大中型沼气集中供气系统优化模拟及经济环境效益评估
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摘要
大中型沼气集中供气系统能够为农村居民集中供应稳定清洁的炊事能源,是中国农村能源发展的方向。该文首先对大中型沼气集中供气系统经济环境效益进行核算,然后根据各系统经济效益内部收益率的大小将原始系统分层。结果显示,原始状态下,系统的环境效益普遍较好且具有规模效应,但经济效益差异较大,体现出规模越大越不经济的状况。以贴现率0.08和原点0为分层点,依据各系统的内部收益率将原始系统分为3层进行优化。根据不同层级系统的规模、效益、条件和优化必要性,从替换发酵罐恒温燃料、配置沼气发电设备为沼气系统供电、建设循环农业系统3个方面灵活选择制定符合不同层级现实需求的优化措施。优化后各系统的综合效益均得到不同程度的提升。系统优化后,一级系统的2个项目经济效益变化不大,环境效益提升显著,分别提升了112.88%和134.43%。二级系统的4个项目在优化后内部收益率都达到或超过了贴现率8%,经济效益由一般升级为良好;同时,环境效益分别提升了88.16%、100.02%、103.22%和109.09%。三级系统的3个项目内部收益率都为负值,属于不具备经济效益的项目,优化之后,其中的2个项目内部收益率已经转正,经济效益由无升级为一般,同时,环境效益分别提升了116.36%、123.92%和101.19%。优化的主要措施是削减运营成本,但现实情况更为复杂,各地应该因地制宜,灵活选择优化措施。大型系统需要在建设时积极参考国家大中型沼气工程建设规划,严格控制成本。
At present, with the continuous development of Chinese agricultural industrialization and rural urbanization, the traditional household biogas has been gradually replaced by more efficient medium and large-scale biogas system. Medium and large-scale biogas system can provide biogas as stable and clean cooking energy for rural residents depending on centralized utilization of agricultural organic wastes. It has a good impact on the indoor and outdoor environment in rural areas, and is in line with the requirements of the transformation of China's rural energy structure. Further, it is a new trend for the development of rural energy in China. In this paper, the cost-benefit analysis method is used to quantify the economic and environmental benefits of these medium and large-scale biogas systems investigated by the author. Then, according to the internal rate of return(IRR) of each original system, these original systems is divided into three levels: the first level system-the better economic benefit(the IRR is greater than the discount rate 0.08), the second level system-the general economic benefit(the IRR is less than the discount rate 0.08, but more than 0), the tertiary level system-poor economic benefits(the IRR is less than 0). After considering the scale, benefits, conditions and the necessity of optimization of different levels of systems, the optimization measures are formulated to meet the needs of reality in different levels. The results show that: 1) The environmental benefit of the original system before optimization is generally good. Among them, carbon emission reduction is the most significant. In order of project scale from large to small(Baishuzhuang community, Nanan community, Tianma community, Shangzhai village, Shiyang village, Lianwang village, Yuepu village, Yezhao village, Xiaoguoyuan village), carbon emission reduction can reach 269 427.94, 230 788.18, 237 299.61, 231 344.26, 103 604.36, 81 050.29, 79 047.68, 90 434.88, 36 584.20 kg per year, respectively. 2) There are great differences in economic benefits before optimization, and the internal rates of return are as follows:-7%,-3%,-3%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 7%, 14%, 12%, which shows that the larger the scale is, the more uneconomical it is. 3) With the discount rate of 0.08 and the 0 as the stratified points, the original system is divided into three levels to optimize according to the internal rates of return of each system. 4) In the first-level system, the economic benefits of the two projects(Yezhao village and Xiaoguoyuan village) are already good. After optimization, the economic benefits decreased by 1.50% and 1.51%, respectively, but the carbon emission reduction increased by 112.88% and 134.43%, respectively. The overall optimization results are remarkable. 5) In the four projects(Shangzhai village, Shiyang village, Lianwang village, Yuepu village) of the second-level system, because the internal rate of return is more than 8%, the economic benefits are upgraded from general to good. In addition, the environmental benefit increased by 88.16%, 100.02%, 103.22%, 109.09%, respectively. The optimization effect is also remarkable. 6) In the third-level system(Baishuzhuang community, Nanan community, Tianma community), the internal rate of return of most projects becomes positive after optimization, and the economic benefits are upgraded from no to general, while the environmental benefit increases by 116.36%, 123.92% and 101.19%, respectively. The overall optimization results are good. 7) The main measure of optimization is to cut down the operating cost, but the reality is more complicated, so the local conditions should be adapted to local conditions, and the optimization measures should be chosen flexibly. 8) Those large-scale systems need to actively refer to the national biogas project construction plan and strictly control the cost when building it.
At present, with the continuous development of Chinese agricultural industrialization and rural urbanization, the traditional household biogas has been gradually replaced by more efficient medium and large-scale biogas system. Medium and large-scale biogas system can provide biogas as stable and clean cooking energy for rural residents depending on centralized utilization of agricultural organic wastes. It has a good impact on the indoor and outdoor environment in rural areas, and is in line with the requirements of the transformation of China's rural energy structure. Further, it is a new trend for the development of rural energy in China. In this paper, the cost-benefit analysis method is used to quantify the economic and environmental benefits of these medium and large-scale biogas systems investigated by the author. Then, according to the internal rate of return(IRR) of each original system, these original systems is divided into three levels: the first level system-the better economic benefit(the IRR is greater than the discount rate 0.08), the second level system-the general economic benefit(the IRR is less than the discount rate 0.08, but more than 0), the tertiary level system-poor economic benefits(the IRR is less than 0). After considering the scale, benefits, conditions and the necessity of optimization of different levels of systems, the optimization measures are formulated to meet the needs of reality in different levels. The results show that: 1) The environmental benefit of the original system before optimization is generally good. Among them, carbon emission reduction is the most significant. In order of project scale from large to small(Baishuzhuang community, Nanan community, Tianma community, Shangzhai village, Shiyang village, Lianwang village, Yuepu village, Yezhao village, Xiaoguoyuan village), carbon emission reduction can reach 269 427.94, 230 788.18, 237 299.61, 231 344.26, 103 604.36, 81 050.29, 79 047.68, 90 434.88, 36 584.20 kg per year, respectively. 2) There are great differences in economic benefits before optimization, and the internal rates of return are as follows:-7%,-3%,-3%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 7%, 14%, 12%, which shows that the larger the scale is, the more uneconomical it is. 3) With the discount rate of 0.08 and the 0 as the stratified points, the original system is divided into three levels to optimize according to the internal rates of return of each system. 4) In the first-level system, the economic benefits of the two projects(Yezhao village and Xiaoguoyuan village) are already good. After optimization, the economic benefits decreased by 1.50% and 1.51%, respectively, but the carbon emission reduction increased by 112.88% and 134.43%, respectively. The overall optimization results are remarkable. 5) In the four projects(Shangzhai village, Shiyang village, Lianwang village, Yuepu village) of the second-level system, because the internal rate of return is more than 8%, the economic benefits are upgraded from general to good. In addition, the environmental benefit increased by 88.16%, 100.02%, 103.22%, 109.09%, respectively. The optimization effect is also remarkable. 6) In the third-level system(Baishuzhuang community, Nanan community, Tianma community), the internal rate of return of most projects becomes positive after optimization, and the economic benefits are upgraded from no to general, while the environmental benefit increases by 116.36%, 123.92% and 101.19%, respectively. The overall optimization results are good. 7) The main measure of optimization is to cut down the operating cost, but the reality is more complicated, so the local conditions should be adapted to local conditions, and the optimization measures should be chosen flexibly. 8) Those large-scale systems need to actively refer to the national biogas project construction plan and strictly control the cost when building it.
引文
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[8]汪兴东,熊彦龄.农户绿色能源消费行为影响因素研究:基于户用沼气和大中型沼气的比较分析[J].南京工业大学学报:社会科学版,2018,17(5):69-78.Wang Xingdong,Xiong Yanling.Study on the influencing factors of Farmers'Green Energy consumption behavior-AComparative Analysis based on Household Biogas and large-and medium-sized biogas[J].Journal of Nanjing University of Technology:Social Science Edition,2018,17(5):69-78.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[9]刘科,唐宁,高立洪,等.重庆丘陵山区沼气集中供气运行与管理模式探讨[J].中国沼气,2017,35(1):100-104.Liu Ke,Tang Ning,Gao Libo,et al.Discussion on operation and management mode of centralized biogas supply in hilly and mountainous area of Chongqing[J].China Biogas,2017,35(1):100-104.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[10]Markus L,Jason K.H,Patrick L,Daniela T.Making money from waste:The economic viability of producing biogas and biomethane in the Idaho dairy industry[J].Applied Energy,2018,222:621-636.
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[12]Wang C,Zhang Y,Zhang L,Pang M.Alternative policies to subsidize rural household biogas digesters[J].Energy Policy,2016,93:187-195.
[13]Rana R,Ingrao C,Lombardi M,et al.Greenhouse gas emissions of an agro-biogas energy system:Estimation under the renewable energy directive[J].Science of the Total Environment,2016,550:1182-1195.
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[15]Subedi M,Matthews R B,Pogson M,et al.Can biogas digesters help to reduce deforestation in Africa?[J].Biomass and Bioenergy 2014,70:87-98.
[16]Chang I S,Wu J,Zhou C,et al.A time-geographical approach to biogas potential analysis of China[J].Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,2014,37:318-333.
[17]丁京涛,张朋月,华冠林,等.北京大中型沼气工程冬季运行状况及发酵前后物料理化生物特性[J].农业工程学报,2018,34(23):213-220.Ding Jingtao,Zhang Pengyue,Hua Guanlin,et al.Running status of large and medium scale biogas project and physical,chemical and biological characteristics of materials before and after fermentation in winter of Beijing[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2018,34(23):213-220.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[18]李金平,吴文君,张涵,等.基于生命周期分析的禽畜养殖厂沼气工程性能评[J].中国沼气,2018,36(5):93-99.Li Jinping,Wu Wenjun,Zhang Han,et al.Performance evaluation of biogas engineering in livestock breeding plant based on life cycle analysis[J].China Biogas,2018,36(5):93-99.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]陈豫,杨改河,冯永忠,等.沼气生态农业模式综合评价[J]农业工程学报,2010,26(2):274-279.Chen Yu,Yang Gaihe,Feng Yongzhong,et al.Comprehensive evaluation of biogas ecological agriculture model[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2010,26(2):274-279.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[20]衣瑞建,张万钦,周捷,等.基于LCA方法沼渣沼液生产利用过程的环境影响分析[J].可再生能源,2015(2):301-307.Yi Ruijian,Zhang Wanqin,Zhou Jie,et al.Environmental impact Analysis of Biogas residue production and utilization process based on the LCA method[J].Renewable Energy Resources,2015(2):301-307.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[21]王明新,夏训峰,柴育红,等.农村户用沼气工程生命周期节能减排效益[J].农业工程学报,2010,26(11):245-250.Wang Mingxin,Xia Xunfeng,Chai Yuhong,et al.Energy saving and emission reduction benefit of household biogas project in rural areas[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2010,26(11):245-250.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[22]安英莉.煤炭全生命周期环境行为及其对土地资源的影响[D].北京:中国矿业大学,2017.An Yingli.Environmental behavior in the whole Life cycle of Coal and its influence on Land Resources[D].Beijing:China Mining University,2017.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[2]Wang X,Li K,Li H,et al.Research on China’s rural household energy consumption-household investigation of typical counties in 8 economic zones[J].Renewable&Sustainable Energy Reviews,2017,68:28-32.
[3]Damira K,Davor M,?eljko L.Deployment of renewable energy:Economic effects on the Croatian economy[J].Energy Policy,2019,126:402-410.
[4]Yin D,Liu W,Zhai N,et al.Regional differentiation of rural household biogas development and related driving factors in China[J].Renewable&Sustainable Energy Reviews,2017,67:1008-1018.
[5]He G Z,Bluemling B,Mol A P J,et al.Comparing centralized and decentralized bio-energy systems in rural China[J].Energy Policy,2013,63(6):34-43.
[6]Song Z,Zhang C,Yang G,et al.Comparison of biogas development from households and medium and large-scale biogas plants in rural China[J].Renewable&Sustainable Energy Reviews,2014,33(2):204-213.
[7]吴进,闵师界,朱立志,等.养殖场沼气工程商业化集中供气补贴分析[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(24):269-273.Wu Jing,Min Shijie,Zhu Lizhi,et al.Analysis of subsidy for biogas plants'commercialized concentrated biogas supply on breeding farms[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2015,31(24):269-273.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[8]汪兴东,熊彦龄.农户绿色能源消费行为影响因素研究:基于户用沼气和大中型沼气的比较分析[J].南京工业大学学报:社会科学版,2018,17(5):69-78.Wang Xingdong,Xiong Yanling.Study on the influencing factors of Farmers'Green Energy consumption behavior-AComparative Analysis based on Household Biogas and large-and medium-sized biogas[J].Journal of Nanjing University of Technology:Social Science Edition,2018,17(5):69-78.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[9]刘科,唐宁,高立洪,等.重庆丘陵山区沼气集中供气运行与管理模式探讨[J].中国沼气,2017,35(1):100-104.Liu Ke,Tang Ning,Gao Libo,et al.Discussion on operation and management mode of centralized biogas supply in hilly and mountainous area of Chongqing[J].China Biogas,2017,35(1):100-104.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[10]Markus L,Jason K.H,Patrick L,Daniela T.Making money from waste:The economic viability of producing biogas and biomethane in the Idaho dairy industry[J].Applied Energy,2018,222:621-636.
[11]Rácz V J,Vestergaard N.Productivity and efficiency measurement of the Danish centralized biogas power sector[J].Renewable Energy,2016,92:397-404.
[12]Wang C,Zhang Y,Zhang L,Pang M.Alternative policies to subsidize rural household biogas digesters[J].Energy Policy,2016,93:187-195.
[13]Rana R,Ingrao C,Lombardi M,et al.Greenhouse gas emissions of an agro-biogas energy system:Estimation under the renewable energy directive[J].Science of the Total Environment,2016,550:1182-1195.
[14]Olsson L,Fallde M.Waste(d)potential:A socio-technical analysis of biogas production and use in Sweden[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2015,98:107-115.
[15]Subedi M,Matthews R B,Pogson M,et al.Can biogas digesters help to reduce deforestation in Africa?[J].Biomass and Bioenergy 2014,70:87-98.
[16]Chang I S,Wu J,Zhou C,et al.A time-geographical approach to biogas potential analysis of China[J].Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,2014,37:318-333.
[17]丁京涛,张朋月,华冠林,等.北京大中型沼气工程冬季运行状况及发酵前后物料理化生物特性[J].农业工程学报,2018,34(23):213-220.Ding Jingtao,Zhang Pengyue,Hua Guanlin,et al.Running status of large and medium scale biogas project and physical,chemical and biological characteristics of materials before and after fermentation in winter of Beijing[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2018,34(23):213-220.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[18]李金平,吴文君,张涵,等.基于生命周期分析的禽畜养殖厂沼气工程性能评[J].中国沼气,2018,36(5):93-99.Li Jinping,Wu Wenjun,Zhang Han,et al.Performance evaluation of biogas engineering in livestock breeding plant based on life cycle analysis[J].China Biogas,2018,36(5):93-99.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]陈豫,杨改河,冯永忠,等.沼气生态农业模式综合评价[J]农业工程学报,2010,26(2):274-279.Chen Yu,Yang Gaihe,Feng Yongzhong,et al.Comprehensive evaluation of biogas ecological agriculture model[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2010,26(2):274-279.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[20]衣瑞建,张万钦,周捷,等.基于LCA方法沼渣沼液生产利用过程的环境影响分析[J].可再生能源,2015(2):301-307.Yi Ruijian,Zhang Wanqin,Zhou Jie,et al.Environmental impact Analysis of Biogas residue production and utilization process based on the LCA method[J].Renewable Energy Resources,2015(2):301-307.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[21]王明新,夏训峰,柴育红,等.农村户用沼气工程生命周期节能减排效益[J].农业工程学报,2010,26(11):245-250.Wang Mingxin,Xia Xunfeng,Chai Yuhong,et al.Energy saving and emission reduction benefit of household biogas project in rural areas[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2010,26(11):245-250.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[22]安英莉.煤炭全生命周期环境行为及其对土地资源的影响[D].北京:中国矿业大学,2017.An Yingli.Environmental behavior in the whole Life cycle of Coal and its influence on Land Resources[D].Beijing:China Mining University,2017.(in Chinese with English abstract)
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