无人驾驶汽车的相关法律问题及其对策
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摘要
伴随着人工智能技术的迅猛发展,无人驾驶汽车时代正悄然而至。无人驾驶汽车的应用在给人们带来便捷的同时,也可能引发安全隐患。近年来,各国不仅加紧推动和扶持相关技术发展,也在加快出台无人驾驶汽车法律法规。相比较而言,中国针对无人驾驶汽车虽然出台了一些规范性文件,但是在相关法律法规方面仍然处于空白状态。而无人驾驶汽车引发的诸多问题,对中国现有法律框架下的《道路交通安全法》《产品质量法》《保险法》等相关法律已经提出挑战,亟须更新相关法律规定。在兼顾促进行业发展、推动技术进步和保障相关人员合法权益的原则之下,应当制定针对无人驾驶汽车道路交通管理的相关规则,建立无人驾驶汽车专门服务机构,明确无人驾驶汽车道路交通事故的责任主体、责任归属以及执法主体,可以在交通管理机构内部建立专门的技术评定机构,提供无人驾驶汽车道路交通事故的技术评定;在保险制度方面,应更新现有的强制责任保险,扩大受益主体,调整赔偿比例,提升赔偿金额,可推行车内人员伤害保险制度,创设设计者责任险新险种,从而有利于更加及时高效地对相关人员的合法权益进行救济。
With the rapid development of artificial intelligence technology,the era of self-driving cars is coming quietly. The application of self-driving cars may bring convenience to people as well as potential safety hazards. In recent years,various countries in the world have not only stepped up the promotion and support of relevant technologies, but also accelerated the introduction of laws andregulations onself-driving cars. In comparison,China has issued some normative documents for selfdriving cars,but the relevant laws and regulations are still blank. However,many problems caused byself-driving cars have posed challenges to China's existing Road Traffic Safety Law,Product Liability Law,Insurance Law and other relevant laws under the current legal framework,and it is urgent to update relevant legal rules. Under the principle of promoting the developmentof the industry and technological progress and protecting the legitimate rights and interests of relevant personnel,we should make road traffic management rules about self-driving cars,establish a special service organization for self-driving cars,clarify the liability subjects and responsibilityof road traffic accidents of self-driving cars,and subject of law enforcement. Special technical evaluation institutions may be established within the traffic management organizations to provide the technical evaluation of road traffic accidents of self-driving cars.In the insurance system,we should update existing compulsory liability insurance, expand the beneficiaries,adjust the compensation ratio and increase the compensation. In order to provide more timely and efficient remedy for the legitimate rights and interests of relevant personnel,we can also carry out personal injury insurance for people in the car,or create new designer liability insurance.
With the rapid development of artificial intelligence technology,the era of self-driving cars is coming quietly. The application of self-driving cars may bring convenience to people as well as potential safety hazards. In recent years,various countries in the world have not only stepped up the promotion and support of relevant technologies, but also accelerated the introduction of laws andregulations onself-driving cars. In comparison,China has issued some normative documents for selfdriving cars,but the relevant laws and regulations are still blank. However,many problems caused byself-driving cars have posed challenges to China's existing Road Traffic Safety Law,Product Liability Law,Insurance Law and other relevant laws under the current legal framework,and it is urgent to update relevant legal rules. Under the principle of promoting the developmentof the industry and technological progress and protecting the legitimate rights and interests of relevant personnel,we should make road traffic management rules about self-driving cars,establish a special service organization for self-driving cars,clarify the liability subjects and responsibilityof road traffic accidents of self-driving cars,and subject of law enforcement. Special technical evaluation institutions may be established within the traffic management organizations to provide the technical evaluation of road traffic accidents of self-driving cars.In the insurance system,we should update existing compulsory liability insurance, expand the beneficiaries,adjust the compensation ratio and increase the compensation. In order to provide more timely and efficient remedy for the legitimate rights and interests of relevant personnel,we can also carry out personal injury insurance for people in the car,or create new designer liability insurance.
引文
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[2]杨帆.无人驾驶汽车的发展现状和展望[J].上海汽车,2014(3):35-40.
[3]姚慧雅.无人驾驶汽车的风险及其法律应对[J].怀化学院学报,2017,36(1):84-88.
[4] W K J.教机器学会“看路”的新系统助力无人驾驶汽车研发[J].军民两用技术与产品,2016(1):23.
[5]贾玉龙.无人驾驶汽车的起源和发展[J].信息记录材料,2018,19(4):106-107.
[6]王晨曦.争夺无人驾驶测试场[J].经营者,2016(3):69-70.
[7]王福文.无人驾驶汽车发展状况及面临的挑战[J].沧州师范学院学报,2017,33(4):84-89.
[8]贾平.从监管制度看世界各国自动驾驶发展[EB/OL].(2018-03-21)[2018-03-22]. https://www. d1ev.com/news/shichang/65192.
[9]张广兴.自动驾驶领域需要立法保障[N].河南法制报,2017-12-27(16).
[10]沈忱.英国先行一步,将推动自动驾驶汽车保险制度[EB/OL].(2017-02-13)[2018-03-22]. http://auto. gasgoo.com/News/2017/02/13094140414070006611C601. shtml.
[11]高科魂.无人驾驶汽车安全性超有人驾驶[EB/OL].(2018-03-26)[2018-03-29]. http://auto. ofweek. com/2018-03/ART-70109-8600-30213480_2. html.
[12]佚名.中国无人驾驶汽车发展三大问[EB/OL].(2018-03-25)[2018-03-29]. http://www. eepw. com.cn/article/201803/377347.
[13]陈晓林.无人驾驶汽车对现行法律的挑战及应对[J].理论学刊,2016(1):124-131.
[14]汪玚.无人驾驶&自动驾驶法律比技术更难解决[J].交通建设与管理,2016(5):46.
[15]陈晓林.无人驾驶汽车致人损害的对策研究[J].重庆大学学报:社会科学版,2017,23(4):79-85.
[16]沈长月,周志忠.无人驾驶汽车侵权责任研究[J].法制与社会,2016(27):61-62.
[17]王莉玲.无人驾驶:交通肇事"困局"如何破解[N].检察日报,2017-07-11(3).
[18]翁岳暄,多尼米克·希伦布兰德.汽车智能化的道路:智能汽车、自动驾驶汽车安全监管研究[J].科技与法律,2014(4):632-655.
[19]朱林.无人驾驶立法之惑:护航还是观望?[N].工人日报,2017-10-14(6).
[20]石娟,曲辅凡,郭魁元.自动驾驶法律法规现状分析及展望[J].汽车工程师,2017(10):11-13.
[21]吴汉东.人工智能时代的制度安排与法律规制[J].法律科学:西北政法大学学报,2017,35(5):128-136.
[22]司晓,曹建峰.论人工智能的民事责任:以自动驾驶汽车和智能机器人为切入点[J].法律科学:西北政法大学学报,2017,35(5):166-173.
[23]翁岳暄,多尼米克·希伦布兰德.汽车智能化的道路:智能汽车、自动驾驶汽车安全监管研究[J].科技与法律,2014(4):632-655.
[24]杨杰,张玲.无人驾驶汽车的法律障碍和立法思考[J].电子政务,2018(8):99-111.
(1)《产品质量法》第41条第2款规定:“生产者能够证明有下列情形之一的,不承担赔偿责任:(一)未将产品投入流通的;(二)产品投入流通时,引起损害的缺陷尚不存在;(三)将产品投入流通时的科学技术水平尚不能发现缺陷的存在的。”
[2]杨帆.无人驾驶汽车的发展现状和展望[J].上海汽车,2014(3):35-40.
[3]姚慧雅.无人驾驶汽车的风险及其法律应对[J].怀化学院学报,2017,36(1):84-88.
[4] W K J.教机器学会“看路”的新系统助力无人驾驶汽车研发[J].军民两用技术与产品,2016(1):23.
[5]贾玉龙.无人驾驶汽车的起源和发展[J].信息记录材料,2018,19(4):106-107.
[6]王晨曦.争夺无人驾驶测试场[J].经营者,2016(3):69-70.
[7]王福文.无人驾驶汽车发展状况及面临的挑战[J].沧州师范学院学报,2017,33(4):84-89.
[8]贾平.从监管制度看世界各国自动驾驶发展[EB/OL].(2018-03-21)[2018-03-22]. https://www. d1ev.com/news/shichang/65192.
[9]张广兴.自动驾驶领域需要立法保障[N].河南法制报,2017-12-27(16).
[10]沈忱.英国先行一步,将推动自动驾驶汽车保险制度[EB/OL].(2017-02-13)[2018-03-22]. http://auto. gasgoo.com/News/2017/02/13094140414070006611C601. shtml.
[11]高科魂.无人驾驶汽车安全性超有人驾驶[EB/OL].(2018-03-26)[2018-03-29]. http://auto. ofweek. com/2018-03/ART-70109-8600-30213480_2. html.
[12]佚名.中国无人驾驶汽车发展三大问[EB/OL].(2018-03-25)[2018-03-29]. http://www. eepw. com.cn/article/201803/377347.
[13]陈晓林.无人驾驶汽车对现行法律的挑战及应对[J].理论学刊,2016(1):124-131.
[14]汪玚.无人驾驶&自动驾驶法律比技术更难解决[J].交通建设与管理,2016(5):46.
[15]陈晓林.无人驾驶汽车致人损害的对策研究[J].重庆大学学报:社会科学版,2017,23(4):79-85.
[16]沈长月,周志忠.无人驾驶汽车侵权责任研究[J].法制与社会,2016(27):61-62.
[17]王莉玲.无人驾驶:交通肇事"困局"如何破解[N].检察日报,2017-07-11(3).
[18]翁岳暄,多尼米克·希伦布兰德.汽车智能化的道路:智能汽车、自动驾驶汽车安全监管研究[J].科技与法律,2014(4):632-655.
[19]朱林.无人驾驶立法之惑:护航还是观望?[N].工人日报,2017-10-14(6).
[20]石娟,曲辅凡,郭魁元.自动驾驶法律法规现状分析及展望[J].汽车工程师,2017(10):11-13.
[21]吴汉东.人工智能时代的制度安排与法律规制[J].法律科学:西北政法大学学报,2017,35(5):128-136.
[22]司晓,曹建峰.论人工智能的民事责任:以自动驾驶汽车和智能机器人为切入点[J].法律科学:西北政法大学学报,2017,35(5):166-173.
[23]翁岳暄,多尼米克·希伦布兰德.汽车智能化的道路:智能汽车、自动驾驶汽车安全监管研究[J].科技与法律,2014(4):632-655.
[24]杨杰,张玲.无人驾驶汽车的法律障碍和立法思考[J].电子政务,2018(8):99-111.
(1)《产品质量法》第41条第2款规定:“生产者能够证明有下列情形之一的,不承担赔偿责任:(一)未将产品投入流通的;(二)产品投入流通时,引起损害的缺陷尚不存在;(三)将产品投入流通时的科学技术水平尚不能发现缺陷的存在的。”