石墨相氮化碳的液相合成及光催化性能研究进展
|
摘要
石墨相氮化碳是类石墨层状聚合物材料,因其特殊的能带和电子结构,近年来成为功能材料研究领域的热点.液相合成法具有温和多变的特性,是石墨相氮化碳合成的重要途径.本文作者就现阶段液相介质合成氮化碳的主要方法进行了介绍,主要包括液相电沉积、脉冲激光烧蚀、溶剂热合成法等.介绍了不同液相介质和合成参数对制备氮化碳材料晶型、形貌等的影响.同时就溶剂热合成氮化碳在光催化领域的研究进展进行了总结.在未来的研究中,液相合成法将极大的丰富氮化碳材料结构优化的途径,有助于推动多功能聚合物材料的深入研究.
Graphitic carbon nitride is a layered material with similar to grapheme. It has become the research hotspot in the field of functional materials,for the unique energy band and electron structures.Based on the limitations of polymer materials,more and more methods have been used to optimize and modify the structure of carbon nitride. Liquid phase synthesis method with mild and changeable properties is an important way to obtained graphitic carbon nitride. A major synthetic method of carbon nitride in liquid phase medium is summarized,including liquid phase electrodeposition,pulse laser ablation,and solvothermal,et al. The effects of different liquid medium and synthetic parameters on crystalline and morphology of the prepared carbon nitride was introduced. In addition,the research progress in the field of photocatalysis of carbon nitride prepared from solvothermal method was summarized. In future,the structure optimization of carbon nitride materials would be greatly enriched by liquid phase synthesis method to promote the in-depth research of multi-functional polymer materials.
Graphitic carbon nitride is a layered material with similar to grapheme. It has become the research hotspot in the field of functional materials,for the unique energy band and electron structures.Based on the limitations of polymer materials,more and more methods have been used to optimize and modify the structure of carbon nitride. Liquid phase synthesis method with mild and changeable properties is an important way to obtained graphitic carbon nitride. A major synthetic method of carbon nitride in liquid phase medium is summarized,including liquid phase electrodeposition,pulse laser ablation,and solvothermal,et al. The effects of different liquid medium and synthetic parameters on crystalline and morphology of the prepared carbon nitride was introduced. In addition,the research progress in the field of photocatalysis of carbon nitride prepared from solvothermal method was summarized. In future,the structure optimization of carbon nitride materials would be greatly enriched by liquid phase synthesis method to promote the in-depth research of multi-functional polymer materials.
引文
[1]LIEBIG J.Uber einige stickstoff-verbindungen[J].Annalen der Pharmacie,1834,10(1):1-47.
[2]FRANKLIN E C.The ammono carbonic acids[J].Journal of the American Chemical Society,1922,44(3):486-509.
[3]TETER D,HEMLEY R.Low-compressibility carbon nitrides[J].Science,1996,271(5245):53-55.
[4]WANG X C,MAEDA K,THOMAS A,et al.A metal-free polymeric photocatalyst for hydrogen production from water under visible light[J].Nature Materials,2009,8(1):76-80.
[5]李鹏,王海燕,朱纯.金属掺杂类石墨相氮化碳的理论研究[J].化学研究,2016,27(2):152-160.LI P,WANG H Y,ZHU C.Theoretical investigation on g-C3N4doped by the different metal atoms[J].Chemical Research,2016,27(2):152-160.
[6]ZHANG J S,CHEN X F,TAKANABE K,et al.Synthesis of a carbon nitride structure for visible-light catalysis by copolymerization[J].Angewandte Chemie International Edition,2010,49(2):441-444.
[7]WANG H,KIYOTA H,TOSHIYA M,et al.Amorphous carbon and carbon nitride films synthesized by electrolysis of nitrogen-containing liquid[J].Diamond and Related Materials,2000,9:1307-1311.
[8]LI C,CAO C B,ZHU H S,et al.Preparation of graphitic carbon nitride by electrodeposition[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2003,48(16):1737-1740.
[9]LI C,CAO C B,ZHU H S,et al.Electrodeposition route to prepare graphite-like carbon nitride[J].Materials Science and Engineering:B,2004,106:308-312.
[10]LI C,CAO C B,ZHU H S.Graphitic carbon nitride thin films deposited by electrodeposition[J].Materials Letters,2004,58(12/13):1903-1906.
[11]BAI X J,LI J,CAO C B.Synthesis of hollow carbon nitride microspheres by an electrodeposition method[J].Applied Surface Science,2010,256(8):2327-2331.
[12]YANG L,MAY P W,YIN L,et al.Direct growth of highly organized crystalline carbon nitride from liquidphase pulsed laser ablation[J].Chemistry of Materials,2006,18(21):5058-5064.
[13]YANG L,MAY P W,YIN L,et al.Ultra fine carbon nitride nanocrystals synthesized by laser ablation in liquid solution[J].Journal of Nanoparticle Research,2007,9:1181-1185.
[14]YANG L,MAY P W,YIN L,et al.Growth of diamond nanocrystals by pulsed laser ablation of graphite in liquid[J].Diamond and Related Materials,2007,16:725-729.
[15]YANG L,MAY P W,YIN L,et al.Decomposition of noncommutative U(1)gauge potential[J].Nanotechnology,2007,18:335605-335610.
[16]ZIMMERMAN J L,WILLIAMS R,KHABASHESKU V N,et al.Synthesis of spherical carbon nitride nanostructures[J].Nano Letters,2001,1(12):731-734.
[17]YANG S J,CHO J H,OH G H,et al.Easy synthesis of highly nitrogen-enriched graphitic carbon with a high hydrogen storage capacity at room temperature[J].Carbon,2009,47(6):1585-1591.
[18]LU X F,WANG H J,ZHANG S Y,et al.Synthesis,characterization and electrocatalytic properties of carbon nitride nanotubes for methanol electrooxidation[J].Solid State Science,2009,11:428-432.
[19]BIAN S W,MA Z,SONG W G.Preparation and characterization of carbon nitride nanotubes and their applications as catalyst supporter[J].The Journal of Physical Chemistry C,2009,113(20):8668-8672.
[20]VINU A,SRINIVASU P,SAWANT D,et al.Three-dimensional cage type mesoporous CN-based hybrid material with very high surface area and pore volume[J].Chemistry of Materials,2007,19(17):4367-4372.
[21]TALAPANENI S N,MANE G P,MANO A,et al.Synthesis of nitrogen-rich mesoporous carbon nitride with tunable pores,band gaps and nitrogen content from a single aminoguanidine precursor[J].Chenistry&Sustainability,2012,5(4):700-708.
[22]VINU A,ARIGA K,MORI T,et al.Preparation and characterization of well-ordered hexagonal mesoporous carbon nitride[J].Advanced Materials,2005,17(13):1648-1652.
[23]VINU A.Two-dimensional hexagonally-ordered mesoporous carbon nitrides with tunable pore diameter,surface area and nitrogen content[J].Advanced Functional Materials,2008,18(5):816-827.
[24]LIU L,MA D,ZHENG H,et al.Synthesis and characterization of microporous carbon nitride[J].Microporous and Mesoporous Materials,2008,110(2/3):216-222.
[25]BAI X,LI J,CAO C,et al.Solvothermal synthesis of the special shape(deformable)hollow g-C3N4nanospheres[J].Materials Letters,2011,65(7):1101-1104.
[26]DEMAZEAU G.Solvothermal reaction:an original route for the synthesis[J].Journal of Materials Science,2008,43(7):2104-2114.
[27]CAO Y G,CHEN X L,LAN Y C,et al.A new method for synthesis of amorphous carbon nitride powders[J].Applied Physics A,2000,71(4):465-467.
[28]BAI Y J,LB,LIU Z G,et al.Solvothermal preparation of graphite-like C3N4nanocrystal[J].Journal of Crystal Growth,2003,247(3/4):505-508.
[29]LI C,YANG X G,YANG B J,et al.Synthesis and characterization of nitrogen-rich graphitic carbon nitride[J].2007,103(2/3):427-432.
[30]FU Q,CAO C B,ZHU H S.A solvothermal synthetic route to prepare polycrystalline carbon nitride[J].Chemical Physics Letters,1999,314(3/4):223-226.
[31]LV Q,CAO C B,ZHANG J T,et al.The composition and structure of covalent carbon nitride solids synthesized by solvothermal method[J].Chemical Physics Letters,2003,372(3/4):469-475.
[32]LV Q,CAO C B,LI C,et al.Formation of crystalline carbon nitride powder by a mild solvothermal method[J].Journal of Materials Chemistry,2003,13:1241-1243.
[33]CAO C B,LV Q,ZHU H S.Carbon nitride prepared by solvothermal method[J].Diamond and Related Materials,2003,12(3/7):1070-1074.
[34]GUO Q J,XIE Y,WANG X J,et al.Characterization of well-crystallized graphitic carbon nitride nanocrystallites via a benzene-thermal route at low temperatures[J].Chemical Physics Letters,2003,380(1/2):84-87.
[35]GUO Q X,XIE Y,WANG X J,et al.Synthesis of carbon nitride nanotubes with C3N4stoichiometry via a benzenethermal process at low temperatures[J].Chemical Communications,2004,1:26-27.
[36]GUO Q X,YANG Q,ZHU L,et al.A facile one-pot solvothermal route to tubular forms of luminescent polymeric networks[(C3N3)2(NH)3]n.Solid State Communications,2004,132(6):369-374.
[37]CAO C,HUANG F,CAO C,et al.Synthesis of carbon nitride nanotubes via a catalytic-assembly solvothermal route[J].Chemistry of Materials,2004,16(25):5213-5216.
[38]LI J,CAO C B,HAO J W,et al.Self-assembled one-dimensional carbon nitride architectures[J].Diamond and Related Materials,2006,15(10):1593-1600.
[39]LI J,CAO C B,ZHU H S.Synthesis and characterization of graphite-like carbon nitride nanobelts and nanotubes[J].Nanotechnology,2007,18:115605-115611.
[40]LYTH S M,NABAE Y,MORIYA S,et al.Carbon nitride as a nonprecious catalyst for electrochemical oxygen reduction[J].The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters,2009,113:20148-20151.
[41]许家胜,陈启富,张杰,等.水热/溶剂热法形貌控制合成铜基微纳米晶体颗粒材料的研究进展[J].材料科学与工程学报,2017,35(1):153-159.XU J S,CHEN Q F,ZHANG J,et al.Progress of Morphology Controlled synthesis of copper based mocro/nano crystals via hydrothermal/solvothermal method[J].Journal of Materials Science&Engineering,2017,35(1):153-159.
[42]吕玉珍,孙倩,李超,等.油酸修饰Ti O2纳米棒的溶剂热合成及形貌调控研究[J].无机材料学报,2017,7(7):719-724.LV Y Z,SUN Q,LI C,et al.Solvothermal synthesis and morphological control of Ti O2nanorods modified with oletic acid[J].Journal of Inorganic Materials,2017,7(7):719-724.
[43]MONTIGAUD H,TANGUY B,DEMAZEAU G,et al.Solvothermal synthesis of the graphitic form of C3N4as macroscopic ssample[J].Diamond and Related Materials,1999,8(8/9):1707-1710.
[44]MONTIGAUD H,TANGUY B,DEMAZEAU G,et al.Sur la synthèse de C3N4de structure graphitique par voie solvothermale[J].Competes Rendus de I'Académie des Sciences-SeriesⅡB-Mechanic-Physics-Chemistry-Astronomy,1997,325:229-234.
[45]LU X F,GAI L G,CUI D L,et al.Synthesis of carbon nitride nanocrystals on SBA-15 microparticles by a constant-pressure solvothermal method[J].Journal of Crystal Growth,2007,306(2):400-405.
[46]DEMAZEAU G.Solvothermal processes:a route to the stabilization of new materials[J].Journal of Materials Chemistry,1999,9(1):15-18.
[47]MONTIGAUD H,TANGUY B,DEMAZEAN G,et al.C3N4:Dream or reality?Solvothermal synthesis as macroscopic samples of the C3N4graphitic form[J].Journal of Materials Science,2000,35(10):2547-2552.
[48]MU T C,HUANG J,LIU Z M,et al.Synthesis and characterization of polyether structure carbon nitride[J].Journal of Materials Research,2004,19(6):1736-1741.
[49]ZHANG J,LIU W,LI X F,et al.Well-crystallized nitrogen-rich graphitic carbon nitride nanocrystallites prepared via solvothermal route at low temperature[J].Materials Research Bulletin,2009,44(2):294-297.
[50]CUI Y J,DING Z X,FU X Z,et al.Construction of conjugate carbon nitride nanoarchitecture in solution at low temperatures for photoredox catalysis[J].Angewandte Chemie International Edition,2012,51:11814-11818.
[51]CUI Y J,TANG Y B,WANG X C.Template-free synthesis of graphitic carbon nitride hollow spheres for photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants[J].Materials Letters,2015,161:197-200.
[52]WANG Y X,WANG H,CHEN F Y,et al.Facile synthesis of oxygen doped carbon nitride hollow microsphere for photocatalysis[J].Applied Catalysis B:Environmental,2017,206:417-425.
[2]FRANKLIN E C.The ammono carbonic acids[J].Journal of the American Chemical Society,1922,44(3):486-509.
[3]TETER D,HEMLEY R.Low-compressibility carbon nitrides[J].Science,1996,271(5245):53-55.
[4]WANG X C,MAEDA K,THOMAS A,et al.A metal-free polymeric photocatalyst for hydrogen production from water under visible light[J].Nature Materials,2009,8(1):76-80.
[5]李鹏,王海燕,朱纯.金属掺杂类石墨相氮化碳的理论研究[J].化学研究,2016,27(2):152-160.LI P,WANG H Y,ZHU C.Theoretical investigation on g-C3N4doped by the different metal atoms[J].Chemical Research,2016,27(2):152-160.
[6]ZHANG J S,CHEN X F,TAKANABE K,et al.Synthesis of a carbon nitride structure for visible-light catalysis by copolymerization[J].Angewandte Chemie International Edition,2010,49(2):441-444.
[7]WANG H,KIYOTA H,TOSHIYA M,et al.Amorphous carbon and carbon nitride films synthesized by electrolysis of nitrogen-containing liquid[J].Diamond and Related Materials,2000,9:1307-1311.
[8]LI C,CAO C B,ZHU H S,et al.Preparation of graphitic carbon nitride by electrodeposition[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2003,48(16):1737-1740.
[9]LI C,CAO C B,ZHU H S,et al.Electrodeposition route to prepare graphite-like carbon nitride[J].Materials Science and Engineering:B,2004,106:308-312.
[10]LI C,CAO C B,ZHU H S.Graphitic carbon nitride thin films deposited by electrodeposition[J].Materials Letters,2004,58(12/13):1903-1906.
[11]BAI X J,LI J,CAO C B.Synthesis of hollow carbon nitride microspheres by an electrodeposition method[J].Applied Surface Science,2010,256(8):2327-2331.
[12]YANG L,MAY P W,YIN L,et al.Direct growth of highly organized crystalline carbon nitride from liquidphase pulsed laser ablation[J].Chemistry of Materials,2006,18(21):5058-5064.
[13]YANG L,MAY P W,YIN L,et al.Ultra fine carbon nitride nanocrystals synthesized by laser ablation in liquid solution[J].Journal of Nanoparticle Research,2007,9:1181-1185.
[14]YANG L,MAY P W,YIN L,et al.Growth of diamond nanocrystals by pulsed laser ablation of graphite in liquid[J].Diamond and Related Materials,2007,16:725-729.
[15]YANG L,MAY P W,YIN L,et al.Decomposition of noncommutative U(1)gauge potential[J].Nanotechnology,2007,18:335605-335610.
[16]ZIMMERMAN J L,WILLIAMS R,KHABASHESKU V N,et al.Synthesis of spherical carbon nitride nanostructures[J].Nano Letters,2001,1(12):731-734.
[17]YANG S J,CHO J H,OH G H,et al.Easy synthesis of highly nitrogen-enriched graphitic carbon with a high hydrogen storage capacity at room temperature[J].Carbon,2009,47(6):1585-1591.
[18]LU X F,WANG H J,ZHANG S Y,et al.Synthesis,characterization and electrocatalytic properties of carbon nitride nanotubes for methanol electrooxidation[J].Solid State Science,2009,11:428-432.
[19]BIAN S W,MA Z,SONG W G.Preparation and characterization of carbon nitride nanotubes and their applications as catalyst supporter[J].The Journal of Physical Chemistry C,2009,113(20):8668-8672.
[20]VINU A,SRINIVASU P,SAWANT D,et al.Three-dimensional cage type mesoporous CN-based hybrid material with very high surface area and pore volume[J].Chemistry of Materials,2007,19(17):4367-4372.
[21]TALAPANENI S N,MANE G P,MANO A,et al.Synthesis of nitrogen-rich mesoporous carbon nitride with tunable pores,band gaps and nitrogen content from a single aminoguanidine precursor[J].Chenistry&Sustainability,2012,5(4):700-708.
[22]VINU A,ARIGA K,MORI T,et al.Preparation and characterization of well-ordered hexagonal mesoporous carbon nitride[J].Advanced Materials,2005,17(13):1648-1652.
[23]VINU A.Two-dimensional hexagonally-ordered mesoporous carbon nitrides with tunable pore diameter,surface area and nitrogen content[J].Advanced Functional Materials,2008,18(5):816-827.
[24]LIU L,MA D,ZHENG H,et al.Synthesis and characterization of microporous carbon nitride[J].Microporous and Mesoporous Materials,2008,110(2/3):216-222.
[25]BAI X,LI J,CAO C,et al.Solvothermal synthesis of the special shape(deformable)hollow g-C3N4nanospheres[J].Materials Letters,2011,65(7):1101-1104.
[26]DEMAZEAU G.Solvothermal reaction:an original route for the synthesis[J].Journal of Materials Science,2008,43(7):2104-2114.
[27]CAO Y G,CHEN X L,LAN Y C,et al.A new method for synthesis of amorphous carbon nitride powders[J].Applied Physics A,2000,71(4):465-467.
[28]BAI Y J,LB,LIU Z G,et al.Solvothermal preparation of graphite-like C3N4nanocrystal[J].Journal of Crystal Growth,2003,247(3/4):505-508.
[29]LI C,YANG X G,YANG B J,et al.Synthesis and characterization of nitrogen-rich graphitic carbon nitride[J].2007,103(2/3):427-432.
[30]FU Q,CAO C B,ZHU H S.A solvothermal synthetic route to prepare polycrystalline carbon nitride[J].Chemical Physics Letters,1999,314(3/4):223-226.
[31]LV Q,CAO C B,ZHANG J T,et al.The composition and structure of covalent carbon nitride solids synthesized by solvothermal method[J].Chemical Physics Letters,2003,372(3/4):469-475.
[32]LV Q,CAO C B,LI C,et al.Formation of crystalline carbon nitride powder by a mild solvothermal method[J].Journal of Materials Chemistry,2003,13:1241-1243.
[33]CAO C B,LV Q,ZHU H S.Carbon nitride prepared by solvothermal method[J].Diamond and Related Materials,2003,12(3/7):1070-1074.
[34]GUO Q J,XIE Y,WANG X J,et al.Characterization of well-crystallized graphitic carbon nitride nanocrystallites via a benzene-thermal route at low temperatures[J].Chemical Physics Letters,2003,380(1/2):84-87.
[35]GUO Q X,XIE Y,WANG X J,et al.Synthesis of carbon nitride nanotubes with C3N4stoichiometry via a benzenethermal process at low temperatures[J].Chemical Communications,2004,1:26-27.
[36]GUO Q X,YANG Q,ZHU L,et al.A facile one-pot solvothermal route to tubular forms of luminescent polymeric networks[(C3N3)2(NH)3]n.Solid State Communications,2004,132(6):369-374.
[37]CAO C,HUANG F,CAO C,et al.Synthesis of carbon nitride nanotubes via a catalytic-assembly solvothermal route[J].Chemistry of Materials,2004,16(25):5213-5216.
[38]LI J,CAO C B,HAO J W,et al.Self-assembled one-dimensional carbon nitride architectures[J].Diamond and Related Materials,2006,15(10):1593-1600.
[39]LI J,CAO C B,ZHU H S.Synthesis and characterization of graphite-like carbon nitride nanobelts and nanotubes[J].Nanotechnology,2007,18:115605-115611.
[40]LYTH S M,NABAE Y,MORIYA S,et al.Carbon nitride as a nonprecious catalyst for electrochemical oxygen reduction[J].The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters,2009,113:20148-20151.
[41]许家胜,陈启富,张杰,等.水热/溶剂热法形貌控制合成铜基微纳米晶体颗粒材料的研究进展[J].材料科学与工程学报,2017,35(1):153-159.XU J S,CHEN Q F,ZHANG J,et al.Progress of Morphology Controlled synthesis of copper based mocro/nano crystals via hydrothermal/solvothermal method[J].Journal of Materials Science&Engineering,2017,35(1):153-159.
[42]吕玉珍,孙倩,李超,等.油酸修饰Ti O2纳米棒的溶剂热合成及形貌调控研究[J].无机材料学报,2017,7(7):719-724.LV Y Z,SUN Q,LI C,et al.Solvothermal synthesis and morphological control of Ti O2nanorods modified with oletic acid[J].Journal of Inorganic Materials,2017,7(7):719-724.
[43]MONTIGAUD H,TANGUY B,DEMAZEAU G,et al.Solvothermal synthesis of the graphitic form of C3N4as macroscopic ssample[J].Diamond and Related Materials,1999,8(8/9):1707-1710.
[44]MONTIGAUD H,TANGUY B,DEMAZEAU G,et al.Sur la synthèse de C3N4de structure graphitique par voie solvothermale[J].Competes Rendus de I'Académie des Sciences-SeriesⅡB-Mechanic-Physics-Chemistry-Astronomy,1997,325:229-234.
[45]LU X F,GAI L G,CUI D L,et al.Synthesis of carbon nitride nanocrystals on SBA-15 microparticles by a constant-pressure solvothermal method[J].Journal of Crystal Growth,2007,306(2):400-405.
[46]DEMAZEAU G.Solvothermal processes:a route to the stabilization of new materials[J].Journal of Materials Chemistry,1999,9(1):15-18.
[47]MONTIGAUD H,TANGUY B,DEMAZEAN G,et al.C3N4:Dream or reality?Solvothermal synthesis as macroscopic samples of the C3N4graphitic form[J].Journal of Materials Science,2000,35(10):2547-2552.
[48]MU T C,HUANG J,LIU Z M,et al.Synthesis and characterization of polyether structure carbon nitride[J].Journal of Materials Research,2004,19(6):1736-1741.
[49]ZHANG J,LIU W,LI X F,et al.Well-crystallized nitrogen-rich graphitic carbon nitride nanocrystallites prepared via solvothermal route at low temperature[J].Materials Research Bulletin,2009,44(2):294-297.
[50]CUI Y J,DING Z X,FU X Z,et al.Construction of conjugate carbon nitride nanoarchitecture in solution at low temperatures for photoredox catalysis[J].Angewandte Chemie International Edition,2012,51:11814-11818.
[51]CUI Y J,TANG Y B,WANG X C.Template-free synthesis of graphitic carbon nitride hollow spheres for photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants[J].Materials Letters,2015,161:197-200.
[52]WANG Y X,WANG H,CHEN F Y,et al.Facile synthesis of oxygen doped carbon nitride hollow microsphere for photocatalysis[J].Applied Catalysis B:Environmental,2017,206:417-425.