东北寒区日光温室葡萄液流特征及其主要环境影响因子研究
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摘要
为了探明东北冷寒区设施环境下,葡萄液流特征及其与温室内环境因子之间的响应特征,对葡萄液流速率以及环境因子进行连续监测和系统分析,结果表明:葡萄日内液流和全生育期逐日蒸腾均呈现单峰变化趋势,日内液流峰值出现在10:30-13:00之间,在液流最为旺盛的8月,其峰值达406.32g/h。葡萄全生育期日蒸腾量在8月变化相对最为剧烈,日均蒸腾量超过4 mm/d。液流速率与光合有效辐射(photosynthetically active radiation,PAR),气温、水汽压亏缺(vapor pressuredeficit,VPD)及实际水汽压均表现为显著正相关(P<0.01),与相对湿度表现为显著负相关(P<0.01)。瞬时液流速率与日蒸腾最主要的影响因子是PAR与VPD,月尺度液流最主要影响因子在PAR与蒸腾整合变量(variableof transpiration,VT)之间变化。全生育期液流最主要的影响因子是PAR与VT,但其决定系数随研究时间尺度的增加而降低。不同气象因子与液流之间存在明显的时滞效应,PAR的启动时间及停止时间均提前于液流,到达高峰时间滞后于液流,时滞时间最长为1.5 h。VPD整体滞后于液流。
Transpiration of plants is a complex process, it not only affected by its own characteristics, but also affected by the surrounding environmental factors. In order to explore the characteristics of grape sap flow and its relationships with environment factors in the cold areas in northeastern China, grape sap flow rate and meteorological factors were monitored and analyzed systematically. Results showed that the daily transpiration of grape sap flow and daily transpiration in the whole growing period showed a trend of single peak changes, intraday peak values occurred between 10:30-13:00, the peak values reached 406.32 g/h at the most vigorous August. Under the clear weather condition, the flow in each month showed a clear trend of single peak change. The sap flow rates in rainy, cloudy and sunny days were 64.81, 67.42 and 127.00 g/h, respectively. Due to the difference in solar radiation, the fluid flow and fluctuation ranges of three weather conditions showed differences. The daily transpiration of grape was the most severe at August during the whole growth period, and the daily average transpiration exceeded 4 mm/d. From the mean value of transpiration for each growth period, the value reached 2.41-2.91 mm/d during the fruit ripening period and the coloring period, while the average daily transpiration decreased to 0.79 mm/d during the late growth period of grape, and the maximum daily transpiration during the growth period was 4.10 mm/d. The changes of daily grape transpiration in the whole growth period showed obvious seasonality, and overall presented a high-low-high trend. From the daily changes of the sap flow during the growth period(May-October), the monthly variation of the sap flow rate from the largest to the smallest was: August>July>September>June>May>October. The positive correlation between grape sap flow rate and PAR, VPD, VT(variable of transpiration) were significant(P<0.01), and the negative correlation between sap flow rate and RH(relative humidity)(P<0.01). The main influencing factors of instantaneous flow rate and daily transpiration were PAR and VPD. At month scale, the most important influence factor changed between PAR and VT. The main influencing factors of sap flow during the whole growth period were PAR and VT, however, the coefficient of determination would decrease as the study time scale increases. Constructing regression equations of sap flow and PAR, VT, VPD, PAR and VPD during the whole growth period, and the coefficient of determination were 0.60, 0.58, 0.40 and 0.53. The results showed that in different meteorological factors and sap flow, the time lag varied obviously, there is a significant time lag between the sap flow rate and PAR, VPD. PAR start-up time and stop time were ahead of the sap flow, the peak time was behind sap flow, the longest time lag of PAR was 1.5 hour. VPD lags behind the flow fully.
Transpiration of plants is a complex process, it not only affected by its own characteristics, but also affected by the surrounding environmental factors. In order to explore the characteristics of grape sap flow and its relationships with environment factors in the cold areas in northeastern China, grape sap flow rate and meteorological factors were monitored and analyzed systematically. Results showed that the daily transpiration of grape sap flow and daily transpiration in the whole growing period showed a trend of single peak changes, intraday peak values occurred between 10:30-13:00, the peak values reached 406.32 g/h at the most vigorous August. Under the clear weather condition, the flow in each month showed a clear trend of single peak change. The sap flow rates in rainy, cloudy and sunny days were 64.81, 67.42 and 127.00 g/h, respectively. Due to the difference in solar radiation, the fluid flow and fluctuation ranges of three weather conditions showed differences. The daily transpiration of grape was the most severe at August during the whole growth period, and the daily average transpiration exceeded 4 mm/d. From the mean value of transpiration for each growth period, the value reached 2.41-2.91 mm/d during the fruit ripening period and the coloring period, while the average daily transpiration decreased to 0.79 mm/d during the late growth period of grape, and the maximum daily transpiration during the growth period was 4.10 mm/d. The changes of daily grape transpiration in the whole growth period showed obvious seasonality, and overall presented a high-low-high trend. From the daily changes of the sap flow during the growth period(May-October), the monthly variation of the sap flow rate from the largest to the smallest was: August>July>September>June>May>October. The positive correlation between grape sap flow rate and PAR, VPD, VT(variable of transpiration) were significant(P<0.01), and the negative correlation between sap flow rate and RH(relative humidity)(P<0.01). The main influencing factors of instantaneous flow rate and daily transpiration were PAR and VPD. At month scale, the most important influence factor changed between PAR and VT. The main influencing factors of sap flow during the whole growth period were PAR and VT, however, the coefficient of determination would decrease as the study time scale increases. Constructing regression equations of sap flow and PAR, VT, VPD, PAR and VPD during the whole growth period, and the coefficient of determination were 0.60, 0.58, 0.40 and 0.53. The results showed that in different meteorological factors and sap flow, the time lag varied obviously, there is a significant time lag between the sap flow rate and PAR, VPD. PAR start-up time and stop time were ahead of the sap flow, the peak time was behind sap flow, the longest time lag of PAR was 1.5 hour. VPD lags behind the flow fully.
引文
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[2]龚道枝.苹果园土壤-植物-大气系统水分传输动力学机制与模拟[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2005.Gong Daozhi.Dynamic Mechanism of Water Transport in Soil-Plant-Atmosphere Continuum(SPAC)of Apple Orchard and its Simulation[D].Yangling:northwest A&F University,2005.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[3]赵春彦,司建华,冯起,等.胡杨树干液流特征及其与环境因子的关系[J].中国沙漠,2014,34(3):718-724.Zhao Chunyan,Si Jianhua,Feng Qi,et al.Xylem sap flow populous euphratica in relation to environmental factors in the lower reaches of Heihe river[J].Journal of Desert Research,2014,34(3):718-724.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[4]张建国.黄土丘陵区两典型森林群落蒸腾耗水特性研究[D]北京:中国科学院大学,2014.Zhang Jianguo.Water Use of Dominant Tree Species in Two Typical Forest in the Loess Hilly Region of China[D]Beijing:Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,2014.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[5]孙慧珍,周晓峰,赵惠勋.白桦树干液流的动态研究[J].生态学报,2002(9):1387-1391.Sun Huizhen,Zhou Xiaofeng,Zhao Huixun.A researches on stem sap flow dynamics of Betula platyphylla[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2002,22(9):1387-1391.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[6]丁日升,康绍忠,龚道枝.苹果树液流变化规律研究[J].灌溉排水学报,2004,23(2):21-25.Ding Risheng,Kang Shaozhong,Gong Daozhi.Applied study of a dss model for improving performances offarm and delivery and distribution systems[J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,2004,23(2):21-25.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[7]凡超,邱燕萍,李志强,等.荔枝树干液流速率与气象因子的关系[J].生态学报,2014,34(9):2401-2410.Fan Chao,Qiu Yanping,Li Zhiqing,et al.Relationships between stem sap flow rate of litchi trees and meteorological parameters[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(9):2401-2410.(inChinese with English abstract)
[8]龚道枝,王金平,康绍忠,等.不同水分状况下桃树根茎液流变化规律研究[J].农业工程学报,2001,17(4):34-38.Gong Daozhi,Wang Jinping,Kang Shaozhong,et al Variations of stem and root sap flow of peach tree under different water status[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE)2001,17(4):34-38.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[9]Du S,Wang Y L,Kume T,et al.Sapflow characteristics and climatic responses in three forest species in the semiarid Loess Plateau region of China[J].Agricultural&Forest Meteorology,2011,151(1):1-10.
[10]王华,赵平,蔡锡安,等.马占相思树干液流与光合有效辐射和水汽压亏缺间的时滞效应[J].应用生态学报,2008(2):225-230.Wang Hua,Zhao Ping,Cai Xian,et al.Time lag effect between stem sap flow and photosynthetically active radiation vapor pressure deficit of Acaciamangium[J]Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2008,19(2):225-230(in Chinese with English abstract)
[11]梅婷婷,赵平,倪广艳,等.树木胸径大小对树干液流变化格局的偏度和时滞效应[J].生态学报,2012,32(22):7018-7026.Mei Tingting,Zhao Ping,Ni Guangyan,et al.Effect of stem diameter at breast height on skewness of sap flow pattern andtime lag[J].Acta EcologicaSinica,2012,32(22):7018-7026.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[12]宣景宏,孙喜臣,李军,等.辽宁省葡萄产业发展现状及对策[J].中国果业信息,2005,22(5):1-3.Xuan Jinghong,Sun Xichen,Li Jun,et al.Development status and countermeasures of Liaoning grape industry[J].China Fruit News,2015,22(5):1-3.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[13]李天来.我国设施蔬菜科技与产业发展现状及趋势[J].中国农村科技,2016(5):75-77.Li Tianlai.Science and technology and industrial development status and trends of china's facilities vegetable[J].China Rural Science&Technology,2016(5):75-77.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[14]Tie Q,Hu H,Tian F,et al.Environmental and physiological controls on sap flow in a subhumid mountainous catchment in North China[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2017,240/241:46-57.
[15]K?stner B M M,Schulze E D,Kelliher F M,et al.Transpiration and canopy conductance in a pristine broad-leaved forest of Nothofagus:An analysis of xylem sap flow and eddy correlation measurements[J].Oecologia,1992,91(3):350-359.
[16]徐军亮,章异平,马履一.油松和侧柏边材液流相对于空气温度的滞后效应[J].河南科技大学学报:自然科学版,2012,33(4):61-64,7-8.Xu Junliang,Zhang Yiping,Ma Lüyi.Time lag effect of pinus tabulaeformis and platycladusorientalis sap flow compared to air temperature[J].Journal of Henan University of Science&Technology,2012,33(4):61-64,7-8.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[17]Phillips N,Nagchaudhuri A,Oren R,et al.Time constant for water transport in loblolly pine trees estimated from time series of evaporative demand and stem sapflow[J].Trees,1997,11(7):412-419.
[18]魏新光.黄土丘陵半干旱区山地枣树蒸腾规律及其节水调控策略[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2015.Wei Xinguang.Law of Rainfed Jujube Tree Transpiration and Water-Saving Control Strategy at Semiarid Hilly Areas of Yhe Loess Plateau[D].Yangling:Northwest A&FUniversity,2015.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]Ma C,Luo Y,Shao M,et al.Environmental controls on sap flow in black locust forest in Loess Plateau,China[J].Scientific Reports,2017,7(1):13160.
[20]杜太生,康绍忠,张宝忠,等.石羊河流域干旱荒漠绿洲区不同滴灌模式下葡萄茎液流变化及其与环境因子的关系[J].应用生态学报,2008,19(2):299-305.Du Taisheng,Kang Shaozhong,Zhang Baozhong,et al.Effects of alternate partial rootzone irrigation on roots activity,stem sap flow and fruit of apple[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2008,19(2):299-305.(in Chinese with English abstract)
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