施肥方式和氮肥运筹对寒地水稻产量与品质的影响
|
摘要
针对目前黑龙江地区水稻高产优质栽培中存在施肥量偏高,偏施氮肥,且惯于表施和全层施肥,肥料的淋溶、挥发及排水损失较多等现状,提出一种寒地水稻点状施肥方式,比较了点状施肥、全层施肥和侧深施肥的产量、品质差异及其与氮肥运筹的互作效应,为寒地水稻合理施肥提供理论依据。采用盒栽试验,以垦粳8为材料,常规施氮条件下,设置施肥方式3水平(A1全层施肥,A2侧深施肥,A3点状施肥),氮肥运筹2水平(B1基蘖同施,B2基蘖分施),分析干物质积累量、叶片SPAD值、产量及其构成以及稻米主要品质性状。施肥方式下A3产量显著高于A1,增产8.13%;氮肥运筹下B1产量极显著高于B2,增产9.56%。A3和A2分蘖始期、最高分蘖期叶片SPAD值,分蘖期叶面积,齐穗期高效叶面积、总叶面积极显著高于A1,增幅分别为3.88%～7.80%、3.54%～4.35%,15.85%～31.07%,7.87%～13.24%、8.09%～13.47%;A2成熟期地上部干物质积累量显著高于A1,增幅为6.39%;氮肥运筹下B1齐穗期高效叶面积、总叶面积显著或极显著高于B2,增幅分别为6.57%～6.71%,分蘖期、齐穗期、成熟期地上部干物质积累量B1极显著高于B2,增幅分别为10.13%、10.52%、8.51%。A3蛋白质含量最低,其食味值最佳,但加工、外观品质变劣;氮肥运筹下香气、光泽、味道、口感及食味值B1极显著高于B2,增幅分别为0.81%、3.46%、1.61%、3.21%、1.65%。施肥方式和氮肥运筹二因素互作的蛋白质含量效应分析以侧深施肥、基蘖同施处理最低。施肥方式和氮肥运筹下对寒地水稻产量、品质的效应分析,侧深施肥和点状施肥产量均优于全层施肥,氮肥运筹下基蘖同施优于基蘖分施,其中以侧深施肥、基蘖同施处理可获得相对优质的最高产量。
Aiming at the present problems such as excessive total fertilization,high nitrogen application,low efficiency etc.in the high yield and quality rice cultivation of Heilongjiang area,this paper explores the interaction effect of nitrogen fertilizer operation on the yield and quality of rice under the whole layer fertilization,lateral deep fertilization and point fertilization.It provides a theoretical basis for rational nitrogen application in cold rice.Using box-planting culture test,with kenting 8 as the material,3 levels of fertilization(A1:whole layer fertilization,A2:lateral deep fertilization,A3:point fertilization),and 2 levels of nitrogen fertilizer operation(B1:base tiller co-application,B2:base tiller division) were set up,the dry matter accumulation,spad value,yield and its composition,as well as the main quality traits of rice were analyzed.The result showed that the rice yield of A3 was significantly higher than that of A1,and the rice yield of B1 was significantly higher than that of B2 and increased by 9.56%.The SPAD value of A3,A2 at tiller beginning and maximum tilleing stage,and the leaf area at tillering stage,high efficiency leaf area at full heading stage and the total leaf surface were positive significantly higher than those of A1,the increase was 3.88%～7.80%,3.54%～4.35%;15.85%～31.07%,7.87%～13.24%and 8.09 %～13.47%,respectively.The accumulation of dry matter in the upper stage of A2 was significantly higher than that of A1,and the increase was 6.39%.The high efficiency leaf area,total leaf area of B1 was significantly higher than that of B2 under nitrogen fertilizer operation,the increase was 6.57%～6.71%.The accumulation of dry matter in tiller stage,panicle stage and mature stage was significantly higher than those of B2,and the increase was 10.13%,10.52% and 8.51%,respectively.The protein content of A3 was lowst,and then improved the taste quality,but processing,appearance quality deterioration,nitrogen fertilizer operation aroma,luster,taste,and taste value of B1 were significantly higher than B2,and the increase was 0.81%,3.46%,1.61%,3.21%,1.65%,respectively.The A2 B1 was the optimal treatment considering both fertilization method and nitrogen fertilizer operation.The yield of lateral deep fertilization and point-like fertilization was better than that of whole layer fertilization,and the base tiller was better than the base tiller in nitrogen fertilizer operation,among which nitrogen fertilizer could obtain the highest yield of relatively high quality by lateral deep fertilization.
Aiming at the present problems such as excessive total fertilization,high nitrogen application,low efficiency etc.in the high yield and quality rice cultivation of Heilongjiang area,this paper explores the interaction effect of nitrogen fertilizer operation on the yield and quality of rice under the whole layer fertilization,lateral deep fertilization and point fertilization.It provides a theoretical basis for rational nitrogen application in cold rice.Using box-planting culture test,with kenting 8 as the material,3 levels of fertilization(A1:whole layer fertilization,A2:lateral deep fertilization,A3:point fertilization),and 2 levels of nitrogen fertilizer operation(B1:base tiller co-application,B2:base tiller division) were set up,the dry matter accumulation,spad value,yield and its composition,as well as the main quality traits of rice were analyzed.The result showed that the rice yield of A3 was significantly higher than that of A1,and the rice yield of B1 was significantly higher than that of B2 and increased by 9.56%.The SPAD value of A3,A2 at tiller beginning and maximum tilleing stage,and the leaf area at tillering stage,high efficiency leaf area at full heading stage and the total leaf surface were positive significantly higher than those of A1,the increase was 3.88%～7.80%,3.54%～4.35%;15.85%～31.07%,7.87%～13.24%and 8.09 %～13.47%,respectively.The accumulation of dry matter in the upper stage of A2 was significantly higher than that of A1,and the increase was 6.39%.The high efficiency leaf area,total leaf area of B1 was significantly higher than that of B2 under nitrogen fertilizer operation,the increase was 6.57%～6.71%.The accumulation of dry matter in tiller stage,panicle stage and mature stage was significantly higher than those of B2,and the increase was 10.13%,10.52% and 8.51%,respectively.The protein content of A3 was lowst,and then improved the taste quality,but processing,appearance quality deterioration,nitrogen fertilizer operation aroma,luster,taste,and taste value of B1 were significantly higher than B2,and the increase was 0.81%,3.46%,1.61%,3.21%,1.65%,respectively.The A2 B1 was the optimal treatment considering both fertilization method and nitrogen fertilizer operation.The yield of lateral deep fertilization and point-like fertilization was better than that of whole layer fertilization,and the base tiller was better than the base tiller in nitrogen fertilizer operation,among which nitrogen fertilizer could obtain the highest yield of relatively high quality by lateral deep fertilization.
引文
[1]Ibrahim M,Peng S B,Tang Q Y,et al.Comparisons of yield and growth behaviors of hybrid rice under different nitrogen management methods in tropical and subtropical environments[J].Journal of Integrative Agriculture,2013,12(4):621-629.
[2]Zhang Z,Chu G L,Wang Z,et al.Mid-season nitrogen application strategies for rice varieties differing in panicle size[J].Field Crops Research,2013,150(15):9-18.
[3]Deng N,Ling X,Sun Y,et al.Influence of temperature and solar radiation on grain yield and quality in irrigated rice system[J].European Journal of Agronomy,2015,64:37-46.
[4]任万军.杂交稻高产高效施氮研究进展与展望[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2017,23(6):1505-1513.
[5]Pan J F,Liu Y Z,Zhong X H,et al.Grain yield,water productivity and nitrogen use efficiency of rice under different water management and fertilizer-N inputs in South China[J].Agricultural Water Management,2017,184:191-200.
[6]Sun Y,Ma J,Sun Y,et al.The effects of different water and nitrogen managements on yield and nitrogen use efficiency in hybrid rice of China[J].Field Crops Research,2012,127(1):85-98.
[7]熊正琴,张晓旭.氮肥高效施用在低碳农业中的关键作用[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2017,23(6):1433-1440.
[8]叶永印,张时龙.水稻不同施氮方式对产量的影响[J].贵州农业科学,2000,28(5):33-36.
[9]霍中洋,魏海燕,张洪程,等.穗肥运筹对不同秧龄机插超级稻宁粳1号产量及群体质量的影响[J].作物学报,2012,38(8):1460-1470.
[10]王秀斌,徐新朋,孙静文,等.氮肥运筹对机插双季稻产量、氮肥利用率及经济效益的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2016,22(5):1167-1176.
[11]凌启鸿,张洪程,戴其根,等.水稻精确定量施氮研究[J].中国农业科学,2005,38(12):2457-2467.
[12]张洪程,吴桂成,戴其根,等.水稻氮肥精确后移及其机制[J].作物学报,2011,37(10):1837-1851.
[13]王火焰,周健民.根区施肥-提高肥料养分利用率和减少面源污染的关键和必需措施[J].土壤,2013,45(5):785-790.
[14]彭少兵,黄见良,钟旭华,等.提高中国稻田氮肥利用率的研究策略[J].中国农业科学,2002,35(9):1095-1103.
[15]马群,张洪程,戴其根,等.生育类型与施氮水平对粳稻加工品质的影响[J].作物学报,2009,35(7):1282-1289.
[16]高辉,马群,李国业,等.氮肥水平对不同生育类型粳稻稻米蒸煮食味品质的影响[J].中国农业科学,2010,43(21):4543-4552.
[17]朱晓彦.水稻穗肥施用期对产量形成、氮素吸收及稻米品质的影响[D].扬州:扬州大学,2003.
[18]金正勋,秋太权,孙艳丽,等.氮肥对稻米垩白及蒸煮食味品质的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2001,7(1):31-35.
[19]杨泽敏,王维金,蔡明历.氮肥施用期及施用量对稻米品质的影响[J].华中农业大学学报,2002,21(5):429-434.
[20]Hong Y P,Kim S Y.Influences of growing location,culture practices and application of organic manure on grain yield and quality in rice[J].RDAJ Agric Sci,1993,35(2):41-46.
[21]李殿平,曹海峰,张俊宝,等.全程深施肥对水稻产量形成及稻米品质的影响[J].中国水稻科学,2006,20(1):73-78.
[22]曾祥明,韩宝吉,徐芳森,等.不同基础地力土壤优化施肥对水稻产量和氮肥利用率的影响[J].中国农业科学,2012,45(14):2886-2894.
[23]林忠成,李土明,吴福观,等.基蘖肥与穗肥氮比例对双季稻产量和碳氮比的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2011,17(2):269-275.
[24]安宁,范明生,张福锁.水稻最佳作物管理技术的增产增效作用[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2015,21(4):846-852.
[25]许轲,张军,张洪程,等.双季晚粳稻氮肥精确运筹研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2014,20(5):1063-1075.
[26]陈海飞,冯洋,徐芳森,等.秸秆还田下氮肥管理对中低产田水稻产量和氮素吸收利用影响的研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2014,20(3):517-524.
[27]Ni L,Jiang Y,Shi W.Influence of nitrogenous fertilizer control ondirect seeding rice yield and quality[J].Advances in Information Sciences&Service Sciences,2012,4(23):805-813.
[28]唐海明,程爱武,徐一兰,等.长期有机无机肥配施对双季稻区水稻干物质积累及产量的影响[J].农业现代化研究,2015,36(6):1091-1098.
[29]杨安中,吴文革,李泽福,等.氮肥运筹对超级稻库源关系、干物质积累及产量的影响[J].土壤,2016,48(2):254-258.
[30]程方民,钟连进.不同气候生态条件下稻米品质性状的变异及主要影响因子分析[J].中国水稻科学,2001,15(3):28-32.
[31]李彦利,严光彬,贾玉敏,等.栽培因素对北方粳稻产量及米质的影响[J].北方水稻,2008,32(3):37-39.
[32]徐春梅,王丹英,邵国胜,等.施氮量和栽插密度对超高产水稻中早22产量和品质的影响[J].中国水稻科学,2008,22(5):507-512.
[33]潘圣刚,翟晶,曹凑贵,等.氮肥运筹对水稻养分吸收特性及稻米品质的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2010,16(3):522-527.
[34]刘代银,伍菊仙,任万军,等.氮肥运筹对免耕高留茬抛秧稻氮素吸收、运转和籽粒品质的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2009,15(3):514-521.
[35]陈莹莹.江苏早熟晚粳品种稻米品质对氮肥的响应及其类型[D].扬州:扬州大学,2012.
[36]施标,万常照.日本水稻保优栽培中的氮肥施用技术研究[J].上海农业学报,2001,17(1):45-48.
[37]姜元华,赵可,许俊伟,等.氮肥水平对粳型软米食味特征与质构特性的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2015,21(2):288-295.
[2]Zhang Z,Chu G L,Wang Z,et al.Mid-season nitrogen application strategies for rice varieties differing in panicle size[J].Field Crops Research,2013,150(15):9-18.
[3]Deng N,Ling X,Sun Y,et al.Influence of temperature and solar radiation on grain yield and quality in irrigated rice system[J].European Journal of Agronomy,2015,64:37-46.
[4]任万军.杂交稻高产高效施氮研究进展与展望[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2017,23(6):1505-1513.
[5]Pan J F,Liu Y Z,Zhong X H,et al.Grain yield,water productivity and nitrogen use efficiency of rice under different water management and fertilizer-N inputs in South China[J].Agricultural Water Management,2017,184:191-200.
[6]Sun Y,Ma J,Sun Y,et al.The effects of different water and nitrogen managements on yield and nitrogen use efficiency in hybrid rice of China[J].Field Crops Research,2012,127(1):85-98.
[7]熊正琴,张晓旭.氮肥高效施用在低碳农业中的关键作用[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2017,23(6):1433-1440.
[8]叶永印,张时龙.水稻不同施氮方式对产量的影响[J].贵州农业科学,2000,28(5):33-36.
[9]霍中洋,魏海燕,张洪程,等.穗肥运筹对不同秧龄机插超级稻宁粳1号产量及群体质量的影响[J].作物学报,2012,38(8):1460-1470.
[10]王秀斌,徐新朋,孙静文,等.氮肥运筹对机插双季稻产量、氮肥利用率及经济效益的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2016,22(5):1167-1176.
[11]凌启鸿,张洪程,戴其根,等.水稻精确定量施氮研究[J].中国农业科学,2005,38(12):2457-2467.
[12]张洪程,吴桂成,戴其根,等.水稻氮肥精确后移及其机制[J].作物学报,2011,37(10):1837-1851.
[13]王火焰,周健民.根区施肥-提高肥料养分利用率和减少面源污染的关键和必需措施[J].土壤,2013,45(5):785-790.
[14]彭少兵,黄见良,钟旭华,等.提高中国稻田氮肥利用率的研究策略[J].中国农业科学,2002,35(9):1095-1103.
[15]马群,张洪程,戴其根,等.生育类型与施氮水平对粳稻加工品质的影响[J].作物学报,2009,35(7):1282-1289.
[16]高辉,马群,李国业,等.氮肥水平对不同生育类型粳稻稻米蒸煮食味品质的影响[J].中国农业科学,2010,43(21):4543-4552.
[17]朱晓彦.水稻穗肥施用期对产量形成、氮素吸收及稻米品质的影响[D].扬州:扬州大学,2003.
[18]金正勋,秋太权,孙艳丽,等.氮肥对稻米垩白及蒸煮食味品质的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2001,7(1):31-35.
[19]杨泽敏,王维金,蔡明历.氮肥施用期及施用量对稻米品质的影响[J].华中农业大学学报,2002,21(5):429-434.
[20]Hong Y P,Kim S Y.Influences of growing location,culture practices and application of organic manure on grain yield and quality in rice[J].RDAJ Agric Sci,1993,35(2):41-46.
[21]李殿平,曹海峰,张俊宝,等.全程深施肥对水稻产量形成及稻米品质的影响[J].中国水稻科学,2006,20(1):73-78.
[22]曾祥明,韩宝吉,徐芳森,等.不同基础地力土壤优化施肥对水稻产量和氮肥利用率的影响[J].中国农业科学,2012,45(14):2886-2894.
[23]林忠成,李土明,吴福观,等.基蘖肥与穗肥氮比例对双季稻产量和碳氮比的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2011,17(2):269-275.
[24]安宁,范明生,张福锁.水稻最佳作物管理技术的增产增效作用[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2015,21(4):846-852.
[25]许轲,张军,张洪程,等.双季晚粳稻氮肥精确运筹研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2014,20(5):1063-1075.
[26]陈海飞,冯洋,徐芳森,等.秸秆还田下氮肥管理对中低产田水稻产量和氮素吸收利用影响的研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2014,20(3):517-524.
[27]Ni L,Jiang Y,Shi W.Influence of nitrogenous fertilizer control ondirect seeding rice yield and quality[J].Advances in Information Sciences&Service Sciences,2012,4(23):805-813.
[28]唐海明,程爱武,徐一兰,等.长期有机无机肥配施对双季稻区水稻干物质积累及产量的影响[J].农业现代化研究,2015,36(6):1091-1098.
[29]杨安中,吴文革,李泽福,等.氮肥运筹对超级稻库源关系、干物质积累及产量的影响[J].土壤,2016,48(2):254-258.
[30]程方民,钟连进.不同气候生态条件下稻米品质性状的变异及主要影响因子分析[J].中国水稻科学,2001,15(3):28-32.
[31]李彦利,严光彬,贾玉敏,等.栽培因素对北方粳稻产量及米质的影响[J].北方水稻,2008,32(3):37-39.
[32]徐春梅,王丹英,邵国胜,等.施氮量和栽插密度对超高产水稻中早22产量和品质的影响[J].中国水稻科学,2008,22(5):507-512.
[33]潘圣刚,翟晶,曹凑贵,等.氮肥运筹对水稻养分吸收特性及稻米品质的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2010,16(3):522-527.
[34]刘代银,伍菊仙,任万军,等.氮肥运筹对免耕高留茬抛秧稻氮素吸收、运转和籽粒品质的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2009,15(3):514-521.
[35]陈莹莹.江苏早熟晚粳品种稻米品质对氮肥的响应及其类型[D].扬州:扬州大学,2012.
[36]施标,万常照.日本水稻保优栽培中的氮肥施用技术研究[J].上海农业学报,2001,17(1):45-48.
[37]姜元华,赵可,许俊伟,等.氮肥水平对粳型软米食味特征与质构特性的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2015,21(2):288-295.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |