红碱淖面积时空演变规律及保护措施成效
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摘要
红碱淖是中国面积最大的沙漠淡水湖,也是全世界最大的遗鸥繁殖和栖息地,2012年被列为全国重点保护湖泊,保护工作对于当地的生态环境和重点保护鸟类繁衍都具有十分重要的意义。在遥感和观测数据的基础上,构建了1986—2018年高精度的长时间序列湖泊面积连续监测数据集,并在此基础上研究其时空演变规律以及与自然因素和人类活动的耦合关系,同时实现了针对2012年以来实施的保护措施的成效监测。结果表明:(1)1986—2018年红碱淖面积经历了波动期-萎缩期-增长期,总体呈现萎缩趋势。(2)红碱淖的萎缩原因以人为为主\,自然为辅。其中人为因素主要由上游河流建设水库、工业发展用水和植被生长所需用水增加组成。(3)从水量平衡的角度分析,湖泊萎缩期自然因素贡献率为18.26%,人为因素贡献率为81.74%。湖泊面积增长期气候因素贡献16.76%,人为因素贡献83.24%。(4)2012年以来实施的保护措施,已经初步取得成效。主要体现在通过人工增雨和上游水库地面生态补水促使红碱淖面积在2016年出现了2006年以来的首次正增长。建议人工增雨和地面生态补水常态化,来有效抑制红碱淖面积的萎缩,使湿地生态得到长期持续性恢复。
Hongjiannao Lake is the largest desert freshwater lake in China and the largest breeding and habitat of relict gulls in the world. In 2012, it was listed as a national key protected lake. Protection of Hongjiannao Lake contributes great significance to the local ecological environment and provides a good ecological environment for birds breeding. Based on remote sensing and observational data, this paper constructed a high-precision long-time continuous monitoring data set of water area from 1986 to 2018, and summarized spatio-temporal evolution combined natural factors and human activities. At the same time, this study showed significance of the protection process since 2012. The results show:(1)From 1986 to 2018, the water area experienced three stages: stabilizing period(1986-1998), shrinking period(1999-2014) and recovery period(2015-2018), however, it still showed a shrinking trend for the whole period.(2)The shrinkage of Hongjiannao Lake was caused mainly by human activities, which combined natural factors. The human activities mainly consist of the increase of water consumptions by upstream rivers by reservoir construction, industrial development and vegetation growth.(3)From the point of water balance, the contribution of climate factors and human factors during the shrinking period was 18.26% and 81.74%. Climate factors contributed 16.76% and human factors contributed 83.24% in the recovery period of the lake.(4)The water protection activities implemented since 2012, which had achieved evident preliminary results. It is contributed by mainly artificial precipitation enhancement and increase water supply by upstream reservoirs, which caused the first increase in 2016 in the past decade. Based on the comprehensive analysis, it is recommended to keep the artificial precipitation enhancement and water supplement constantly to inhibit the shrinkage of the water area of Hongjiannao Lake, and to achieve long-term sustainable restoration of the wetland ecology.
Hongjiannao Lake is the largest desert freshwater lake in China and the largest breeding and habitat of relict gulls in the world. In 2012, it was listed as a national key protected lake. Protection of Hongjiannao Lake contributes great significance to the local ecological environment and provides a good ecological environment for birds breeding. Based on remote sensing and observational data, this paper constructed a high-precision long-time continuous monitoring data set of water area from 1986 to 2018, and summarized spatio-temporal evolution combined natural factors and human activities. At the same time, this study showed significance of the protection process since 2012. The results show:(1)From 1986 to 2018, the water area experienced three stages: stabilizing period(1986-1998), shrinking period(1999-2014) and recovery period(2015-2018), however, it still showed a shrinking trend for the whole period.(2)The shrinkage of Hongjiannao Lake was caused mainly by human activities, which combined natural factors. The human activities mainly consist of the increase of water consumptions by upstream rivers by reservoir construction, industrial development and vegetation growth.(3)From the point of water balance, the contribution of climate factors and human factors during the shrinking period was 18.26% and 81.74%. Climate factors contributed 16.76% and human factors contributed 83.24% in the recovery period of the lake.(4)The water protection activities implemented since 2012, which had achieved evident preliminary results. It is contributed by mainly artificial precipitation enhancement and increase water supply by upstream reservoirs, which caused the first increase in 2016 in the past decade. Based on the comprehensive analysis, it is recommended to keep the artificial precipitation enhancement and water supplement constantly to inhibit the shrinkage of the water area of Hongjiannao Lake, and to achieve long-term sustainable restoration of the wetland ecology.
引文
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[13] 刘英,岳辉.基于SMMI的红碱淖湖区面积遥感分析[J].科学技术与工程,2016,16(16):122-127.
[14] 娄广艳,王文君,葛雷,等.红碱淖流域水生态现状及保护对策[J].水生态学杂志,2012,33(2):147-152.
[15] 王莺,阎正龙,高凡.1957—2015年红碱淖湖水域面积时空变化监测及驱动力分析[J].农业工程学报,2018,34(2):265-270.
[16] 刘英,岳辉,王腾龙.1990—2015年红碱淖地区土地利用/土地覆盖与景观格局的时空演变[J].水土保持通报,2017,37(5):224-230.
[17] 陈晓江,杨劼.近35年红碱淖动态集驱动因子分析[J].安徽农业科学,2014,46(16):5189-5192.
[18] 白乐,李怀恩,何宏谋,等.降水不均匀变化对红碱淖面积的影响[J].人民黄河,2014,36(5):31-33.
[19] 伊立河,张茂省,董家秋.基于遥感的毛乌素沙地红碱淖面积变化趋势及其影响因素分析[J].地质通报,2008,27(8):1151-1156.
[20] 刘英,吴立新,岳辉.基于Lansat和HJ卫星影像的红碱淖面积变化趋势分析[J].地理与地理信息科学,2015,31(5):60-64.
[21] 王军战,屈建军,张伟民.基于混合像元分解的毛乌素沙地红碱淖面积提取及变化监测[J].中国沙漠,2011,31(3):558-562.
[22] 张治来,王中强,霍小梅.陕西红碱淖遗鸥种群的保护现状及对策[J].榆林学院学报,2006,16(2):40-42.
[23] 徐振武,冯宁,王中强,等.陕北红碱淖湿地遗鸥资源分布与保护管理对策[J].西北林学院学报,2006,21(2):126-129.
[24] 董自鹏,余兴,李星敏,等.基于MODIS数据的陕西省气溶胶光学厚度变化趋势与成因分析[J].科学通报,2014,59(3):306-316.
[2] 郭铌,张杰,梁芸.西北地区近年来内陆湖泊变化反映的气候问题[J].冰川冻土,2003,25(2):211-214.
[3] 范亚云,郭玉川,卢刚,等,艾比湖流域植被生态需水量[J].中国沙漠,2018,38(4):865-871.
[4] 王珏,李小妹,冯起,等.窟野河流域河岸沙丘地貌格局及变化[J].中国沙漠,2019,39(1):52-61.
[5] 姜红涛,塔西甫拉提·特依拜,阿尔达克·克里木,等,艾比湖流域NDVI变化及其与降水,温度的关系[J].中国沙漠,2014,34(6):1678-1684.
[6] 李永格,李宗省,冯起,等.1956—2013年曹家湖流域径流深变化[J].中国沙漠,2018,38(1):200-209.
[7] 刘英,岳辉,王腾龙.1990—2015年红碱淖地区土地利用/土地覆盖与景观格局的时空演变[J].水土保持通报,2017,37(5):224-230.
[8] 唐克旺,王浩,刘畅.陕北红碱淖湖泊变化和生态需水初步研究[J].自然资源学报,2003,18(3):304-309.
[9] 李登科,卓静,王钊.人类活动和气候变化对红碱淖水面面积的影响[J].冰川冻土,2009,31(6):1110-1115.
[10] 赵宁,马超,杨亚莉.1973—2013年红碱淖水域水质变化及驱动力分析[J].湖泊科学,2016,28(5):982-993.
[11] 杨立彬,黄强,武见,等.红碱淖湖泊面积变化影响因素及预测分析[J].干旱区资源与环境,2014,28(3):74-78.
[12] 刘萍萍,甘文宇,张瑞芳,等.陕北红碱淖流域水量变化及其影响因素定量分析[J].西安交通大学学报,2009,43(1):119-124.
[13] 刘英,岳辉.基于SMMI的红碱淖湖区面积遥感分析[J].科学技术与工程,2016,16(16):122-127.
[14] 娄广艳,王文君,葛雷,等.红碱淖流域水生态现状及保护对策[J].水生态学杂志,2012,33(2):147-152.
[15] 王莺,阎正龙,高凡.1957—2015年红碱淖湖水域面积时空变化监测及驱动力分析[J].农业工程学报,2018,34(2):265-270.
[16] 刘英,岳辉,王腾龙.1990—2015年红碱淖地区土地利用/土地覆盖与景观格局的时空演变[J].水土保持通报,2017,37(5):224-230.
[17] 陈晓江,杨劼.近35年红碱淖动态集驱动因子分析[J].安徽农业科学,2014,46(16):5189-5192.
[18] 白乐,李怀恩,何宏谋,等.降水不均匀变化对红碱淖面积的影响[J].人民黄河,2014,36(5):31-33.
[19] 伊立河,张茂省,董家秋.基于遥感的毛乌素沙地红碱淖面积变化趋势及其影响因素分析[J].地质通报,2008,27(8):1151-1156.
[20] 刘英,吴立新,岳辉.基于Lansat和HJ卫星影像的红碱淖面积变化趋势分析[J].地理与地理信息科学,2015,31(5):60-64.
[21] 王军战,屈建军,张伟民.基于混合像元分解的毛乌素沙地红碱淖面积提取及变化监测[J].中国沙漠,2011,31(3):558-562.
[22] 张治来,王中强,霍小梅.陕西红碱淖遗鸥种群的保护现状及对策[J].榆林学院学报,2006,16(2):40-42.
[23] 徐振武,冯宁,王中强,等.陕北红碱淖湿地遗鸥资源分布与保护管理对策[J].西北林学院学报,2006,21(2):126-129.
[24] 董自鹏,余兴,李星敏,等.基于MODIS数据的陕西省气溶胶光学厚度变化趋势与成因分析[J].科学通报,2014,59(3):306-316.