覆膜沟灌下施氮量对土壤水盐分布和向日葵产量的影响
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摘要
通过对施氮水平的控制,研究农田土壤水盐分布和向日葵的产量变化规律,为改善盐碱地作物生长环境,增加产量提供有效的理论依据。选取大同盆地,采用覆膜宽垄沟灌(G)和水平畦灌(Q) 2种耕作灌溉方式,设置3种施氮水平,施氮量分别为156 kg/hm~2(N1)、260 kg/hm~2(N2)、364 kg/hm~2(N3),以平作不施氮(QN0)为对照组,五氧化二磷和氧化钾用量分别45.7和54.84 kg/hm~2。灌溉定额为340 mm。结果表明:在不施氮条件下,沟灌垄上0～40cm电导率EC_(1∶5)比水平畦灌电导率低15%～30%,沟中0～40 cm EC_(1∶5)比水平畦灌低40%～50%。40 cm以下土层,沟灌土壤垄上和沟中EC_(1∶5)比水平畦灌低20%～40%。而在施氮条件下,沟灌垄上0～40 cm表层EC_(1∶5)和水平畦灌差异不显著(p<0.05),但随着施氮量的增加,二者表层EC_(1∶5)都略微增加,沟灌沟中0～40 cm EC_(1∶5)较水平畦灌低40%～60%。40 cm以下沟灌沟中EC_(1∶5)比畦灌低40%左右。在相同的灌水量下,沟灌沟中0～40 cm表层含水率低于垄上覆膜表层含水率,而在整个生育期内除了降雨影响外,覆膜沟灌含水率均在10%～23%,与不施氮处理差异不显著(p<0.05)。采用260 kg/hm~2的施氮时,向日葵生长最优,盘径22.5 cm、千粒重192.30 g、籽粒产量4 893.8 kg/hm~2。综上分析,采用覆膜沟灌且施氮量在260 kg/hm~2左右能改善土壤水盐状况,提高作物产量。
Through the control of nitrogen application level,the study of soil water-salt distribution and sunflower yield variation law was carried out,which provided an effective theoretical basis for improving the crop growth environment and increasing yield of saline-alkali crops. In this study,Datong Basin was selected,and two kinds of tillage irrigation methods were adopted,including wide ridge furrow irrigation (G) and horizontal flood irrigation (Q). Three nitrogen application levels were set,and the nitrogen application rate was 156 kg/hm~2 (N1),260 kg/hm~2 (N2),364 kg/hm~2 (N3),with no nitrogen application (QN0) as the control group,and the amounts of phosphorus pentoxide and potassium oxide were 45.7 and 54.84 kg/hm~2,respectively. The irrigation quota was 340 mm. The results showed that under the condition of no nitrogen application,the conductivity of EC_(1∶5) of 0 ～ 40 cm on the furrow irrigation ridge was 15% ～ 30% lower than that of horizontal border irrigation,and the 0 ～ 40 cm EC_(1∶5) in the ditch was lower than that of the horizontal border irrigation by 40% ～ 50%. For the soil layer below 40 cm,the EC_(1∶5) was 20% ～ 40% lower than that of the horizontal border irrigation. Under nitrogen application conditions,there was no significant difference between EC_(1∶5) on 0 ～ 40 cm surface layer of furrow irrigation and horizontal border irrigation (p<0.05). However,with the increase of nitrogen application,EC_(1∶5) in both surface layers increased slightly,and the 0 ～ 40 cm EC_(1∶5) in furrow irrigation was 40% ～ 60% lower than that in horizontal border irrigation. The EC_(1∶5) of furrow irrigation under 40 cm was about 40% lower than that of border irrigation. Under the same irrigation amount,the moisture content of 0 ～ 40 cm surface layer in furrow irrigation ditch was lower than that of the film-covered surface layer on the ridge,and in the whole growth period,except for the influence of rainfall,the moisture content of furrow irrigation with film-covered ditch was 10% ～ 23%,which was not significantly different from that without nitrogen application (p<0.05). Based on the above analysis,using plastic film mulching furrow irrigation with nitrogen application amount of around 260 kg/hm~2 can improve soil water and salt conditions and increase crop yield.
Through the control of nitrogen application level,the study of soil water-salt distribution and sunflower yield variation law was carried out,which provided an effective theoretical basis for improving the crop growth environment and increasing yield of saline-alkali crops. In this study,Datong Basin was selected,and two kinds of tillage irrigation methods were adopted,including wide ridge furrow irrigation (G) and horizontal flood irrigation (Q). Three nitrogen application levels were set,and the nitrogen application rate was 156 kg/hm~2 (N1),260 kg/hm~2 (N2),364 kg/hm~2 (N3),with no nitrogen application (QN0) as the control group,and the amounts of phosphorus pentoxide and potassium oxide were 45.7 and 54.84 kg/hm~2,respectively. The irrigation quota was 340 mm. The results showed that under the condition of no nitrogen application,the conductivity of EC_(1∶5) of 0 ～ 40 cm on the furrow irrigation ridge was 15% ～ 30% lower than that of horizontal border irrigation,and the 0 ～ 40 cm EC_(1∶5) in the ditch was lower than that of the horizontal border irrigation by 40% ～ 50%. For the soil layer below 40 cm,the EC_(1∶5) was 20% ～ 40% lower than that of the horizontal border irrigation. Under nitrogen application conditions,there was no significant difference between EC_(1∶5) on 0 ～ 40 cm surface layer of furrow irrigation and horizontal border irrigation (p<0.05). However,with the increase of nitrogen application,EC_(1∶5) in both surface layers increased slightly,and the 0 ～ 40 cm EC_(1∶5) in furrow irrigation was 40% ～ 60% lower than that in horizontal border irrigation. The EC_(1∶5) of furrow irrigation under 40 cm was about 40% lower than that of border irrigation. Under the same irrigation amount,the moisture content of 0 ～ 40 cm surface layer in furrow irrigation ditch was lower than that of the film-covered surface layer on the ridge,and in the whole growth period,except for the influence of rainfall,the moisture content of furrow irrigation with film-covered ditch was 10% ～ 23%,which was not significantly different from that without nitrogen application (p<0.05). Based on the above analysis,using plastic film mulching furrow irrigation with nitrogen application amount of around 260 kg/hm~2 can improve soil water and salt conditions and increase crop yield.
引文
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[3]雷廷武,肖娟,詹卫华,等.沟灌条件下不同灌溉水质对玉米产量和土壤盐分的影响[J].水利学报,2004(9):118-122.
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[7]尹志荣,黄建成,桂林国,等.盐碱地枸杞节水高效利用技术集成研究[J].节水灌溉,2016(12):32-35.
[8]张瑞芳.基于GIS的山西省朔州市水土流失强度评价研究[D].乌鲁木齐:新疆师范大学,2006.
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[10]团良,邵东辉.使用DDS-307型电导率仪测定水的电导率和土壤盐分[J].环境与发展,2014,26(8):23-26.
[11]王巧焕.灌溉条件下黄土层中水盐运移的试验研究及数学模拟[D].陕西杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2006.
[12]董平国,王增丽,霍云云.垄作沟灌土壤水盐分布及作物产量试验研究[J].排灌机械工程学报,2016,34(10):904-909,915.
[13]王增丽,朱兴平,温广贵,等.垄作沟灌条件下灌溉定额对土壤水盐分布和制种玉米耗水的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2016,34(1):50-54.
[14]魏孝荣,郝明德,张春霞.旱地长期施肥对土壤水分的影响[J].水土保持研究,2003(1):95-97.
[15]李永平,杨改河,冯永忠,等.黄土高原土壤风蚀区玉米起垄覆盖集水效应[J].农业工程学报,2009,25(4):59-65.
[16]张鹏,蒋静,马娟娟,等.不同水氮处理对盐渍土水氮盐变化和燕麦产量的影响[J].灌溉排水学报,2018,37(5):1-5,12.
[17]韩顺斌,索东让,孙宁科.垄膜沟灌模式下制种玉米施肥效率研究[J].土壤通报,2014,45(5):1 188-1 194.
[18]张金珠.干旱区秸秆覆盖对滴灌土壤水盐分布及棉花生长的调控效应[D].乌鲁木齐:新疆农业大学,2013.
[2]闫建文,史海滨,李仙岳,等.轻度盐渍化土壤水氮对玉米光合特性及产量的影响[J].水土保持学报,2014,28(3):277-284,289.
[3]雷廷武,肖娟,詹卫华,等.沟灌条件下不同灌溉水质对玉米产量和土壤盐分的影响[J].水利学报,2004(9):118-122.
[4]COOK H F,VALDES G S B,LEE H C.Mulch effects on rainfall interception,soil physical characteristics and temperature under zea mays l[J].Soil and Tillage Research,2006,91(1-2):227-235.
[5]BAKHT J,SHAFI M,YOUSAF M,et al.Physiology,phenology and yield of sunflower(autumn)as affected by NPK fertilizer and hybrids[J].Pakistan Journal of Botang,2010,42(3):1 909-1 922.
[6]周继莹,成自勇,王峰,等.覆膜沟灌条件下不同水氮处理对番茄产量与品质的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2013,31(4):43-49.
[7]尹志荣,黄建成,桂林国,等.盐碱地枸杞节水高效利用技术集成研究[J].节水灌溉,2016(12):32-35.
[8]张瑞芳.基于GIS的山西省朔州市水土流失强度评价研究[D].乌鲁木齐:新疆师范大学,2006.
[9]薛铸.盐渍化土壤向日葵水肥综合效应初步研究[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2007.
[10]团良,邵东辉.使用DDS-307型电导率仪测定水的电导率和土壤盐分[J].环境与发展,2014,26(8):23-26.
[11]王巧焕.灌溉条件下黄土层中水盐运移的试验研究及数学模拟[D].陕西杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2006.
[12]董平国,王增丽,霍云云.垄作沟灌土壤水盐分布及作物产量试验研究[J].排灌机械工程学报,2016,34(10):904-909,915.
[13]王增丽,朱兴平,温广贵,等.垄作沟灌条件下灌溉定额对土壤水盐分布和制种玉米耗水的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2016,34(1):50-54.
[14]魏孝荣,郝明德,张春霞.旱地长期施肥对土壤水分的影响[J].水土保持研究,2003(1):95-97.
[15]李永平,杨改河,冯永忠,等.黄土高原土壤风蚀区玉米起垄覆盖集水效应[J].农业工程学报,2009,25(4):59-65.
[16]张鹏,蒋静,马娟娟,等.不同水氮处理对盐渍土水氮盐变化和燕麦产量的影响[J].灌溉排水学报,2018,37(5):1-5,12.
[17]韩顺斌,索东让,孙宁科.垄膜沟灌模式下制种玉米施肥效率研究[J].土壤通报,2014,45(5):1 188-1 194.
[18]张金珠.干旱区秸秆覆盖对滴灌土壤水盐分布及棉花生长的调控效应[D].乌鲁木齐:新疆农业大学,2013.