地下防渗对滴灌棉花产量和水分利用率的影响
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摘要
过量灌溉导致土壤水分深层渗漏是滴灌农田水分无效损失的重要途径,地下防渗可有效减少土壤水分深层渗漏,提高农田水分利用效率。2015—2016年通过田间试验研究不同灌水量下地下防渗对滴灌棉田水分平衡、棉花产量及水分利用率的影响。采用灌水量和地下防渗2因素3水平(3×3)试验设计,其中,3个灌水量水平为340、440 mm和540 mm;3个地下防渗处理分别为:对照(无防渗)、地下防渗埋深40 cm和60 cm。结果表明:地下防渗处理(埋深40,60 cm)0~60 cm土壤含水量和净贮水量显著高于对照。随灌水量增加,土壤水分深层渗漏损失量显著增加。灌水量340 mm条件下,地下防渗对水分渗漏量影响不显著。灌水量440 mm和540 mm条件下,地下防渗埋深40 cm、60 cm处理水分渗漏损失量较对照分别减少64%、72%和38%、76%。低灌水量下(340 mm),地下防渗处理(埋深40,60 cm)棉田蒸散量显著低于对照;而高灌水量下(540 mm),地下防渗埋深60 cm处理棉田蒸散量显著高于对照。中、低灌水量下(440,340 mm),地下防渗处理棉花干物质重、产量、水分利用率和经济效益均显著高于对照;但地下防渗埋深40 cm和60 cm处理间差异不显著。高灌水量下(540 mm),地下防渗埋深60 cm显著提高棉花干物质重、产量、水分利用率和经济效益,地下防渗埋深40 cm处理与对照无显著差异。因此,中、低灌水量(440,340 mm)地下防渗埋深40 cm或60 cm均较适宜,而高灌水量(540 mm)采用地下防渗埋深60 cm较为适合。
Over irrigation leads to deep percolation,which is one of the main pathways of water loss from drip irrigation field. Subsurface water retention technology( SWRT) can be used to effectively reduce the deep percolation and improve the water use efficiency. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of irrigation volume and SWRT on soil moisture balance,cotton yield and water use efficiency in a drip-irrigated cotton field. The experimental was designed as 3 × 3 factorial with three irrigation volumes( 340,440,and 540 mm) and three SWRT treatments( contrast,40 cm deep membrane and 60 cm deep membrane). Results showed that the soil moisture content( 0-60 cm) and net soil water storage were significantly increased under the treatments of 40 cm and 60 cm deep membranes compared with that of contrast. Deep water percolation loss in soil layer deeper than 1 m was significantly increased with the increase of irrigation volume. Under 340 mm irrigation,there was no significant difference in deep water percolation loss among three SWRT treatments. Under 440 mm and 540 mm irrigation,the deep water percolation losses in the plots with 40 cm and 60 cm deep membranes were reduced by 64% and 72%,and 38%and 76%,respectively compared with those of contrast. Both the treatments of 40 cm and 60 cm deep membranes reduced significantly the evapotranspiration in the 340 mm irrigated plots. However,in the 540 mm irrigated plots,the 60 cm deep membrane treatment increased significantly the evapotranspiration compared with the contrast. In the340 mm and 440 mm irrigated plots,the dry matter weight,yield,water use efficiency and economic benefits of cotton were significantly higher in the 40 cm and 60 cm deep membrane treatments than those in the contrast. But there were no significant differences between the 40 cm deep and 60 cm deep membrane treatments. In the 540 mm irrigated plots,the treatment of 60 cm deep membrane increased significantly the cotton dry matter weight and yield,water use efficiency and economic benefits. There was no significant difference between the 40 cm deep membrane and the contrast. Therefore,both the 40 cm and 60 cm deep membranes were suitable under low and moderate irrigation volumes( 340 mm and 440 mm),and the SWRT of 60 cm deep membrane was preferable under high irrigation volume( 540 mm).
Over irrigation leads to deep percolation,which is one of the main pathways of water loss from drip irrigation field. Subsurface water retention technology( SWRT) can be used to effectively reduce the deep percolation and improve the water use efficiency. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of irrigation volume and SWRT on soil moisture balance,cotton yield and water use efficiency in a drip-irrigated cotton field. The experimental was designed as 3 × 3 factorial with three irrigation volumes( 340,440,and 540 mm) and three SWRT treatments( contrast,40 cm deep membrane and 60 cm deep membrane). Results showed that the soil moisture content( 0-60 cm) and net soil water storage were significantly increased under the treatments of 40 cm and 60 cm deep membranes compared with that of contrast. Deep water percolation loss in soil layer deeper than 1 m was significantly increased with the increase of irrigation volume. Under 340 mm irrigation,there was no significant difference in deep water percolation loss among three SWRT treatments. Under 440 mm and 540 mm irrigation,the deep water percolation losses in the plots with 40 cm and 60 cm deep membranes were reduced by 64% and 72%,and 38%and 76%,respectively compared with those of contrast. Both the treatments of 40 cm and 60 cm deep membranes reduced significantly the evapotranspiration in the 340 mm irrigated plots. However,in the 540 mm irrigated plots,the 60 cm deep membrane treatment increased significantly the evapotranspiration compared with the contrast. In the340 mm and 440 mm irrigated plots,the dry matter weight,yield,water use efficiency and economic benefits of cotton were significantly higher in the 40 cm and 60 cm deep membrane treatments than those in the contrast. But there were no significant differences between the 40 cm deep and 60 cm deep membrane treatments. In the 540 mm irrigated plots,the treatment of 60 cm deep membrane increased significantly the cotton dry matter weight and yield,water use efficiency and economic benefits. There was no significant difference between the 40 cm deep membrane and the contrast. Therefore,both the 40 cm and 60 cm deep membranes were suitable under low and moderate irrigation volumes( 340 mm and 440 mm),and the SWRT of 60 cm deep membrane was preferable under high irrigation volume( 540 mm).
引文
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[6]杨梦娇,吕新,侯振安,等.滴灌施肥条件下不同土层硝态氮的分布规律[J].新疆农业科学,2013,50(5):875-881.[Yang Mengjiao,Lv Xin,Hou Zhen’an,et al.Distribution of nitrate nitrogen in different soil layers under drip fertigation[J].Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences,2013,50(5):875-881.]
[7]马丽娟,侯振安,闵伟,等.适宜咸水滴灌提高棉花水氮利用率[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(14):130-138.[Ma Lijuan,Hou Zhen’an,Min Wei,et al.Drip irrigation with suitable saline water improves water use efficiency for cotton[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2013,29(14):130-138.]
[8]刘梅先,杨劲松,李晓明,等.膜下滴灌条件下滴水量和滴水频率对棉田土壤水分分布及水分利用效率的影响[J].应用生态学报,2011,22(12):3 203-3 210.[Liu Meixian,Yang Jinsong,Li Xiaoming,et al.Effects of irrigation amount and frequency on soil water distribution and water use efficiency in a cotton field under mulched drip irrigation[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2011,22(12):3 203-3 210.]
[9]Kavdir Y,Zhang W,Basso B,et al.Development of a new longterm drought resilient soil water retention technology[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2014,69(5):154A-160A.
[10]Churchman G J,Landa E R.The Soil Underfoot:Infinite possibilities for a finite resource[C]//Smucker A J M,Basso B.Global Potential for a New Subsurface Water Retention Technology-Converting Marginal Soil Into Sustainable Plant Production.Florida:CRC Press,2014:315-324.
[11]王振华,杨培岭,郑旭荣,等.新疆现行灌溉制度下膜下滴灌棉田土壤盐分分布变化[J].农业机械学报,2014,45(8):149-159.[Wang Zhenhua,Yang Peiling,Zheng Xurong,et al.Soil salt dynamics in cotton fields with mulched drip irrigation under the existing irrigation system in Xinjiang[J].Journal of Agricultural Machinery,2014,45(8):149-159.]
[12]闵伟.咸水滴灌对棉田土壤微生物及水氮利用效率的影响[D].新疆:石河子大学,2015.[Min Wei.Effect of Saline Water on Soil Microbe and Water-and Nitrogen-use Efficiency in Drip-irrigated Cotton Field[D].Xinjiang:Shihezi University,2015.]
[13]Guber A K,Smucker A J M,Berhanu S,et al.Subsurface water retention technology improves root zone water storage for corn production on coarse-textured soils[J].Vadose Zone Journal,2015,14(7):1-13.
[14]Ibragimov N,Evett S R,Esanbekov Y,et al.Water use efficiency of irrigated cotton in Uzbekistan under drip and furrow irrigation[J].Agricultural Water Management,2007,90(1):112-120.
[15]宁松瑞,左强,石建初,等.新疆典型膜下滴灌棉花种植模式的用水效率与效益[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(22):90-99.[Ning Songrui,Zuo Qiang,Shi Jianchu,et al.Water use efficiency and benefit for typical planting modes of drip-irrigated cotton under film in Xinjiang[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2013,29(22):90-99.]
[16]赵波,范文波,刘圣凡,等.兵团南北疆膜下滴灌棉花经济效益调查与分析——以农1、2、5、8师为例[J].中国农村水利水电,2014(7):41-43.[Zhao Bo,Fan Wenbo,Liu Shengfan,et al.Investigation and analysis of the economic benefits of cotton with drip irrigation under film south Xinjiang Corps[J].China Rural Water and Hydropower,2014(7):41-43.]
[17]Singh Y,Rao S S,Regar P L.Deficit irrigation and nitrogen effects on seed cotton yield,water productivity and yield response factor in shallow soils of semi-arid environment[J].Agricultural Water Management,2010,97(7):965-970.
[18]王娟,江天才,万素梅.水分胁迫下间作棉田土壤水分及产量分析[J].干旱区研究,2016,33(1):89-93.[Wang Juan,Jiang Tiancai,Wan Sumei.Analysis on the soil moisture and yield under water stress for an intercropping field of cotton[J].Arid Zone Research,2016,33(1):89-93.]
[19]Demirel K,Kavdr Y.Effect of soil water retention barriers on turfgrass growth and soil water content[J].Irrigation Science,2013,31(4):689-700.
[20]Amirpour M,Shorafa M,Gorji M,et al.Effect of subsurface water retention using polyethylene membranes with surface mulch and irrigation on moisture,temperature and salinity of sandy soil of an arid region in Iran[J].Advances in Environmental Sciences,2016,8(1):33-41.
[21]Li X,Jin M,Zhou N,et al.Evaluation of evapotranspiration and deep percolation under mulched drip irrigation in an oasis of Tarim Basin,China[J].Journal of Hydrology,2016,538:677-688.
[22]Yang P,Hu H,Tian F,et al.Crop coefficient for cotton under plastic mulch and drip irrigation based on eddy covariance observation in an arid area of Northwestern China[J].Agricultural Water Management,2016,171:21-30.
[23]nlüM,Kanber R,Ko9 D L,et al.Effects of deficit irrigation on the yield and yield components of drip irrigated cotton in a mediterranean environment[J].Agricultural Water Management,2011,98(4):597-605.
[24]Yang Chuanjie,Luo Yi,Sun Lin.Effect of deficit irrigation on the growth,water use characteristics and yield of cotton in arid Northwest China[J].Pedosphere,2015,25(6):910-924.
[25]Liu H,Gao Y,Sun J,et al.Responses of yield,water use efficiency and quality of short-season cotton to irrigation management:Interactive effects of irrigation methods and deficit irrigation[J].Irrigation Science,2017,35(2):125-139.
[26]闫曼曼,郑剑超,张巨松,等.调亏灌溉对海岛棉光合物质生产与分配的影响[J].干旱区研究,2016,33(6):1 351-1 357.[Yan Manman,Zheng Jianchao,Zhang Jusong,et al.Effects of regulated deficit irrigation on production and distribution of photosynthetic matter in Gossypium barbadense L.[J].Arid Zone Research,2016,33(6):1 351-1 357.]
[27]Kang Y,Wang R,Wan S,et al.Effects of different water levels on cotton growth and water use through drip irrigation in an arid region with saline ground water of Northwest China[J].Agricultural water management,2012,109:117-126.
[28]Smucker A J M,Yang Z,Guber A K,et al.A new revolutionary technology to feed billions by establishing sustainable agriculture on small and large landscapes including urban regions globally[J].International Journal of Development Research,2016,6(10):9 596-9 602.
[2]孔庆平.制约新疆棉花生产发展的关键因素分析与应对策略探讨[J].新疆农业科学,2010,47(增刊2):3-5.[Kong Qingping.Analysis on the key factor of inhibiting cotton production development and discussion on its tacties[J].Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences,2010,47(Suppl.2):3-5.]
[3]陈亚宁,杨青,罗毅,等.西北干旱区水资源问题研究思考[J].干旱区地理,2012,35(1):1-9.[Chen Yaning,Yang Qing,Luo Yi,et al.Ponder on the issues of water resources in the arid region of Northwest China[J].Arid Land Geography,2012,35(1):1-9.]
[4]王永静,闫周府.新疆玛纳斯河流域用水结构演变及其驱动力分析[J].干旱区研究,2017,34(2):243-250.[Wang Yongjing Yan Zhoufu.Evolution and driving forces of water consumption structure in the Manas river basin in Xinjiang[J].Arid Zone Research,2017,34(2):243-250.]
[5]孙林,罗毅,杨传杰,等.干旱区滴灌棉田灌水量与灌溉周期关系[J].资源科学,2012,34(4):668-676.[Sun Lin,Luo Yi,Yang Chuanjie,et al.Relationships among drip irrigation amount,irrigation interval and deep percolation:A case study on Manas river oasis,Xinjiang[J].Resources Science.2012,34(4):668-676.]
[6]杨梦娇,吕新,侯振安,等.滴灌施肥条件下不同土层硝态氮的分布规律[J].新疆农业科学,2013,50(5):875-881.[Yang Mengjiao,Lv Xin,Hou Zhen’an,et al.Distribution of nitrate nitrogen in different soil layers under drip fertigation[J].Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences,2013,50(5):875-881.]
[7]马丽娟,侯振安,闵伟,等.适宜咸水滴灌提高棉花水氮利用率[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(14):130-138.[Ma Lijuan,Hou Zhen’an,Min Wei,et al.Drip irrigation with suitable saline water improves water use efficiency for cotton[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2013,29(14):130-138.]
[8]刘梅先,杨劲松,李晓明,等.膜下滴灌条件下滴水量和滴水频率对棉田土壤水分分布及水分利用效率的影响[J].应用生态学报,2011,22(12):3 203-3 210.[Liu Meixian,Yang Jinsong,Li Xiaoming,et al.Effects of irrigation amount and frequency on soil water distribution and water use efficiency in a cotton field under mulched drip irrigation[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2011,22(12):3 203-3 210.]
[9]Kavdir Y,Zhang W,Basso B,et al.Development of a new longterm drought resilient soil water retention technology[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2014,69(5):154A-160A.
[10]Churchman G J,Landa E R.The Soil Underfoot:Infinite possibilities for a finite resource[C]//Smucker A J M,Basso B.Global Potential for a New Subsurface Water Retention Technology-Converting Marginal Soil Into Sustainable Plant Production.Florida:CRC Press,2014:315-324.
[11]王振华,杨培岭,郑旭荣,等.新疆现行灌溉制度下膜下滴灌棉田土壤盐分分布变化[J].农业机械学报,2014,45(8):149-159.[Wang Zhenhua,Yang Peiling,Zheng Xurong,et al.Soil salt dynamics in cotton fields with mulched drip irrigation under the existing irrigation system in Xinjiang[J].Journal of Agricultural Machinery,2014,45(8):149-159.]
[12]闵伟.咸水滴灌对棉田土壤微生物及水氮利用效率的影响[D].新疆:石河子大学,2015.[Min Wei.Effect of Saline Water on Soil Microbe and Water-and Nitrogen-use Efficiency in Drip-irrigated Cotton Field[D].Xinjiang:Shihezi University,2015.]
[13]Guber A K,Smucker A J M,Berhanu S,et al.Subsurface water retention technology improves root zone water storage for corn production on coarse-textured soils[J].Vadose Zone Journal,2015,14(7):1-13.
[14]Ibragimov N,Evett S R,Esanbekov Y,et al.Water use efficiency of irrigated cotton in Uzbekistan under drip and furrow irrigation[J].Agricultural Water Management,2007,90(1):112-120.
[15]宁松瑞,左强,石建初,等.新疆典型膜下滴灌棉花种植模式的用水效率与效益[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(22):90-99.[Ning Songrui,Zuo Qiang,Shi Jianchu,et al.Water use efficiency and benefit for typical planting modes of drip-irrigated cotton under film in Xinjiang[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2013,29(22):90-99.]
[16]赵波,范文波,刘圣凡,等.兵团南北疆膜下滴灌棉花经济效益调查与分析——以农1、2、5、8师为例[J].中国农村水利水电,2014(7):41-43.[Zhao Bo,Fan Wenbo,Liu Shengfan,et al.Investigation and analysis of the economic benefits of cotton with drip irrigation under film south Xinjiang Corps[J].China Rural Water and Hydropower,2014(7):41-43.]
[17]Singh Y,Rao S S,Regar P L.Deficit irrigation and nitrogen effects on seed cotton yield,water productivity and yield response factor in shallow soils of semi-arid environment[J].Agricultural Water Management,2010,97(7):965-970.
[18]王娟,江天才,万素梅.水分胁迫下间作棉田土壤水分及产量分析[J].干旱区研究,2016,33(1):89-93.[Wang Juan,Jiang Tiancai,Wan Sumei.Analysis on the soil moisture and yield under water stress for an intercropping field of cotton[J].Arid Zone Research,2016,33(1):89-93.]
[19]Demirel K,Kavdr Y.Effect of soil water retention barriers on turfgrass growth and soil water content[J].Irrigation Science,2013,31(4):689-700.
[20]Amirpour M,Shorafa M,Gorji M,et al.Effect of subsurface water retention using polyethylene membranes with surface mulch and irrigation on moisture,temperature and salinity of sandy soil of an arid region in Iran[J].Advances in Environmental Sciences,2016,8(1):33-41.
[21]Li X,Jin M,Zhou N,et al.Evaluation of evapotranspiration and deep percolation under mulched drip irrigation in an oasis of Tarim Basin,China[J].Journal of Hydrology,2016,538:677-688.
[22]Yang P,Hu H,Tian F,et al.Crop coefficient for cotton under plastic mulch and drip irrigation based on eddy covariance observation in an arid area of Northwestern China[J].Agricultural Water Management,2016,171:21-30.
[23]nlüM,Kanber R,Ko9 D L,et al.Effects of deficit irrigation on the yield and yield components of drip irrigated cotton in a mediterranean environment[J].Agricultural Water Management,2011,98(4):597-605.
[24]Yang Chuanjie,Luo Yi,Sun Lin.Effect of deficit irrigation on the growth,water use characteristics and yield of cotton in arid Northwest China[J].Pedosphere,2015,25(6):910-924.
[25]Liu H,Gao Y,Sun J,et al.Responses of yield,water use efficiency and quality of short-season cotton to irrigation management:Interactive effects of irrigation methods and deficit irrigation[J].Irrigation Science,2017,35(2):125-139.
[26]闫曼曼,郑剑超,张巨松,等.调亏灌溉对海岛棉光合物质生产与分配的影响[J].干旱区研究,2016,33(6):1 351-1 357.[Yan Manman,Zheng Jianchao,Zhang Jusong,et al.Effects of regulated deficit irrigation on production and distribution of photosynthetic matter in Gossypium barbadense L.[J].Arid Zone Research,2016,33(6):1 351-1 357.]
[27]Kang Y,Wang R,Wan S,et al.Effects of different water levels on cotton growth and water use through drip irrigation in an arid region with saline ground water of Northwest China[J].Agricultural water management,2012,109:117-126.
[28]Smucker A J M,Yang Z,Guber A K,et al.A new revolutionary technology to feed billions by establishing sustainable agriculture on small and large landscapes including urban regions globally[J].International Journal of Development Research,2016,6(10):9 596-9 602.
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