediction of silt load in the estuary of Yellow River after operation of the Xiaolangdi Reservoir[J].China Water Resources,2006(21):9-13.童国庆,王秋玲.小浪底水库运用后黄河河口来水来沙预测[J].中国水利,2006(21):9-13.
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[14] HE W,LI C C,LEI Y P.Progress of research on dynamical geomorphology in barrier-lagoon coast[J].Journal of Oceanography in Taiwan Strait,2001,20(4):565-571.何为,李春初,雷亚平.沙坝-泻湖动力地貌学研究进展[J].台湾海峡,2001,20(4):565-571.
[15] DAI Z J,SHI W Y,CHEN H.Research progress and prospects of Barrier-Lagoon coast[J].Shanghai Land&Resources,2011,32(3):12-66.戴志军,施伟勇,陈浩.沙坝-潟湖海岸研究进展与展望[J].上海国土资源,2011,32(3):12-66.
[16] JIANG L X,MA Y,ZHANG J.Study on the evolution of the tombolo-lagoons in Shandong peninsula:1979-2009[J].Journal of Marine Sciences,2010,28(4):36-42.姜来想,马毅,张杰.1979-2009年山东半岛连岛沙坝-潟湖的变迁[J].海洋学研究,2010,28(4):36-42.
[17] ZUO L Q,JI R Y,LU Y J.Case study of siltation in channel-mouth bar in offshore barrier-lagoon coast[J].Advances in Water Science,2012,23(1):87-95.左利钦,季荣耀,陆永军.离岸沙坝-潟湖海岸拦门沙航道回淤——以渤海湾曹妃甸海域老龙沟拦门沙为例[J].水科学进展,2012,23(1):87-95.
[18] QING Z P,WANG H S,CHEN Z Y.Evolution of lagoons-tidal iniet system and sediment movement in Shanwei port,Guangdong[J].Acta Oceanologica Sinica,1990,8(1):54-63.庆秩甫,王鸿寿,陈志永.粤东汕尾港潟湖-潮汐通道体系的演变及泥沙运动[J].海洋学报,1990,8(1):54-63.
[19] WEI H L,ZHUANG Z Y.Study on the evolution of Yuehu lake-tidal iniet system,Rongcheng Bay,Shandong Province[J].Journal of Lake Sciences,1997,9(2):135-140.魏合龙,庄振业.山东荣成湾月湖地区的潟湖-潮汐汊道体系[J].湖泊科学,1997,9(2):135-140.
[20] WANG S J,LI C L,TIAN X P.Self-adjustment and deterioration of Xiaohai barrier-lagoon-tidal inlet system in Hainan Island[J].Journal of Oceanography in Taiwan Strait,2003,22(2):248-253.王世俊,李春初,田向平.海南岛小海-沙坝-泻湖潮汐通道体系自动调整及恶化[J].台湾海峡,2003,22(2):248-253.
[21] WANG W.Impact of human activities on erosion and deposition o of barrier-lagoon-tidal inlet--taking the Yinkuang bay coast in Hong Kong as an example[J].Quaternary Sciences,2004,24(4):146.王为.人类活动对砂坝泻湖海岸潮汐通道冲淤变化的影响--以香港大屿山岛银矿湾海岸为例[J].第四纪研究,2004,24(4):146.
[22] TIAN X P,LI C C.Lagoon inlet hydraulic characteristic and transformation[J].Marine Science Bulletin,2006,25(4):9-15.田向平,李春初.潟湖潮汐通道水力特性与治理[J].海洋通报,2006,25(4):9-15.
[23] FENG J L.Natural evolution and artificial land accretion of lagoon on northwest coast of Bohai Bay[J].Journal of Oceanograpgy of Huanghai&Bohai Seas,1998,16(2):32-40.冯金良.渤海湾西北岸泻湖自然演变及其人为陆化[J].黄渤海海洋,1998,16(2):32-40.
[24] WU S Y,GENG X S,JIN Y D,et al.Evolution of lagoon system in the Jidong area and effect of human interference[J].Advances in Marine Science,2008,26(2):190-199.吴桑云,耿秀山,金永德,等.冀东潟湖系统演进与人类干预影响[J].海洋科学进展,2008,26(2):190-199.
[25] WU J,SHI B,LI Z,et al.Experimental study on the shore nourishment for beach protection and siltation promotion[J].Marine ScienceBulletin,2012,31(2):176-180.吴建,拾兵,李智,等.近岸人工沙坝保滩促淤的试验研究[J].海洋通报,2012,31(2):176-180.
[26] GU J,SONG H L,WANG J Y,et al.Study on responses of tidal currents to artificial island and sandbars in coastal waters[J].Chinese Journal of Hydrodynamics,2017,32(2):182-188.顾杰,宋竑霖,王佳元,等.近海人工岛及沙坝工程与潮流的响应特征研究[J].水动力学研究与进展,2017,32(2):182-188.
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[2] YANG Y Z.Study on building ecological-type hydraulic projects at the Yellow River Estuary[J].Yellow River,2005,27(5):7-8.杨玉珍.建设黄河口生态水利枢纽工程研究[J].人民黄河,2005,27(5):7-8.
[3] LIU S G,LI X N,ZHENG Y L,et al.Construction of alternative diversion project between the Qingshuigou and Diaokouhe channel to keep the Yellow River estuary permanent[C]∥The Yellow River estuary problem and the governance countermeasures seminar specialist forum.Zhengzhou:Yellow River Water Conservancy Press,2003:223-231.刘曙光,李希宁,郑永来,等.建设清水沟和刁口河两条流路轮换使用工程保持黄河河口长治久安[C]∥黄河河口问题及治理对策研讨会专家论坛.郑州:黄河水利出版社,2003:223-231.
[4] WANG K R,YU S B,RU Y Y,et al.Different models of Yellow River running into the sea and its impact[J].China Water Resources,2011(20):9-13.王开荣,于守兵,茹玉英,等.黄河入海流路的不同运用模式及其影响效应[J].中国水利,2011(20):9-13.
[5] CHEN X B,LEI M,WANG P.Scheme comparison for combined service of Qingshuigou channel and Diaokou River flow passages[J].Ocean Engineering,2014,32(4):117-123.陈雄波,雷鸣,王鹏.清水沟、刁口河流路联合运用方案比选[J].海洋工程,2014,32(4):117-123.
[6] CHEN H L,XIAO S J,CHENG Y J,et al.Study of the exploitation and utilization of the Yellow River delta tidal flat resources[J].Coastal Engineering,2000,19(4):59-64.陈红莉,肖素君,程义吉,等.黄河三角洲滩涂资源开发利用研究[J].海岸工程,2000,19(4):59-64.
[7] DENG Y M,XING T W.Research on sustainable development and utilization of beach resources in Yellow River delta[J].Journal of Shandong University of Technology(Social Science),2008,24(3):35-38.刘裕民,邢同卫.黄河口滩涂资源可持续开发利用研究[J].山东理工大学学报(社会科学版),2008,24(3):35-38.
[8] YANG W.Shifting of coastline and evolution of tidal flat in modern yellow river delta[J].Marine Geology Frontiers,2012(7):17-23.杨伟.现代黄河三角洲海岸线变迁及滩涂演化[J].海洋地质前沿,2012(7):17-23.
[9] GUO J H,LU Y,HOU Q Z,et al.Study on index and evaluation of tidal flat resources carrying capacity[J].Yellow River,2015,37(6):63-66.郭巨海,陆彦,侯庆志,等.滩涂资源承载力指标及评价方法研究[J].人民黄河,2015,37(6):63-66.
[10] SUN W F,ZHANG J,MA Y,et al.Investigation of the evolution of China coastal lagoons from 1979to 2010using multi-temporal satellite data[J].Haiyang Xuebao,2015,37(3):54-69.孙伟富,张杰,马毅,等.1979-2010年我国大陆海岸渴湖变迁的多时相遥感分析[J].海洋学报,2015,37(3):54-69.
[11] TONG G Q,WANG Q L.Prediction of silt load in the estuary of Yellow River after operation of the Xiaolangdi Reservoir[J].China Water Resources,2006(21):9-13.童国庆,王秋玲.小浪底水库运用后黄河河口来水来沙预测[J].中国水利,2006(21):9-13.
[12]水利部黄河水利委员会.黄河流域综合规划(2012—2030年)[M].郑州:黄河水利出版社,2013.Yellow River Conservancy Commmission of the Ministry of Water Resources.Comprehensive Planning for the Yellow River Basin(2012-2030)[M].Zhengzhou:The Yellow River Water Conservancy PR,2013.
[13] DAI Z J,HAN L,SHI W Y.Analyses of dynamics and evolution on bar-lagoon coast in Houjiang Bay,east Guangdong[J].Journal of Oceanography in Taiwan Strait,2001,20(2):142-146.戴志军,韩丽,施伟勇.粤东后江湾沙坝-潟湖海岸系统的演变及动力分析[J].台湾海峡,2001,20(2):142-146.
[14] HE W,LI C C,LEI Y P.Progress of research on dynamical geomorphology in barrier-lagoon coast[J].Journal of Oceanography in Taiwan Strait,2001,20(4):565-571.何为,李春初,雷亚平.沙坝-泻湖动力地貌学研究进展[J].台湾海峡,2001,20(4):565-571.
[15] DAI Z J,SHI W Y,CHEN H.Research progress and prospects of Barrier-Lagoon coast[J].Shanghai Land&Resources,2011,32(3):12-66.戴志军,施伟勇,陈浩.沙坝-潟湖海岸研究进展与展望[J].上海国土资源,2011,32(3):12-66.
[16] JIANG L X,MA Y,ZHANG J.Study on the evolution of the tombolo-lagoons in Shandong peninsula:1979-2009[J].Journal of Marine Sciences,2010,28(4):36-42.姜来想,马毅,张杰.1979-2009年山东半岛连岛沙坝-潟湖的变迁[J].海洋学研究,2010,28(4):36-42.
[17] ZUO L Q,JI R Y,LU Y J.Case study of siltation in channel-mouth bar in offshore barrier-lagoon coast[J].Advances in Water Science,2012,23(1):87-95.左利钦,季荣耀,陆永军.离岸沙坝-潟湖海岸拦门沙航道回淤——以渤海湾曹妃甸海域老龙沟拦门沙为例[J].水科学进展,2012,23(1):87-95.
[18] QING Z P,WANG H S,CHEN Z Y.Evolution of lagoons-tidal iniet system and sediment movement in Shanwei port,Guangdong[J].Acta Oceanologica Sinica,1990,8(1):54-63.庆秩甫,王鸿寿,陈志永.粤东汕尾港潟湖-潮汐通道体系的演变及泥沙运动[J].海洋学报,1990,8(1):54-63.
[19] WEI H L,ZHUANG Z Y.Study on the evolution of Yuehu lake-tidal iniet system,Rongcheng Bay,Shandong Province[J].Journal of Lake Sciences,1997,9(2):135-140.魏合龙,庄振业.山东荣成湾月湖地区的潟湖-潮汐汊道体系[J].湖泊科学,1997,9(2):135-140.
[20] WANG S J,LI C L,TIAN X P.Self-adjustment and deterioration of Xiaohai barrier-lagoon-tidal inlet system in Hainan Island[J].Journal of Oceanography in Taiwan Strait,2003,22(2):248-253.王世俊,李春初,田向平.海南岛小海-沙坝-泻湖潮汐通道体系自动调整及恶化[J].台湾海峡,2003,22(2):248-253.
[21] WANG W.Impact of human activities on erosion and deposition o of barrier-lagoon-tidal inlet--taking the Yinkuang bay coast in Hong Kong as an example[J].Quaternary Sciences,2004,24(4):146.王为.人类活动对砂坝泻湖海岸潮汐通道冲淤变化的影响--以香港大屿山岛银矿湾海岸为例[J].第四纪研究,2004,24(4):146.
[22] TIAN X P,LI C C.Lagoon inlet hydraulic characteristic and transformation[J].Marine Science Bulletin,2006,25(4):9-15.田向平,李春初.潟湖潮汐通道水力特性与治理[J].海洋通报,2006,25(4):9-15.
[23] FENG J L.Natural evolution and artificial land accretion of lagoon on northwest coast of Bohai Bay[J].Journal of Oceanograpgy of Huanghai&Bohai Seas,1998,16(2):32-40.冯金良.渤海湾西北岸泻湖自然演变及其人为陆化[J].黄渤海海洋,1998,16(2):32-40.
[24] WU S Y,GENG X S,JIN Y D,et al.Evolution of lagoon system in the Jidong area and effect of human interference[J].Advances in Marine Science,2008,26(2):190-199.吴桑云,耿秀山,金永德,等.冀东潟湖系统演进与人类干预影响[J].海洋科学进展,2008,26(2):190-199.
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