胶州湾大沽河水龄及其对径流变化响应的数值研究
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摘要
水龄是表征海域水动力系统环境效应的重要参数。本研究利用三维普林斯顿海洋模式模拟的胶州湾水动力场,驱动水龄模型计算了多年平均(1964—2008年)径流下胶州湾内大沽河水龄,并定量分析了不同径流条件下大沽河水龄的差异。结果表明:多年平均径流下大沽河水龄约为42d,丰水年(2007年)和枯水年(2006年)分别为40和47d。水龄空间分布表现为大沽河口附近水龄最低,小于30d;从河口向湾口呈递增趋势,湾口处约为40d;东北部湾顶最高,可达60d以上。水龄季节性变化表现为冬季(48.1d)>秋季>春季>夏季(31.8d)。胶州湾内水龄空间分布与拉格朗日余流形态密切相关,春、冬两季湾内存在多个余流涡,阻碍了水交换,是导致湾东西两侧水龄差异较大的可能原因。径流量变化可显著影响水龄的时空分布:丰水年较枯水年水龄减小16%,冬季差异最大,河口以外海域可达10d以上,变幅超过20%,夏季影响最小,大部分海域不足5d,变幅约为10%;空间上径流变化对东北部湾顶影响显著,差异可达10d以上,河口附近差异不大。
Water age is a valid tool to explore the environmental effects of hydrodynamics in coastal waters.Driven by the hydrodynamics of Jiaozhou Bay simulated by three dimensional Princeton Ocean Model,the water age of the Dagu River was calculated with the constituent-oriented age and residence time theory(CART).Then the temporal and spatial distribution of the water age under different runoff conditions was quantitatively analyzed.The results show that the mean water age of Dagu River is 42 days in the normal year while the water ages in the high flow year(2007)and low flow year(2006)are 40 and 47 days,respectively.In the normal year,the water age is lowest in the western region near the Dagu River estuary(<30 days),and increases gradually to 40 days around the bay mouth.The water age in the northeast bay can reach as high as more than 60 days.The descending order of seasonal variations of water age is winter(48.1 days)> autumn > spring > summer(31.8 days).The spatial distribution of water age is closely related to the pattern of Lagrangian residual flow.During spring and winter,several lagrangian residual vortexes in Jiaozhou Bay obstruct the water exchange progress and lead to an age discrepancy between the eastern and western side of Jiaozhou Bay.Runoff change can significantly affect the spatial and temporal distribution of water age.The mean water age in the high flow year decreases by 16%compared with that in the low flow year.Seasonal variations of water age change due to the runoff change shows that the influence is heaviest in winter which is more than 10 days with 20% change range and the influence is smallest in summer which is less than 5 days with 10%change range.The variation is largest in the northeast corner of the Bay(>10 days)and least near the estuary.
Water age is a valid tool to explore the environmental effects of hydrodynamics in coastal waters.Driven by the hydrodynamics of Jiaozhou Bay simulated by three dimensional Princeton Ocean Model,the water age of the Dagu River was calculated with the constituent-oriented age and residence time theory(CART).Then the temporal and spatial distribution of the water age under different runoff conditions was quantitatively analyzed.The results show that the mean water age of Dagu River is 42 days in the normal year while the water ages in the high flow year(2007)and low flow year(2006)are 40 and 47 days,respectively.In the normal year,the water age is lowest in the western region near the Dagu River estuary(<30 days),and increases gradually to 40 days around the bay mouth.The water age in the northeast bay can reach as high as more than 60 days.The descending order of seasonal variations of water age is winter(48.1 days)> autumn > spring > summer(31.8 days).The spatial distribution of water age is closely related to the pattern of Lagrangian residual flow.During spring and winter,several lagrangian residual vortexes in Jiaozhou Bay obstruct the water exchange progress and lead to an age discrepancy between the eastern and western side of Jiaozhou Bay.Runoff change can significantly affect the spatial and temporal distribution of water age.The mean water age in the high flow year decreases by 16%compared with that in the low flow year.Seasonal variations of water age change due to the runoff change shows that the influence is heaviest in winter which is more than 10 days with 20% change range and the influence is smallest in summer which is less than 5 days with 10%change range.The variation is largest in the northeast corner of the Bay(>10 days)and least near the estuary.
引文
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[26]Liu Z,Wei H,Liu G,et al.Simulation of water exchange in Jiaozhou Bay by average residence time approach[J].Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science,2004,61(1):25-35.
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[31]DelhezéJ,Deleersnijderé.Age and the time lag method[J].Continental Shelf Research,2008,28(8):1057-1067.
[32]Pawlowicz R,Beardsley B,Lentz S.Classical tidal harmonic analysis including error estimates in MATLAB using T_TIDE[J].Computers&Geosciences,2002,28(8):929-937.
[33]王文海,夏东兴,高兴辰.中国海湾志,第四分册(山东半岛南部和江苏省海湾)[M].北京:海洋出版社,1993.Wang Wen-hai,Xia Dong-xing,Gao Xing-chen.Record of Chinese bay,Fourth Fascicle(Bays of Southern Shandong and Jiangsu)[M].Beijing:Ocean Press,1993.
[34]吕新刚,乔方利,夏长水.胶州湾潮汐潮流动边界数值模拟[J].Acta Oceanologica Sinica,2008(4):21-29.Lv Xin-gang,Qiao Fang-li,Xia Chang-shui.Numerical simulation of tides and three-dimensional tidal currents in Jiaozhou Bay by a movable land-sea boundary model[J].Acta Oceanologica Sinica,2008(4):21-29.
[35]孙松,孙晓霞.中国生态系统定位观测与研究数据集?湖泊湿地海湾生态系统卷:山东胶州湾站(1999-2006)[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2010.Sun Song,Sun Xiao-xia.Data of China Ecosystem Positioning Observation?Lake and Wetland Ecosystem:Jiaozhou Bay in Shandong(1999-2006)[M].Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2010.
[36]Liu G,Liu Z,Gao H,et al.Simulation of the Lagrangian tide-induced residual velocity in a tide-dominated coastal system:a case study of Jiaozhou Bay,China[J].Ocean Dynamics,2012,62(10-12):1443-1456.
[37]Zimmerman J.On the Euler-Lagrange transformation and the Stokes′drift in the presence of oscillatory and residual currents[J].Deep Sea Research Part A.Oceanographic Research Papers,1979,26(5):505-520.
[38]Cheng R T,Casulli V.On Lagrangian residual currents with applications in south San Francisco Bay,California[J].Water Resources Research,1982,18(6):1652-1662.
[39]Shizuo F,Lian J U,Wensheng J.A Lagrangian mean theory on coastal sea circulation with inter-tidal transports I.Fundamentals[J].Acta Oceanologica Sinica,2008,27(6):1-16.
[40]Feng S.A three-dimensional weakly nonlinear model of tide-induced Lagrangian residual current and mass-transport,with an application to the Bohai Sea[J].Elsevier Oceanography Series,1987,45:471-488.
[2]Halpern B S,Walbridge S,Selkoe K A,et al.A global map of human impact on marine ecosystems[J].Science,2008,319(5865):948-952.
[3]Monsen N E,Cloern J E,Lucas L V,et al.A comment on the use of flushing time,residence time,and age as transport time scales[J].Limnology and Oceanography,2002,47(5):1545-1553.
[4]Lucas L V,Thompson J K,Brown L R.Why are diverse relationships observed between phytoplankton biomass and transport time[J].Limnology and Oceanography,2009,54(1):381-390.
[5]Lucas L V.Implications of estuarine transport for water quality[J].Contemporary Issues in Estuarine Physics,2010:273-303.
[6]Bolin B,Rodhe H.A note on the concepts of age distribution and transit time in natural reservoirs[J].Tellus,1973,25(1):58-62.
[7]Takeoka H.Fundamental concepts of exchange and transport time scales in a coastal sea[J].Continental Shelf Research.1984,3(3):311-326.
[8]Shen J,Wang H V.Determining the age of water and long-term transport timescale of the Chesapeake Bay[J].Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science,2007,74(4):585-598.
[9]Myrberg K,Andrejev O.Modelling of the circulation,water exchange and water age properties of the Gulf of Bothnia[J].Oceanologia,2006,48(S):55-74.
[10]Shen J,Lin J.Modeling study of the influences of tide and stratification on age of water in the tidal James River[J].Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science,2006,68(1):101-112.
[11]de Brye B,de Brauwere A,Gourgue O,et al.Reprint of water renewal timescales in the Scheldt Estuary[J].Journal of Marine Systems,2013,128:3-16.
[12]Liu Z,Wang H,Guo X,et al.The age of Yellow River water in the Bohai Sea[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,2012,117(C11):8-16.
[13]Wang Y,Shen J,He Q.A numerical model study of the transport timescale and change of estuarine circulation due to waterway constructions in the Changjiang Estuary,China[J].Journal of Marine Systems,2010,82(3):154-170.
[14]田清,王庆,战超,等.最近60年来气候变化和人类活动对山地河流入海径流,泥沙的影响——以胶东半岛南部五龙河为例[J].海洋与湖沼,2012,43(5):891-899.Tian Qing,Wang Qing,Zhan Chao,et al.Impact of climate change and human activities on the runoff and sediment load discharged into the sea from mountainous rivers during the last 60years:a case study of Wulong River in southern Jiaodong peninsula[J].Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica,2012,43(5):891-899.
[15]吴永森,辛海英,吴隆业,等.2006年胶州湾现有水域面积与岸线的卫星调查与历史演变分析[J].海岸工程,2008,27(3):15-22.Wu Y,Xin H,Wu L,et al.The satellite investigation on the2006water area and coastline length of the Jiaozhou Bay and their historical evolution[J].Coastal Engineering,2008,27(3):15-22.
[16]王修林,李克强,石晓勇.胶州湾主要化学污染物海洋环境容量[M].北京:科学出版社,2006.Wang Xiul-in,Li Ke-qiang,Shi Xiao-yong.Marine Environmental Capacity of Main Chemical Pollutant in Jiaozhou Bay[M].Beijing:Science Press,2006.
[17]韩彬,曹磊,李培昌,等.胶州湾大沽河河口及邻近海域海水水质状况与评价[J].海洋科学,2010,34(8):46-49.Han Bin,Cao Lei,Li Pei-chang,et al.Survey and assessment of seawater quality at Dagu river estuary and adjacent sea area[J].Marine Sciences,2010,34(8):46-49.
[18]Chen C,Ji R,Zheng L,et al.Influences of physical processes on the ecosystem in Jiaozhou Bay:a coupled physical and biological model experiment[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,1999,104(C12):29925-29949.
[19]Chen H W,Chang N.Water pollution control in the river basin by fuzzy genetic algorithm-based multiobjective programming modeling[J].Water Science and Technology,1998,37(8):55-63.
[20]王晓利,姜德娟,张华.基于AnnAGNPS模型的胶东半岛大沽河流域非点源污染模拟研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2014,7:19.Wang Xiao-li,Jiang De-juan,Zhang Hua.Simulation of nonpoint source pollution in Dagu watershed,Jiaodong Peninsula based on AnnAGNPS model[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2014,7:19.
[21]姜德娟,王晓利.胶东半岛大沽河流域径流变化特征[J].干旱区研究,2013,30(6):965-972.Jiang De-juan,Wang Xiao-li.Variation of runoff volume in the dagu river basin in the Jiaodong peninsula[J].Arid Zone Research,2013,30(6):965-972.
[22]徐进,王世和,佘宗莲.大沽河干流青岛段纳污能力及排污总量控制分析[J].安全与环境工程,2005,12(3):18-21.Xu Jin,Wang Shi-he,She Zong-lian.The total amount control and the water environmental capacity of water pollution in Qingdao section of Dagu River[J].Safety and Environmental Engineering,2005,12(3):18-21.
[23]盛茂刚,黄修东,左林远,等.大沽河流域近60年降水量时空变化特征分析[J].水资源与水工程学报,2016,27(2):65-68.Sheng Mao-gang,Huang Xiu-dong,Zuo Lin-yuan.Analysis of temporal and spatial variation characteristics of precipitation in Dagu river basin for recent 60years[J].Journal of Water Resources and Water Engineering,2016,27(2):65-68.
[24]Yablonsky R M,Ginis I,Thomas B.Ocean modeling with flexible initialization for improved coupled tropical cyclone-ocean model prediction[J].Environmental Modelling&Software,2015,67:26-30.
[25]Lin L,Liu Z,Xie L,et al.Dynamics governing the response of tidal current along the mouth of Jiaozhou Bay to land reclamation[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,2015,120(4):2958-2972.
[26]Liu Z,Wei H,Liu G,et al.Simulation of water exchange in Jiaozhou Bay by average residence time approach[J].Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science,2004,61(1):25-35.
[27]陈达熙,孙湘平,浦泳修.渤海,黄海,东海海洋图集[M].山东:青岛海洋大学出版社,1992.Chen Da-xi,Sun Xiang-pin,PU Yong-xiu.Marine Altas of the Bohai Sea,Yellow Sea and East China Sea:Hydrology[M].Qingdao:Press of Qingdao Ocean Uiniversity,1992.
[28]Deleersnijder E,Campin J,Delhez E J.The concept of age in marine modelling:I.Theory and preliminary model results[J].Journal of Marine Systems,2001,28(3):229-267.
[29]DelhezéJ,Deleersnijder E.The concept of age in marine modelling:II.Concentration distribution function in the English Channel and the North Sea[J].Journal of Marine Systems,2002,31(4):279-297.
[30]DelhezéJ,Deleersnijderé,Mouchet A,et al.A note on the age of radioactive tracers[J].Journal of Marine Systems,2003,38(3):277-286.
[31]DelhezéJ,Deleersnijderé.Age and the time lag method[J].Continental Shelf Research,2008,28(8):1057-1067.
[32]Pawlowicz R,Beardsley B,Lentz S.Classical tidal harmonic analysis including error estimates in MATLAB using T_TIDE[J].Computers&Geosciences,2002,28(8):929-937.
[33]王文海,夏东兴,高兴辰.中国海湾志,第四分册(山东半岛南部和江苏省海湾)[M].北京:海洋出版社,1993.Wang Wen-hai,Xia Dong-xing,Gao Xing-chen.Record of Chinese bay,Fourth Fascicle(Bays of Southern Shandong and Jiangsu)[M].Beijing:Ocean Press,1993.
[34]吕新刚,乔方利,夏长水.胶州湾潮汐潮流动边界数值模拟[J].Acta Oceanologica Sinica,2008(4):21-29.Lv Xin-gang,Qiao Fang-li,Xia Chang-shui.Numerical simulation of tides and three-dimensional tidal currents in Jiaozhou Bay by a movable land-sea boundary model[J].Acta Oceanologica Sinica,2008(4):21-29.
[35]孙松,孙晓霞.中国生态系统定位观测与研究数据集?湖泊湿地海湾生态系统卷:山东胶州湾站(1999-2006)[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2010.Sun Song,Sun Xiao-xia.Data of China Ecosystem Positioning Observation?Lake and Wetland Ecosystem:Jiaozhou Bay in Shandong(1999-2006)[M].Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2010.
[36]Liu G,Liu Z,Gao H,et al.Simulation of the Lagrangian tide-induced residual velocity in a tide-dominated coastal system:a case study of Jiaozhou Bay,China[J].Ocean Dynamics,2012,62(10-12):1443-1456.
[37]Zimmerman J.On the Euler-Lagrange transformation and the Stokes′drift in the presence of oscillatory and residual currents[J].Deep Sea Research Part A.Oceanographic Research Papers,1979,26(5):505-520.
[38]Cheng R T,Casulli V.On Lagrangian residual currents with applications in south San Francisco Bay,California[J].Water Resources Research,1982,18(6):1652-1662.
[39]Shizuo F,Lian J U,Wensheng J.A Lagrangian mean theory on coastal sea circulation with inter-tidal transports I.Fundamentals[J].Acta Oceanologica Sinica,2008,27(6):1-16.
[40]Feng S.A three-dimensional weakly nonlinear model of tide-induced Lagrangian residual current and mass-transport,with an application to the Bohai Sea[J].Elsevier Oceanography Series,1987,45:471-488.