湿法回收废催化剂中铂钯技术进展
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摘要
铂钯贵金属是汽车尾气净化催化剂和化工用催化剂的主要成分,从失效催化剂中分离回收铂钯贵金属是解决铂钯资源不足的重要途径之一。评述了从废催化剂中回收铂钯的方法和技术,重点讨论了废催化剂中铂钯金属的粗提工艺,包括湿法浸出工艺、生物浸出工艺及强化浸出手段,并比较了各种方法的优缺点。湿法工艺有载体溶解法、活性组分溶解法、全溶法和加压氰化法,其优点是技术简单,流程较短且成熟,成本相对低,是从失效催化剂中分离回收铂钯贵金属最常用的方法,但湿法浸出的主要缺点是浸出率不够稳定。技术上,生物浸出工艺具有反应温和,环境友好,适应性强等优势,但其仍处于研究探索阶段,工业化应用较少。强化铂钯浸出的手段有机械活化、微波、超声波强化浸出等,其中微波、超声波强化浸出方法应用较多。最后指出提高工艺技术水平、发展高效、环境友好型新技术是废催化剂中铂钯回收技术的发展方向。
Platinum and palladium were the main components of automobile catalysts and chemical catalysts,so the separation and recovery of platinum and palladium from spent auto-catalysts and chemical catalysts was one of the most important ways to meet the demand for platinum and palladium resources. The methods,especially the crude extraction process,of recovery of platinum and palladium from spent catalysts was reviewed,including hydrometallurgical leaching methods,bioleaching and the means of strengthening the leaching process. The advantages and disadvantages of these processes were compared. Hydrometallurgical leaching methods containing carrier dissolution,active component dissolution,total dissolution and pressure cyanidation,had the advantages of short and mature process,low cost and became the most common method for the recovery of platinum and palladium from spent catalysts,but the maindrawback was unstable leaching rate. From the point of view of technology,the biological leaching process had the advantages of mild reaction,environment-friendly,strong adaptability,while biological leaching process was still in the stage of exploration,and industrial applications were rare. The means of strengthening the leaching process of platinum and palladium included mechanical activation,ultrasonic leaching and microwave enhanced leaching. Ultrasonic leaching and microwave enhanced leaching had wide range of applications. Finally,the development direction of spent catalysts recycling technology was concluded as improving the level of technique,developing efficient and environment-friendly technologies.
Platinum and palladium were the main components of automobile catalysts and chemical catalysts,so the separation and recovery of platinum and palladium from spent auto-catalysts and chemical catalysts was one of the most important ways to meet the demand for platinum and palladium resources. The methods,especially the crude extraction process,of recovery of platinum and palladium from spent catalysts was reviewed,including hydrometallurgical leaching methods,bioleaching and the means of strengthening the leaching process. The advantages and disadvantages of these processes were compared. Hydrometallurgical leaching methods containing carrier dissolution,active component dissolution,total dissolution and pressure cyanidation,had the advantages of short and mature process,low cost and became the most common method for the recovery of platinum and palladium from spent catalysts,but the maindrawback was unstable leaching rate. From the point of view of technology,the biological leaching process had the advantages of mild reaction,environment-friendly,strong adaptability,while biological leaching process was still in the stage of exploration,and industrial applications were rare. The means of strengthening the leaching process of platinum and palladium included mechanical activation,ultrasonic leaching and microwave enhanced leaching. Ultrasonic leaching and microwave enhanced leaching had wide range of applications. Finally,the development direction of spent catalysts recycling technology was concluded as improving the level of technique,developing efficient and environment-friendly technologies.
引文
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