负压灌溉重液式负压阀设计与试验
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摘要
为发展负压灌溉中简单实用、高效精确的负压维持方法及其设备,该文设计了一种重液式负压阀(heavy liquid-type negative pressure valve,HLNPV),基本构件包括一个U型玻璃管、一个S型玻璃控压管、一个空心玻璃球以及能在这三者之间进行循环流动的重液—水银,利用水银的静压力维持负压,并且在负压阀和大气之间设计了一个进气速度限制器,利用石蜡油或水覆盖在水银液面上防止其挥发。实验室检测结果表明,在-30 k Pa以内的负压下,HLNPV维持负压的相对误差小于5%。实际田间条件下,以石蜡油作为覆盖液时,大部分HLNPV能够在2~3个月的试验期间内平稳运行,有15.5%的HLNPV在运行了1~3个月后发生水银氧化变黑现象,6.2%的HLNPV因为黑色氧化沉淀物堵塞管道而导致负压维持功能丧失。所有以水作覆盖液的HLNPV在2~4个月的试验期间内均能够平稳运行。该文详细地介绍了重液式负压阀的原理、结构、实际使用效果以及进一步改进的建议,以期为促进负压灌溉设备创新研发提供参考。
Negative pressure irrigation(NPI) is a high efficient irrigation technology which has attracted great concern from some Chinese scholars in the past decade. To produce and maintain a steady negative pressure is an essential key point for NPI, and at present there are mainly 5 methods, namely hanging water column(HWC), static water column(SWC), climbing water column(CWC), electromagnetic valve(EMV) and negative pressure water circulation(NPWC). However, due to some inherent shortcomings, those methods are not convenient to practically operate. The HWC is easily to fail due to the air embolus, the EMV and NPWC are energy-consuming, and too large heights of HWC, SWC, CWC and NPWC make them very cumbersome and not easy to install. In fact, the negative pressure results in the soil water sopping, which is always continuous, slow and unidirectional, and the function of the negative pressure maintaining device is similar to negative pressure limiting valve which does not need to act continuously or high frequently. Therefore, the heavy liquid static pressure should be theoretically used to control the negative pressure in the NPI system. It is known that 1 mm Hg which can be easily determined with naked eyes can generate 0.133 k Pa static pressure. Moreover, the negative pressure in actual NPI is seldom set under-30 k Pa which is equivalent to 22.5 mm Hg. Obviously, the negative pressure maintaining device using the static pressure of mercy whose density is the largest in the world to control the negative pressure in NPI should have high precision and small size, and be easily to operate. Accordingly, a heavy liquid-type negative pressure valve(HLNPV) was designed. The HLNPV consists of 3 basic interconnected parts, i.e., a U-shaped tube, an S-shaped pressure maintaining tube and a hollow ball, together with a certain amount of mercury which can be poured into them and cyclically flow in them. The negative pressure is maintained by the static pressure of the mercury in the S-shaped tube. Additionally, a device to slow down the air entering was installed between HLNPV and atmosphere, and the mercury in the hollow ball was overlapped by paraffin oil or water to prevent the evaporation of mercury. Laboratory test showed that the precision of HLNPV could reach 0.1 k Pa, which is too enough for NPI, and the relative error of HLNPV with the theoretical control pressure from-5 to-30 k Pa was less than 5%, which is satisfactory for NPI. In the field, most paraffin oil overlapping HLNPV could steadily run for the whole experiment period of 2-3 months, while the mercury in 15.5% of the HLNPV was oxidized after running for 1-3 months, and that in 6.2% of the HLNPV was blocked up by the oxide precipitate, which caused their failure to maintain negative pressure. Water-overlapping HLNPV could steadily run for the whole experiment period of 2-4 months, while water is a theoretic volatile liquid, if the runtime is more than 4 months, the overlapping water maybe need to be complemented. In one word, the HLNPV can overcome many disadvantages of the present negative pressure maintaining methods, and has the advantages of larger negative pressure, no energy consumption, small size, high accuracy, easy to install and debug, as well as more security. The mechanism, structure, application effect and suggestions for improvement of the HLNPV are described explicitly in this paper, thereby providing a reference for its further application, innovation and improvement.
Negative pressure irrigation(NPI) is a high efficient irrigation technology which has attracted great concern from some Chinese scholars in the past decade. To produce and maintain a steady negative pressure is an essential key point for NPI, and at present there are mainly 5 methods, namely hanging water column(HWC), static water column(SWC), climbing water column(CWC), electromagnetic valve(EMV) and negative pressure water circulation(NPWC). However, due to some inherent shortcomings, those methods are not convenient to practically operate. The HWC is easily to fail due to the air embolus, the EMV and NPWC are energy-consuming, and too large heights of HWC, SWC, CWC and NPWC make them very cumbersome and not easy to install. In fact, the negative pressure results in the soil water sopping, which is always continuous, slow and unidirectional, and the function of the negative pressure maintaining device is similar to negative pressure limiting valve which does not need to act continuously or high frequently. Therefore, the heavy liquid static pressure should be theoretically used to control the negative pressure in the NPI system. It is known that 1 mm Hg which can be easily determined with naked eyes can generate 0.133 k Pa static pressure. Moreover, the negative pressure in actual NPI is seldom set under-30 k Pa which is equivalent to 22.5 mm Hg. Obviously, the negative pressure maintaining device using the static pressure of mercy whose density is the largest in the world to control the negative pressure in NPI should have high precision and small size, and be easily to operate. Accordingly, a heavy liquid-type negative pressure valve(HLNPV) was designed. The HLNPV consists of 3 basic interconnected parts, i.e., a U-shaped tube, an S-shaped pressure maintaining tube and a hollow ball, together with a certain amount of mercury which can be poured into them and cyclically flow in them. The negative pressure is maintained by the static pressure of the mercury in the S-shaped tube. Additionally, a device to slow down the air entering was installed between HLNPV and atmosphere, and the mercury in the hollow ball was overlapped by paraffin oil or water to prevent the evaporation of mercury. Laboratory test showed that the precision of HLNPV could reach 0.1 k Pa, which is too enough for NPI, and the relative error of HLNPV with the theoretical control pressure from-5 to-30 k Pa was less than 5%, which is satisfactory for NPI. In the field, most paraffin oil overlapping HLNPV could steadily run for the whole experiment period of 2-3 months, while the mercury in 15.5% of the HLNPV was oxidized after running for 1-3 months, and that in 6.2% of the HLNPV was blocked up by the oxide precipitate, which caused their failure to maintain negative pressure. Water-overlapping HLNPV could steadily run for the whole experiment period of 2-4 months, while water is a theoretic volatile liquid, if the runtime is more than 4 months, the overlapping water maybe need to be complemented. In one word, the HLNPV can overcome many disadvantages of the present negative pressure maintaining methods, and has the advantages of larger negative pressure, no energy consumption, small size, high accuracy, easy to install and debug, as well as more security. The mechanism, structure, application effect and suggestions for improvement of the HLNPV are described explicitly in this paper, thereby providing a reference for its further application, innovation and improvement.
引文
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[3]江培福,雷廷武,V incent F Bralts,等.土壤质地和灌水器材料对负压灌溉出水流量及土壤水运移的影响[J].农业工程学报,2006,22(4):19-22.Jiang Peifu,Lei Tingwu,Vincent F Bralts,et al.Effects of soil textures and emit ter material on the soil water movement and efficiency of negatively pressurized irrigation system[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2006,22(4):19-22.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[4]Nalliah V,Ranjan R S,Kahimba F C.Evaluation of a plantcontrolled subsurface drip irrigation system[J].Biosystems Engineering,2009,102(3):313-320.
[5]梁锦陶,孙西欢,肖娟.土壤质地和供水水头对负压灌溉土壤水分运移的影响研究[J].节水灌溉,2011,6:31-34.Liang Jingtao,Sun Xihuan,Xiao Juan.Influence of soil texture and water supply head on soil water transportation under negative pressure irrigation[J].Water Saving Irrigation,2011,6:31-34.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[6]赵亚楠,肖娟,梁锦陶,等.供水水头和灌水器对负压灌溉土壤水运移的影响[J].灌溉排水学报,2011,30(5):71-74.Zhao Yanan,Xiao Juan,Liang Jintao,et al.Effects of hydraulic head and emitter on the soil water movement under negative pressure irrigation system[J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,2011,30(5):71-74.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[7]丛萍,龙怀玉,岳现录.PVFM渗水器规格对其负压渗水性能的影响[J].灌溉排水学报,2015a,34(9):7-14.Cong Ping,Long Huaiyu,Yue Xianlu.Effect of PVFMseepage cup specifications on the seepage capacity under negative pressure[J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,2015,34(9):7-14.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[8]丛萍,龙怀玉,岳现录,等.聚乙烯醇缩甲醛负压渗水材料的制备及可行性分析[J].高分子材料科学与工程,2015,31(10):133-139.Cong Ping,Long Huaiyu,Yue Xianlu,et al.Preparation of polyvinyl formal negative pressure seepage materials and feasibility assessment[J].Polymer Materials Science and Engineering,2015,31(10):133-139.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[9]丛萍,龙怀玉,张认连.助剂对聚乙烯醇缩甲醛机械性能及负压渗水性能的影响[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(8):112-118.Cong Ping,Long Huaiyu,Zhang Renlian.Effects of auxiliaries on mechanical properties and negative pressure water permeability of polyvinyl formal[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2017,33(8):112-118.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[10]Wang Jiajia,Huang Yuanfang,Long Huaiyu.Water and salt movement in different soil textures under various negative irrigating pressures[J].Journal of Integrative Agriculture,2016,15(6):1874-1882.
[11]Lipiec J,Kubota T,Iwama H,et al.Measurement of plant water use under controlled soil moisture conditions by the negative pressure water circulation technique[J].Soil Science and Plant Nutrition,2012,34(3):417-428.
[12]Iwama H,Kubota T,Ushiroda T,et al.Control of soil water potential using negative pressure water circulation technique[J].Soil Science and Plant Nutrition,1991,37(1):7-14.
[13]Moniruzzaman S M,Fukuhara T,Terasaki H.Experimental study on water balance in a negative pressure difference irrigation system[J].Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers,Ser.B1(Hydraulic Engineering),2012,67(4):103-108.
[14]Moniruzzaman S M,Fukuhara T,Ito M,Ishii Y.Seepage flow dynamics in a negative pressure difference irrigation system[J].Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers,Ser.B1(Hydraulic Engineering),2011,67(4):97-102.
[15]耿伟,王春艳,薛绪掌,等.不同水分处理对豇豆光合生理特性的影响[J].灌溉排水学报,2006,25(5):72-74.Geng Wei,Wang Chunyan,Xue Xuzhang,et al.Effect of different water treatments on photosynthetic physiological characteristics of cowpea[J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,2006,25(5):72-74.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[16]耿伟,薛绪掌,王志敏.不同供水吸力下豆角若干生理指标的变化[J].中国农学通报,2006,22(5):206-209.Geng Wei,Xue Xuzhang,Wang Zhimin.Changes of some physiological indices in common bean under water supply tension[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2006,22(5):206-209.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[17]许高平,王璞,薛绪掌,等.负压控水下不同株型玉米水分利用效率和产量的盆栽试验[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(15):148-156.Xu Gaoping,Wang Pu,Xue Xuzhang,et al.Experiment on water use efficiency and yield of different plant type of potted maize under negative pressure water control[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2014,30(15):148-156.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[18]冀荣华,王婷婷,祁力钧,等.基于HYDRUS-2D的负压灌溉土壤水分入渗数值模拟[J].农业机械学报,2015,46(4):113-119.Ji Ronghua,Wang Tingting,Qi Lijun,et al.Numerical simulation of soil moisture infiltration under negative pressure irrigation based on HYDRUS-2D[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery,2015,46(4):113-119.(in Chinese with English abstract)
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