辽宁省地温场结构及变化特征
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摘要
以辽宁省为例,采用统计分析方法,根据辽宁省61个气象站1951-2013年0~320 cm地温资料,分析了季节性冻土区地温场结构和变化特征。结果表明:地温最冷月出现时间随着深度增加而推后,辽宁各地浅层地温最冷月基本均为1月,深层地温最冷月为1-5月,深度越深温度越高。地温最热月出现时间也随深度增加而推后,浅层地温最热月为7、8月,深层地温最热月为8-10月,深度越深温度越低。越深层地温受地表影响越小,320 cm深度与地表的月平均最大温差达到19℃左右,40 cm深度与地表的月平均最大温差仅在8℃左右。随着深度增加,地温的季节变化减小,沈阳320 cm深度地温年内温差不足8℃。5~80 cm深度3-8月为储能期,160 cm深度5-9月为储能期,320 cm深度6-10月为储能期。越接近地表,地温日变化越显著,40 cm以下深度基本可以忽略日变化。沈阳地温升高程度大于气温,以向大气输送热量为主。地表最冷月变暖率明显大于最热月,但随着土层加深各土层最冷月、最热月变暖的程度无明显规律。深层地温的年际变化有时会受到更深层热源的非气候扰动。地温变化对气候、冻土区域工程等的影响不容忽视。
The ground temperature data ranging from 0 to 320 cm depths from 61 meteorological stations in Liaoning Province during 1951-2013 was taken to study ground temperature fields and changing characteristics in the seasonally frozen soil regions by using statistical analysis method.The results show that the coldest month of the ground temperature postponed with depth.The coldest month of the shallow ground temperature was January for the most area of the province,and postponed to January to May with depth increasing.The warmest month of the ground temperature postponed with increasing depth as well.The warmest month of the shallow ground temperature was in June or July,but in August or October as depth increasing to 320 cm.The deeper the depth,the smaller the effect of surface temperature.There was around 19 ℃ difference of maximum monthly average temperature between 320 cm depth and on the surface,but it was only 8 ℃ or so between 40 cm depth and on the surface.With the increase of depth,seasonal change of ground temperature was reduced.The temperature difference was less than 8 ℃ within a year at 320 cm depth.The energy storage period was from March through August at the depth of 5-80 cm,which was from May through September at the depth of 160 cm depth and from June through October at the depth of 320 cm depth.The more closing to the surface,the more obvious the daily variation of ground temperature.The daily variation of ground temperature could be ignored under40 cm depth.The increasing trend of ground temperature was greater than that of air temperature in Shenyang,which showed that soil transmit heat into the atmosphere.The increasing trend of the surface temperature in the coldest month was more than that in the warmest month significantly.But there was no obviously warming of soil temperature with depth.The inter annual variation of the deep ground temperature was not the climate disturbance sometimes,and a part of the heat was from deep of the earth.Therefore,some possible influence due to ground temperature variation on climate and the engineering geological properties can not be ignored.
The ground temperature data ranging from 0 to 320 cm depths from 61 meteorological stations in Liaoning Province during 1951-2013 was taken to study ground temperature fields and changing characteristics in the seasonally frozen soil regions by using statistical analysis method.The results show that the coldest month of the ground temperature postponed with depth.The coldest month of the shallow ground temperature was January for the most area of the province,and postponed to January to May with depth increasing.The warmest month of the ground temperature postponed with increasing depth as well.The warmest month of the shallow ground temperature was in June or July,but in August or October as depth increasing to 320 cm.The deeper the depth,the smaller the effect of surface temperature.There was around 19 ℃ difference of maximum monthly average temperature between 320 cm depth and on the surface,but it was only 8 ℃ or so between 40 cm depth and on the surface.With the increase of depth,seasonal change of ground temperature was reduced.The temperature difference was less than 8 ℃ within a year at 320 cm depth.The energy storage period was from March through August at the depth of 5-80 cm,which was from May through September at the depth of 160 cm depth and from June through October at the depth of 320 cm depth.The more closing to the surface,the more obvious the daily variation of ground temperature.The daily variation of ground temperature could be ignored under40 cm depth.The increasing trend of ground temperature was greater than that of air temperature in Shenyang,which showed that soil transmit heat into the atmosphere.The increasing trend of the surface temperature in the coldest month was more than that in the warmest month significantly.But there was no obviously warming of soil temperature with depth.The inter annual variation of the deep ground temperature was not the climate disturbance sometimes,and a part of the heat was from deep of the earth.Therefore,some possible influence due to ground temperature variation on climate and the engineering geological properties can not be ignored.
引文
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[19]He Ruixia,Jin Huijun,Ma Futing,et al.The latest development of permafrost and cold area environment in the Hora basin,north Greater Khingan Mountains[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2015,37(1):109-117.[何瑞霞,金会军,马富廷,等.大兴安岭北部霍拉盆地多年冻土及寒区环境研究的最新进展[J].冰川冻土,2015,37(1):109-117.]
[20]Dai Haiyan,Zhang Guolin.Analysis on the characteristics of climate warming and its influence on deep ground temperature and permafrost[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2014,30(8):205-209.[戴海燕,张国林.气候变暖特征分析及对深层地温和冻土的影响[J].中国农学通报,2014,30(8):205-209.]
[21]Sui Jingyue,Zhang Guolin,Dai Haiyan,et al.Analysis of variation characteristics for shallow ground temperature in western Liaoning in recent 52 years[J].Journal of Shanxi Agricultural Sciences,2013,41(8):852-855.[隋景跃,张国林,戴海燕,等.近52 a辽宁西部地区浅层地温变化特征分析[J].山西农业科学,2013,41(8):852-855.]
[22]Shi Neng,Chen Jiaqi,Tu Qipu.Four decadal climate change characteristics in China in recent 100 years[J].Acta Meteorologica Sinica,1995,53(4):431-439.[施能,陈家其,屠其璞.中国近100年来4个年代际的气候变化特征[J].气象学报,1995,53(4):431-439.]
[23]Chen Xiaodong,Jin Xu,Guan Yanwu,et al.Influence of daily variation of surface temperature and annual variation on ground temperature measurement in Changchun area[J].Progress in Geophysics,2006,21(3):1008-1011.[陈晓冬,金旭,管彦武,等.长春地区地表温度日变、年变对地温测量的影响[J].地球物理学进展,2006,21(3):1008-1011.]
[2]Gilichinsky D A,Barry R G,Bykhovets S S,et al.A century of temperature observations of soil climate:methods of analysis and long-term trends[C]//Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Permafrost.Ottawa,Canada:Canadian National Committee,1998:313-317.
[3]Osterkamp T E,Romanovsky V E.Evidence for warming and thawing of discontinuous permafrost in Alaska[J].Permafrost and Periglacial Processes,1999,10(1):17-37.
[4]Haeberli W,Hoclzle M,Keller F,et al.Monitoring the longterm revolution of mountain permafrost in the Swiss Alps[C]//Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Permafrost:Vol.1.Guangzhou:South China University of Technology Press,1993:214-219.
[5]Lu Xiaobo,Xu Haiming,Sun Chenghu,et al.Characteristics of soil temperature variations in China in recent 50 years[J].Journal of Nanjing Institute of Meteorology,2006,29(5):707-712.[陆晓波,徐海明,孙丞虎,等.中国近50 a地温的变化特征[J].南京气象学院学报,2006,29(5):707-712.]
[6]Wang Baojun,Shi Bin,Jiang Hongtao,et al.Characteristics of ground temperature variations in superficial soil layers for Nanjing in recent 30 years[J].Geological Journal of China Universities,2009,15(2):199-205.[王宝军,施斌,姜洪涛,等.近30年南京市浅层地温场变化规律研究[J].高校地质学报,2009,15(2):199-205.]
[7]Cai Peng,Li Fang,Wang Zhengquan,et al.Correlation analysis between air and ground temperatures in Jining Prefecture of Shandong Province from 1961 through 2015[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2016,38(6):1538-1543.[蔡鹏,李芳,王政权,等.1961-2015年山东省济宁市地温与气温变化的相关分析[J].冰川冻土,2016,38(6):1538-1543.]
[8]Pan Weidong,Yu Shaoshui,Jia Haifeng,et al.Variation of the ground temperature field in permafrost regions along the QinghaiTibetan Railway[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2002,24(6):774-779.[潘卫东,余绍水,贾海锋,等.青藏铁路沿线多年冻土区地温场变化规律[J].冰川冻土,2002,24(6):774-779.]
[9]Li Dongliang,Liu Miao,Zhong Hailing,et al.Interdecadal change trend of surface air and ground temperatures along QinghaiTibet Railway and relationship between the change and terrain[J].Plateau Meteorology,2005,24(5):694-699.[李栋梁,柳苗,钟海玲,等.青藏铁路沿线地面气温和地温的年际变化趋势及与地形的关系[J].高原气象,2005,24(5):694-699.]
[10]Dong Yuanhong,Niu Yonghong,Cui Weixiao,et al.Model test study on the anti-frost engineering along the Harbin-Qiqihar Passenger Dedicated Railway[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2014,36(4):828-835.[董元宏,牛永红,崔维孝,等.哈尔滨-齐齐哈尔客运专线路基防冻工程模型试验研究[J].冰川冻土,2014,36(4):828-835.]
[11]Gao Siru,Wu Qingbai,Zhang Zhongqiong,et al.Multi-time scale analysis of the permafrost temperatures along the QinghaiTibet Highway[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2014,36(6):1403-1411.[高思如,吴青柏,张中琼,等.青藏公路低温多年冻土温度的多时间尺度分析[J].冰川冻土,2014,36(6):1403-1411.]
[12]Wu Libo,Qi Wei,Niu Fujun,et al.A review of studies on roadbed frozen damage and countermeasures in seasonal frozen ground regions in China[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2015,37(5):1283-1293.[武立波,祁伟,牛富俊,等.我国季节性冻土区公路路基冻害及其防治研究进展[J].冰川冻土,2015,37(5):1283-1293.]
[13]Zhai Xiaoyan.Urban heat island phenomenon and building energy saving[J].Journal of Xiangtan Normal University(Natural Science Edition),2007,29(1):106-109.[翟晓燕.城市热岛现象与建筑节能[J].湘潭师范学院学报(自然科学版),2007,29(1):106-109.]
[14]IPCC.Summary for policymakers[M]//Stocker T F,Qin Dahe,Plattner G K,et al.Climate change 2013:the physical science basis:Contribution of working group I to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change.New York:Cambridge University Press,2013:3-29.
[15]Chang Xiaoli,Jin Huijun,He Ruixia,et al.Review of permafrost monitoring in the northern Da Hinggan Mountains,Northeast China[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2013,35(1):93-100.[常晓丽,金会军,何瑞霞,等.大兴安岭北部多年冻土监测进展[J].冰川冻土,2013,35(1):93-100.]
[16]Jin Huijun,Yu Shaopeng,LüLanzhi,et al.Degradation of permafrost in the Da and Xiao Hinggan Mountains,Northeast China and preliminary assessment of its trend[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2006,28(4):467-476.[金会军,于少鹏,吕兰芝,等.大小兴安岭多年冻土退化及其趋势初步评估[J].冰川冻土,2006,28(4):467-476.]
[17]Wei Zhi,Jin Huijun,Zhang Jianming,et al.Prediction of permafrost changes in Northeastern China under a changing climate[J].Science in China:Earth Science,2011,54(6):924-935.[魏智,金会军,张建明,等.气候变化条件下东北地区多年冻土变化预测[J].中国科学:地球科学,2011,41(1):74-84.]
[18]LüLanzhi,Jin Huijun,Chang Xiaoli,et al.Interannual variability of temperature,surface and shallow ground temperature along the Sino-Russian crude oil pipeline project(Mohe-Daqing section)[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2010,32(4):794-802.[吕兰芝,金会军,常晓丽,等.中俄原油管道工程(漠河-大庆段)沿线气温、地表和浅层地温年际变化特征[J].冰川冻土,2010,32(4):794-802.]
[19]He Ruixia,Jin Huijun,Ma Futing,et al.The latest development of permafrost and cold area environment in the Hora basin,north Greater Khingan Mountains[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2015,37(1):109-117.[何瑞霞,金会军,马富廷,等.大兴安岭北部霍拉盆地多年冻土及寒区环境研究的最新进展[J].冰川冻土,2015,37(1):109-117.]
[20]Dai Haiyan,Zhang Guolin.Analysis on the characteristics of climate warming and its influence on deep ground temperature and permafrost[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2014,30(8):205-209.[戴海燕,张国林.气候变暖特征分析及对深层地温和冻土的影响[J].中国农学通报,2014,30(8):205-209.]
[21]Sui Jingyue,Zhang Guolin,Dai Haiyan,et al.Analysis of variation characteristics for shallow ground temperature in western Liaoning in recent 52 years[J].Journal of Shanxi Agricultural Sciences,2013,41(8):852-855.[隋景跃,张国林,戴海燕,等.近52 a辽宁西部地区浅层地温变化特征分析[J].山西农业科学,2013,41(8):852-855.]
[22]Shi Neng,Chen Jiaqi,Tu Qipu.Four decadal climate change characteristics in China in recent 100 years[J].Acta Meteorologica Sinica,1995,53(4):431-439.[施能,陈家其,屠其璞.中国近100年来4个年代际的气候变化特征[J].气象学报,1995,53(4):431-439.]
[23]Chen Xiaodong,Jin Xu,Guan Yanwu,et al.Influence of daily variation of surface temperature and annual variation on ground temperature measurement in Changchun area[J].Progress in Geophysics,2006,21(3):1008-1011.[陈晓冬,金旭,管彦武,等.长春地区地表温度日变、年变对地温测量的影响[J].地球物理学进展,2006,21(3):1008-1011.]