纸质文物上的“寄居者”
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摘要
为鉴定南京博物院馆藏书画覆背纸上的微生物种类,利用分子生物学方法,对污斑处进行分离及鉴定。为了验证实验获得的纯培养微生物是否具有降解和破坏纸张的能力,对分离微生物的纤维素酶酶活、木聚糖酶酶活及蛋白酶酶活进行了选择性测定。一共获得11株细菌和5株真菌,结果证实为9种细菌及2种真菌,它们主要属于芽孢杆菌属、链格孢属和木霉属。酶活测试显示,细菌中,泛菌属的纤维素酶酶活最高,短杆菌属的蛋白酶酶活最高,分别可达到1.76和6.57 U/mL。真菌的蛋白酶酶活普遍很低,木霉属的纤维素酶酶活和木聚糖酶酶活最高,分别是17.12和29.01 U/mL。实验结果有助于针对纸质文物的微生物侵蚀现象制定相关的保护措施。
In order to identify the microorganism species on the backside paper of painting and calligraphy(Nanjing Museum) with the utilizing of the molecular biological method,the microbe on stain were isolated and identified.With the purpose of detecting whether the purely cultured microorganisms had the ability to degrade and damage paper,the cellulase activity,xylanase activity and protease activity were measured.A total of 11 bacterial strains and 5 fungi were gathered,9 bacterial strains and 2 fungi were identified,and they belonged to Bacillus,Alternaria and Trichoderma mainly.According to the results of enzymatic determination,as to the bacteria,the cellulase activity of Pantoea was maximum,the protease activity of Brevibacterium was maximum of 1.76 U/mL and 6.57 U/mL respectively.The protease activity of fungi was quite low,the cellulase activity and xylanase activity of Trichoderma were maximum of 17.12 U/mL and 29.01 U/mL respectively.The results are useful to develop the protective techniques to against the microbial erosion on paper culture relics.
In order to identify the microorganism species on the backside paper of painting and calligraphy(Nanjing Museum) with the utilizing of the molecular biological method,the microbe on stain were isolated and identified.With the purpose of detecting whether the purely cultured microorganisms had the ability to degrade and damage paper,the cellulase activity,xylanase activity and protease activity were measured.A total of 11 bacterial strains and 5 fungi were gathered,9 bacterial strains and 2 fungi were identified,and they belonged to Bacillus,Alternaria and Trichoderma mainly.According to the results of enzymatic determination,as to the bacteria,the cellulase activity of Pantoea was maximum,the protease activity of Brevibacterium was maximum of 1.76 U/mL and 6.57 U/mL respectively.The protease activity of fungi was quite low,the cellulase activity and xylanase activity of Trichoderma were maximum of 17.12 U/mL and 29.01 U/mL respectively.The results are useful to develop the protective techniques to against the microbial erosion on paper culture relics.
引文
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[3]SORLINI C,SACCHI M,FERRARI A.Microbiological deterioration of Gambara's frescoes exposed to open air in Brescia,Italy[J].International biodeterioration,1987,23(3):167.
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[5]NYUKSHA Y P.Some special cases of biological deterioration of books[J].International journal for the preservation of library and archival material,1983,5(3/4):178.
[6]田金英,王春蕾.霉菌对文物的影响初探[J].中国博物馆,1999(1):83.
[7]闫丽,高雅,贾汀.古代书画文物上污染霉菌的分离与鉴定研究[J].传统技艺,2011(1):81.
[8]张慧,张金萍,朱庆贵.古旧纸本字画孳生霉斑的鉴定[J].文物保护与考古科学,2016,28(1):110.
[9]唐欢,王春,范文奇,等.馆藏纸质书画文物上霉菌的分离与鉴定[J].文物保护与考古科学,2015,27(2):44.
[10]SATO Y,AOKI M,KIGAWA R.Microbial deterioration of tsunami-affected paper-based objects[J].International biodeterioration and biodegradation,2014,88(1):62.
[11]GONZALEZ J M,SAIZJIMENEZ C.Application of molecular nucleic acid-based techniques for the study of microbial communities in monuments and artworks[J].International microbiology,2005,8(3):190.
[12]GARDES M,BRUNS T D.ITS primers with enhanced specificity for basidiomycetes-application to the identification of mycorrhizae and rusts[J].Molecular ecology,1993,2(2):114.
[13]HUDSON J A,MORGAN H W,DANIEL R M.The cellulase activity of an extreme thermophile[J].Applied microbiology and biotechnology,1991,35(2):270.
[14]韩硕,宋天顺,吴夏芫,等.沉积物燃料电池阳极区纤维素分解菌群筛选及酶学特性[J].南京工业大学学报(自然科学版),2015,37(2):56.
[15]王向明,欧阳嘉,严明,等.里氏木霉木聚糖酶基因XYN2的克隆与表达[J].南京工业大学学报(自然科学版),2007,29(5):83.
[16]KANEKAR P P,NILEGAONKAR S S,SARNAIK S S,et al.Optimization of protease activity of alkaliphilic bacteria isolated from an alkaline lake in India[J].Bioresource technology,2002,85(1):88.
[17]康子腾,姜黎明,罗义勇,等.植物病原链格孢属真菌的致病机制研究进展[J].生命科学,2013,25(9):909.
[18]杜密英,苏琦,杜进民.绿色木霉发酵产木聚糖酶的培养条件研究[J].食品工程,2011(4):41.
[19]聂亚锋,李庆辉,陈志谊,等.莲子草假隔链格孢SF-193的细胞壁降解酶研究[J].中国生物防治学报,2011,27(4):538.