青铜古物与西周刑罚——从西周金文看西周的刑种及其演变
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摘要
长久以来,古籍文献就是学者研究西周法律制度的重要参考。文献记载固然可以勾画出西周法律制度的大致轮廓,但历史文献不可避免地存在遗失、谬误之处。而青铜铭文上记载的西周法律状况与真实的法律案件,恰能弥补西周刑罚制度研究的缺憾,是对西周法律制度十分可靠的还原和再现。对西周时期涉及到刑种的青铜器的铭文材料做初步的整理与考述,并与相关的文献资料印证结合,可以还原西周时期较为完整的刑种系统及其演变;同时反映出西周刑罚思想实际上经历了"刑新国,用轻典;刑平国,用中典;刑乱国,用重典"三个阶段的变化过程。
For a long time, the ancient literature is an important reference for scholars to study the legal system of the Western Zhou Dynasty. Although the documentary records can draw a general outline of the Western Zhou Dynasty legal system, the historical documents inevitably have lost and fallacies. The Western Zhou legal status and real legal cases recorded in the bronze inscriptions can make up for the deficiency of the Western Zhou Dynasty penal system research, and it is a very reliable restoration and reproduction of the Western Zhou legal system. The preliminary arrangement and examination of the inscription materials of the bronzes involved in the criminal punishment in the Western Zhou Dynasty, combined with the relevant literature and evidence,can restore the more complete system of criminal punishment and its evolution in the Western Zhou Dynasty.At the same time, it reflects the actual punishment of the Western Zhou Dynasty. It has experienced the evolution of the three stages of "criminal new country, use light code; criminal state, use Chinese code; criminal state, use heavy code".
For a long time, the ancient literature is an important reference for scholars to study the legal system of the Western Zhou Dynasty. Although the documentary records can draw a general outline of the Western Zhou Dynasty legal system, the historical documents inevitably have lost and fallacies. The Western Zhou legal status and real legal cases recorded in the bronze inscriptions can make up for the deficiency of the Western Zhou Dynasty penal system research, and it is a very reliable restoration and reproduction of the Western Zhou legal system. The preliminary arrangement and examination of the inscription materials of the bronzes involved in the criminal punishment in the Western Zhou Dynasty, combined with the relevant literature and evidence,can restore the more complete system of criminal punishment and its evolution in the Western Zhou Dynasty.At the same time, it reflects the actual punishment of the Western Zhou Dynasty. It has experienced the evolution of the three stages of "criminal new country, use light code; criminal state, use Chinese code; criminal state, use heavy code".
引文
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(1)《礼记·王制》“以讯首告”注:“讯是生者,馘是死而截耳也”。
[2]李民,王健.尚书译注[M].上海:上海古籍出版社,2004.405.
[3]李民,王健.尚书译注[M].上海:上海古籍出版社,2004.406.
[4][5][6]沈家本.历代刑法考[M].北京:中华书局,1985.211.196.
[7]高亨.周易古经今注[M].北京:中华书局,1984.248.
[8]张国华.中国法律思想通史[M].山西:山西人民出版社,2001.159.
[9]李镜池.周易通义[M].北京:中华书局,1981.40.
[10]陈连庆.《周礼》中的刑事法规及其阶级实质[J].古籍整理研究学刊,1986,(03):1.
[11]刘海年.(亻朕)匜铭文及其所反映的西周刑制[J].法学研究,1984,(01):81.
[12]唐兰.陕西省岐山县董家村新出土西周重要铜器铭词的译文和注释[J].文物,1976,(05):59.
[13]刘佳佳.翼城大河口西周墓地鸟形盉铭文试释[J].考古与文物,2016,(01):63-68.
[14]胡留元,冯卓慧.长安文物与古代法制[M].北京:法律出版社,1989.22.
[15]裘锡圭.翼城大河口西周墓地出土鸟形盉铭文解释[J].中国史研究,2012,(03):6.
[16]李民,王健.尚书译注[M].上海:上海古籍出版社,2004.406.
[17]胡留元,冯卓慧.夏商周法制史[M].北京:商务印书馆,2006.390.
[18]龚军.翼城大河口墓地出土鸟形盉铭文与西周法律[J].中国国家博物馆馆刊,2014,(05):71-77.李学勤.试释翼城大河口鸟形盉铭文[J].文博,2011,(04):3-4.
[19]裘锡圭.翼城大河口西周墓地出土鸟形盉铭文解释[J].中国史研究,2012,(03):8.
[20]郭沫若.两周金文辞大系图录考释[M].上海:上海书店出版社,1999.
[21]杨树达.积微居金文说·兮甲盘跋[M].北京:中国科学院出版社,1952.37.
[22]朱凤瀚,张荣明.西周诸王年代研究[M].贵州:贵州人民出版社,1998.432.
[23]崔永东.出土文献的法学价值[J].政法论坛,2006,(02):119.
(1)《礼记·王制》“以讯首告”注:“讯是生者,馘是死而截耳也”。