基于大型底栖动物多度量指数的河流多尺度评价
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摘要
研究大型底栖动物群落特征并构建适当的环境生物指数是评估河流生态系统健康状况的重要途经. 2017年1月对漓江上中下游3个区域41个采样点的大型底栖动物和水体理化指标进行了监测调查,采用主成分分析、分布范围检验、敏感性检验和冗余检验等方法,分析大型底栖动物对流域主要环境压迫的响应关系,筛选出最适宜的生物参数构建多度量指数进行环境评估.主成分分析结果表明,影响漓江流域环境的主要因子为p H、电导率和浊度,结合底栖动物的PMA(百分比模式相似性指数)确定了7个环境相对较好的参照点和34个受损点;分布范围检验、敏感性检验和冗余检验表明,总分类单元数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、敏感类群数量百分比和刮食者分类单元数能够有效反映环境差异;采用比值法统一量纲后构建了MRMI(major reaches multi-metric index,MRMI),并采用四分法确定了评价标准,即MRMI> 3. 02为健康,MRMI> 2. 27～3. 02为良好,MRMI>1. 51～2. 27为一般,MRMI>0. 76～1. 51为差,MRMI≤0. 76为极差.通过构建的MRMI对漓江3个河段进行河流健康评价:上游14个采样点中有12个健康级别在良好以上;中游14个采样点中有8个健康级别在良好以上,有1个采样点的健康级别为差,健康状况较上游相比略有下降;下游13个采样点中仅有4个健康级别达到良好以上,在3个采样区域中健康状况最差.研究显示,在流域尺度上河流健康总体呈现从上游至下游逐渐变差状况,在河段尺度上同一河段内的健康评价结果存在较大差异.总体看来,大型底栖动物多度量指数在流域尺度与河段尺度均能较好地反映河流健康状况.
It is an important way to evaluate the health of river ecosystems by studying the characteristics of macroinvertebrate and establishing an appropriate environmental biological index. The field observation on macroinvertebrate communities and physicochemical parameters of 41 sampling sites in the upper,middle and down reaches of the Li River were conducted in January 2017,and the Principal Component Analysis( PCA), range test, sensitivity test and redundancy test were carried out to investigate the responses of macroinvertebrate to the main pressures of the basin for selecting the most suitable biological parameters to build the multi-metric index.The PCA results indicated that p H,electrical conductivity and turbidity were the primary parameters for the evaluation of the ecosystem health in the Li River Basin. Seven reference points and 34 impaired points were confirmed according to the primary parameters and the percent model affinity( PMA) of macroinvertebrate. Range test,sensitivity test,and redundancy test results showed that the number of taxa,Shannon-Wiener diversity index,percentage of sensitive taxa and the number of scrapers taxa could effectively reflect variations of the ecosystem health in the Li River. The continuous metrics scoring method was applied to calculating the major reaches multi-metric index( MRMI),and five categories,excellent( >3. 02),good( >2. 27-3. 02),moderate( >1. 51-2. 27),poor( >0. 76-1. 51) and bad( ≤0. 76) were established for representing different levels of the river ecosystem health. The MRMI results showed that the healthcondition was the best in the upstream region where 12 sites were above good condition. Eight sites were above good condition and 1 site was in poor condition at the midstream region. Only 4 sites were above good condition in the downstream region. According to study,the ecosystem health condition decreased gradually from upstream to downstream at river basin scale. However,variation of the health condition in the same region was detected at river scale. The multi-metric index of macroinvertebrates can reflect the ecosystem health well at both river basin scale and river scale.
It is an important way to evaluate the health of river ecosystems by studying the characteristics of macroinvertebrate and establishing an appropriate environmental biological index. The field observation on macroinvertebrate communities and physicochemical parameters of 41 sampling sites in the upper,middle and down reaches of the Li River were conducted in January 2017,and the Principal Component Analysis( PCA), range test, sensitivity test and redundancy test were carried out to investigate the responses of macroinvertebrate to the main pressures of the basin for selecting the most suitable biological parameters to build the multi-metric index.The PCA results indicated that p H,electrical conductivity and turbidity were the primary parameters for the evaluation of the ecosystem health in the Li River Basin. Seven reference points and 34 impaired points were confirmed according to the primary parameters and the percent model affinity( PMA) of macroinvertebrate. Range test,sensitivity test,and redundancy test results showed that the number of taxa,Shannon-Wiener diversity index,percentage of sensitive taxa and the number of scrapers taxa could effectively reflect variations of the ecosystem health in the Li River. The continuous metrics scoring method was applied to calculating the major reaches multi-metric index( MRMI),and five categories,excellent( >3. 02),good( >2. 27-3. 02),moderate( >1. 51-2. 27),poor( >0. 76-1. 51) and bad( ≤0. 76) were established for representing different levels of the river ecosystem health. The MRMI results showed that the healthcondition was the best in the upstream region where 12 sites were above good condition. Eight sites were above good condition and 1 site was in poor condition at the midstream region. Only 4 sites were above good condition in the downstream region. According to study,the ecosystem health condition decreased gradually from upstream to downstream at river basin scale. However,variation of the health condition in the same region was detected at river scale. The multi-metric index of macroinvertebrates can reflect the ecosystem health well at both river basin scale and river scale.
引文
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[30]李艳利,李艳粉,赵丽,等.基于不同生物类群的河流健康评价研究[J].水利学报,2016,47(8):1025-1034.LI Yanli,LI Yanfen,ZHAO Li,et al. Research on river health assessment based on different biological assessmblages[J]. Shuili Xuebao,2016,47(8):1025-1034.
[31]刘祥,陈凯,陈求稳,等.淮河流域典型河流夏秋季底栖动物群落特征及其与环境因子的关系[J].环境科学学报,2016,36(6):1928-1938.LIU Xiang,CHEN Kai,CHEN Qiuwen,et al. The community structure of macroinvertebrate and its relationship to the environmental factors in summer and autumn within typical reaches of Huai River Basin[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2016,36(6):1928-1938.
[32] NORRIS R H,THOMS M C.What is river health?[J].Freshwater Biology,2010,41(2):197-209.
[33]渠晓东,刘志刚,张远.标准化方法筛选参照点构建大型底栖动物生物完整性指数[J].生态学报,2012,32(15):4661-4672.QU Xiaodong,LIU Zhigang,ZHANG Yuan. Discussion on the standardized method of reference sites selection for establishing the benthic-index of biotic integrity[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2012,32(15):4661-4672.
[34] SHI Xuan,LIU Jingling,YOU Xiaoguang,et al.Evaluation of river habitat integrity based on benthic macroinvertebrate-based multimetric model[J].Ecological Modelling,2017,353:63-76.
[35]张跃平.江苏大型底栖无脊椎动物耐污值、BI指数及水质生物评价研究[D].南京:南京农业大学,2006.
[36] YOSHINURA C,TOCKNER K,OMURA T,et al.Species diversity and functional assessment of maroinvertebrate communities in Austrian rivers[J].Limnology,2006,7:63-74.
[37] ROBINSON C T,SCHUWIRTH N,BAUMGARTNER S,et al.Spatial relationships between land-use,habitat,water quality and lotic macroinvertebrates in two Swiss catchments[J]. Aquatic Sciences,2014,76(3):375-392.
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[40]陈博,李卫明,陈求稳,等.夏季漓江不同底质类型和沉水植物对底栖动物分布的影响[J].环境科学学报,2014,34(7):1758-1765.CHEN Bo,LI Weiming,CHEN Qiuwen,et al. Effects of different bottom sediment and submerged macrophytes on macrofaunal communites in the Lijiang River during the summer[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2014,34(7):1758-1765.
[2]董哲仁.生态水工学探索[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2007.
[3]熊春晖,张瑞雷,徐玉萍,等.应用底栖动物完整性指数评价上海市河流健康[J].湖泊科学,2015,27(6):1067-1078.XIONG Chunhui,ZHANG Ruilei,XU Yuping,et al. Health assessment on rivers in Shanghai City using benthic index of biotic integrity[J].Journal of Lake Science,2015,27(6):1067-1078.
[4] FAN Hui, HE Daming, WANG Hailong. Environmental consequences of damming the mainstream Lancang-Mekong River:a review[J].Earth-Science Reviews,2015,146:77-91.
[5] XU Mengzhen,WANG Zhaoyin,DUAN Xuehua,et al. Effects of pollution on macroinvertebrates and water quality bio-assessment[J].Hydrobiologia,2014,729(1):247-259.
[6] SVENSSON O,BELLAMY A S,BRINK P J V D,et al. Assessing the ecological impact of banana farms on water quality using aquatic macroinvertebrate community composition[J]. Environmental Science&Pollution Research International,2018,25(14):13373-13381.
[7]刘麟菲,宋佳,王博涵,等.渭河流域硅藻群落特征及水生态健康评价[J].环境科学研究,2015,28(10):1560-1569.LIU Linfei, SONG Jia, WANG Bohan, et al. Quantitative relationships among the diatom community and driving factors in Taizi River Basin China[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences,2015,28(10):1560-1569.
[8]王军,周琼,谢从新,等.基于大型底栖动物完整性指数的新疆额尔齐斯河健康评价[J].环境科学研究,2015,28(6):959-966.WANG Jun,ZHOU Qiong,XIE Congxin,et al.Health assessment of Irtysh River in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,northwest China,based on benthic-index of biotic integrity(B-IBI)[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2015,28(6):956-966.
[9] KARR J R. Assessment of biotic integrity using fish communities[J].Fisheries,1981,6(6):21-27.
[10] KARR J R.Defining and assessing ecological integrity:beyond water quality[J].Environmental Toxicology&Chemistry,1993,12(9):1521-1531.
[11] KARR J R,CHU E W.Sustaining living rivers[J].Hydrobiologia,2000,422/423:1-14.
[12] LI Tianhong,HUANG Xulei,JIANG Xiaohui,et al. Assessment of ecosystem health of the Yellow River with fish index of biotic integrity[J].Hydrobiologia,2015,412(28):1-13.
[13] DE-LA-OSSA-CARRETERO J A,LANE M F,LLANSO R J,et al.Classification efficiency of the B-IBI comparing water body size classes in Chesapeake Bay[J]. Ecological Indicators,2016,63:144-153.
[14] TAN Xiang,MA Peiming,BUNN S E,et al. Development of a benthic diatom index of biotic integrity(BD-IBI)for ecosystem health assessment of human dominant subtropical rivers,China[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2015,151(2):286-294.
[15]黄艺,舒中亚.基于浮游细菌生物完整性指数的河流生态系统健康评价:以滇池流域为例[J].环境科学,2013,34(8):3010-3018.HUANG Yi,SHU Zhongya. Bacterioplankton index of biotic integrity(BP-IBI):an approach for assessing river ecosystem health in Dianchi Watershed[J]. Environmental Science,2013,34(8):3010-3018.
[16] CHEN Kai,HUGHES R M,XU Sheng,et al. Evaluating performance of macroinvertebrate-based adjusted and unadjusted multi-metric indices(MMI)using multi-season and multi-year samples[J].Ecological Indicators,2014,36(1):142-151.
[17] AAZAMI J,ESMAILI S A,ABDOLI A,et al. Assessment of ecological quality of the Tajan River in Iran using a multimetric macroinvertebrate index and species traits[J]. Environmental Management,2015,56(1):260-269.
[18] KOSNICKI E,SEFICK S A,PALLER M H,et al. A stream multimetric macroinvertebrate index(MMI)for the sand hills ecoregion of the southeastern plains,USA[J]. Environmental Management,2016,58(4):741-751.
[19]傅伯杰,刘国华,陈利顶,等.中国生态区划方案[J].生态学报,2001,21(1):1-6.FU Bojie,LIU Guohua,CHEN Liding,et al. Scheme of ecological regionalization in China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2001,21(1):1-6.
[20]田华丽,夏艺,梁士楚,等.桂林漓江湿地植被种类组成及其区系成分[J].湿地科学,2015,13(1):103-110.TIAN Huali,XIAYi,LIANG Shichu,et al. Species composition and flora of wetland vegetation in Lijiang River,Guilin[J]. Wetland Science,2015,13(1):103-110.
[21] LIU Linfei,XU Zongxue,YIN Xuwang,et al. Development of a multimetric index based on benthic macroinvertebrates for the assessment of urban stream health in Jinan City,China[J].Environmental Monitoring&Assessment,2017,189(5):194-205.
[22] SILVA D R O,HERLIHY A T,HUGHES R M,et al.An improved macroinvertebrate multimetric index for the assessment of wadeable streams in the neotropical savanna[J].Ecological Indicators,2017,81:514-525.
[23] NOVAK M A,BODE R.Percent model affinity:a new measure of macroinvertebrate community composition[J]. Journal of the North American Benthological Society,1992,11(1):80-85.
[24] WU Wei,XU Zongxue,YIN Xuwang,et al.Assessment of ecosystem health based on fish assemblages in the Wei River Basin,China[J]. Environmental Monitoring&Assessment,2014,186(6):3701-3716.
[25] STODDARD J,HERLIHY A,PECK D,et al.A process for creating multimetric indices for large-scale aquatic surveys[J]. Freshwater Science,2008,27(4):878-891.
[26] QIN Chunyan,ZHOU Jin,CAO Yong,et al. Quantitative tolerance values for common stream benthic macroinvertebrates in the Yangtze River Delta,eastern China[J]. Environmental Monitoring&Assessment,2014,186(9):5883-5895.
[27] BOONSOONG B,SANGPRADUB N,BARBOUR M T.Development of rapid bioassessment approaches using benthic macroinvertebrates for Thai streams[J]. Environmental Monitoring&Assessment,2009,155:129-147.
[28] BARBOUR M T,GERRITSEN J,GRIFFITH G E,et al. A framework for biological criteria for Florida streams using benthic macroinvertebrates[J].Journal of the North American Benthological Society,1996,15(2):185-211.
[29]王备新,杨莲芳,胡本进,等.应用底栖动物完整性指数B-IBI评价溪流健康[J].生态学报,2005,25(6):1481-1490.WANG Beixin,YANG Lianfang,HU Benjin,et al. A preliminary study on the assessment of stream ecosystem health in south of Anhui Province using benthic-index of biotic integrity[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2005,25(6):1481-1490.
[30]李艳利,李艳粉,赵丽,等.基于不同生物类群的河流健康评价研究[J].水利学报,2016,47(8):1025-1034.LI Yanli,LI Yanfen,ZHAO Li,et al. Research on river health assessment based on different biological assessmblages[J]. Shuili Xuebao,2016,47(8):1025-1034.
[31]刘祥,陈凯,陈求稳,等.淮河流域典型河流夏秋季底栖动物群落特征及其与环境因子的关系[J].环境科学学报,2016,36(6):1928-1938.LIU Xiang,CHEN Kai,CHEN Qiuwen,et al. The community structure of macroinvertebrate and its relationship to the environmental factors in summer and autumn within typical reaches of Huai River Basin[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2016,36(6):1928-1938.
[32] NORRIS R H,THOMS M C.What is river health?[J].Freshwater Biology,2010,41(2):197-209.
[33]渠晓东,刘志刚,张远.标准化方法筛选参照点构建大型底栖动物生物完整性指数[J].生态学报,2012,32(15):4661-4672.QU Xiaodong,LIU Zhigang,ZHANG Yuan. Discussion on the standardized method of reference sites selection for establishing the benthic-index of biotic integrity[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2012,32(15):4661-4672.
[34] SHI Xuan,LIU Jingling,YOU Xiaoguang,et al.Evaluation of river habitat integrity based on benthic macroinvertebrate-based multimetric model[J].Ecological Modelling,2017,353:63-76.
[35]张跃平.江苏大型底栖无脊椎动物耐污值、BI指数及水质生物评价研究[D].南京:南京农业大学,2006.
[36] YOSHINURA C,TOCKNER K,OMURA T,et al.Species diversity and functional assessment of maroinvertebrate communities in Austrian rivers[J].Limnology,2006,7:63-74.
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