水稻甲基汞富集对大气气态单质汞浓度升高的响应研究
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摘要
水稻具有很强的甲基汞(MeHg)富集能力,从而增加了汞污染地区居民甲基汞暴露的风险.本研究利用开顶气室熏蒸实验和土壤加汞培育实验探究水稻各组织中MeHg富集对大气中的气态单质汞(GEM)浓度升高的响应.结果表明:水稻根中甲基汞含量与土壤中甲基汞含量显著正相关(r=0.9462~0.9870,p<0.05),与大气汞含量无线性关系(p>0.05),表明水稻根中的MeHg主要来自土壤.水稻茎中甲基汞含量随土壤甲基汞含量的增加而线性增加(上部茎:r=0.8560,p>0.05;下部茎:r=0.9178~0.9484,p<0.05),与大气汞含量没有相关性(p>0.05),但在气室熏蒸实验中上部茎中的甲基汞含量高于下部茎;而在土壤加汞培育实验中下部茎中的甲基汞含量高于上部茎,表明水稻茎主要受土壤汞的影响,且大气汞可能对水稻上部茎甲基汞的富集有一定的影响.水稻叶中甲基汞含量与土壤甲基汞含量显著正相关(r=0.9708,p<0.01),与大气汞含量无线性关系,但在气室熏蒸实验中实验组叶中甲基汞的含量高于对照组,表明水稻叶中的甲基汞可能受土壤甲基汞和大气汞的共同影响.水稻籽粒中甲基汞的含量与土壤甲基汞含量呈显著正相关(r=0.9046~0.9865,p<0.05),与大气汞含量无明显的线性关系(p>0.05),表明水稻籽粒中的甲基汞主要来自土壤,但在水稻上部茎和叶中甲基汞含量受一定程度大气汞含量影响的情况下势必会对水稻籽粒甲基汞的富集产生影响,但究竟有多大程度影响或量化其贡献还需进一步实验研究.
Studies have shown that rice has strong ability of methylmercury( MeHg) accumulation,enhancing health risk of MeHg exposure in Hg mining areas. With open top chambers( OTCs) fumigation experiment and soil Hg enriched experiment,this study analyzed the response of MeHg accumulation in rice to the rising atmospheric gaseous elemental mercury( GEM). Results indicated that MeHg levels in root were significantly correlated with soil MeHg concentrations( r = 0. 9462 ~ 0. 9870,p < 0. 05) but insignificantly correlated with air Hg concentrations( p > 0. 05),indicating that MeHg in rice root was mainly from soil. The MeHg concentrations in stem increased linearly with soil MeHg concentrations( upper stem: r = 0. 8560,p > 0. 05; bottom stem: r = 0. 9178 ~ 0. 9484,p < 0. 05),and no obvious linear correlation with the GEM was observed. MeHg concentrations were generally higher in the upper stem in OTCs experiment,and higher in the bottom stem in soil Hg enriched experiment. This suggested that MeHg in stem was mainly from soil,and the upper stem might be affected by the GEM. MeHg concentrations in leaf were significantly correlated with soil MeHg( r = 0. 9708,p < 0. 01),and did not linearly correlate with air Hg( p > 0. 05). However,the MeHg concentrations in these experimental groups were higher than those in control group in OTCs experiment,indicating that MeHg in leaf might be influenced by both soil MeHg and air Hg. MeHg concentrations in grain were linearlycorrelated with soil MeHg concentrations( r = 0. 9046 ~ 0. 9865,p < 0. 05),and were not linearly correlated with air Hg( p > 0. 05). GEM accumulation in upper stem and leaf would certainly impact the MeHg accumulation in rice grain. The actual degree however needs further investigation.
Studies have shown that rice has strong ability of methylmercury( MeHg) accumulation,enhancing health risk of MeHg exposure in Hg mining areas. With open top chambers( OTCs) fumigation experiment and soil Hg enriched experiment,this study analyzed the response of MeHg accumulation in rice to the rising atmospheric gaseous elemental mercury( GEM). Results indicated that MeHg levels in root were significantly correlated with soil MeHg concentrations( r = 0. 9462 ~ 0. 9870,p < 0. 05) but insignificantly correlated with air Hg concentrations( p > 0. 05),indicating that MeHg in rice root was mainly from soil. The MeHg concentrations in stem increased linearly with soil MeHg concentrations( upper stem: r = 0. 8560,p > 0. 05; bottom stem: r = 0. 9178 ~ 0. 9484,p < 0. 05),and no obvious linear correlation with the GEM was observed. MeHg concentrations were generally higher in the upper stem in OTCs experiment,and higher in the bottom stem in soil Hg enriched experiment. This suggested that MeHg in stem was mainly from soil,and the upper stem might be affected by the GEM. MeHg concentrations in leaf were significantly correlated with soil MeHg( r = 0. 9708,p < 0. 01),and did not linearly correlate with air Hg( p > 0. 05). However,the MeHg concentrations in these experimental groups were higher than those in control group in OTCs experiment,indicating that MeHg in leaf might be influenced by both soil MeHg and air Hg. MeHg concentrations in grain were linearlycorrelated with soil MeHg concentrations( r = 0. 9046 ~ 0. 9865,p < 0. 05),and were not linearly correlated with air Hg( p > 0. 05). GEM accumulation in upper stem and leaf would certainly impact the MeHg accumulation in rice grain. The actual degree however needs further investigation.
引文
Bertilsson L,Neujahr H Y.1971.Methylation of mercury compounds by methylcobalamin[J].Biochemistry,10(14):280-2808
陈法军,戈峰,苏建伟.2005.用于研究大气二氧化碳浓度升高对农田有害生物影响的田间试验装置[J].生态学杂志,24(5):585-590
陈剑.2015.开顶式气室原位研究水稻汞富集对大气汞浓度升高的响应[J].环境科学,36(8):2997-3003
Ci Z,Zhang X,Wang Z.2012.Enhancing atmospheric mercury research in china to improve the current understanding of the global mercury cycle:the need for urgent and closely coordinated efforts[J].Environmental Science&Technology,46(11):5636-5642
Clarkson T W,Magos L.2006.The toxicology of mercury and its chemical compounds[J].Critical Reviews in Toxicology,36(8):609-662
丁疆华.2000.土壤汞吸附和甲基化的影响因素[J].自然科学与医学版,21(2):104-109
Falter R.1999.Experimental study on the unintentional abiotic methylation of inorganic mercury during analysis:Part 1:localization of the compounds effecting the abiotic mercury methylation[J].Chemosphere 39(7):1051-1073
冯新斌,仇广乐,付学吾,等.2009.环境汞污染[J].化学进展,21(2):436-457
Feng X,Li P,Qiu G.2008.Methylmercury exposure through rice intake to inhabitants in Wanshan Mercury mining area in Guizhou,China.[J].Environmental Science and Technology,42(1):326-332
Fitzgerald W F,Mason R,Vandal G.1991.Atmospheric cycling and airwater exchange of mercury over mid-continental lacustrine regions[J].Water Air&Soil Pollution,56(1):745-767
何天容,冯新斌,戴前进,等.2004.萃取-乙基化结合GC-CVAFS法测定沉积物及土壤中的甲基汞[J].地球与环境,32(2):1672-9250
Heagle A S,Body D E,Heck W W.1973.An open-top field chamber to assess the impact of air pollution on plants[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,2(3):365-368
Horvat M,Nolde N,Fajon V.2003.Total mercury,methylmercury and selenium in mercury polluted areas in the province Guizhou,China[J].Science of the Total Environment,304:231-256
King J K,Kostka J E,Frischer M E.et al.2001.A quantitative relationship that demonstrates mercury methylation rates in marine sediments are based on the community composition and activity of sulfate-reducing bacterial[J].Environmental Science and Technolgy,35:2491-2496
Krupp E M,Mestrot A,Wielgus J,et al.2009.The molecular form of mercury in biota:identification of novel mercury peptide complexes in plants[J].Chemical Communications,28:4257-4259
Liu J,Feng X,Qiu G,et al.2012.Prediction of mercury uptake by rice plants(Oryza sativa L.)using the diffusive in thin films technique[J].Environmental Science&Technology,46:11013-11020
Mandl R H,Laurence J A,Kohut R J.1985.Development and testing of new open-top chambers for exposing large,perennial plants to airpollutants in the field[J].Plant Science,75(11):1277-1277
Meng B,Feng X B,Qiu G L,et al.2010.Distribution patterns of inorganic mercury and methylmercury in tissues of rice(Oryza sativa L.)plants and possible bioaccumulation pathways[J].Agricultural and Food Chemistry,58(8):4951-4958
Meng B,Feng X,Qiu G.2011.The process of methylmercury accumulation in rice(Oryza sativa L.)[J].Environmental Science&Technology,(45):2711-2717
Niu Z,Zhang X,Wang Z,et al.2011.Field controlled experiments of mercury accumulation in crops from air and soil[J].Environmental Pollution,159:2684-2689
仇广乐,冯新斌,梁琏,等.2005.溶剂萃取-水相乙基化衍生GC-CVAFS联用测定苔藓样品中的甲基汞[J].分析测试学报,24(1):29-32
Schwesig D,Krebs O.2003.The role of ground vegetation in the uptake of mercury and methylmercury in a forest ecosystem[J].Plant and Soil,253(2):445-455
Siciliano S D.,Lean D R S.2002.Methyltransferase:An enzyme assay for microbial methylmercury formation in acidic soils and sediments[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,21:1184-1190
Syversen T.2012.The toxicology of mercury and its cpmpounds[J].Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology,26(4):215-226
Vaithiyanathan P,Richardson C J,Kavanaugh R G,et al.1996.Relationships of eutrophication to the distribution of mercury and to the potential for the methylmercury production in the peat soils of the everglades[J].Environmental Science and Technolgy,30:2591-2597
杨永奎,王定勇.2007.大气汞的时空分布研究进展[J].四川环境,25(6):91-95
Zhang H,Feng X,Larssen T.2010a.Bio-accumulation of methylmercury versus inorganic mercury in rice(Oryza sativa L.)grain[J].Environmental Science and Technology,44:4499-4504
Zhang H,Feng X,Larseen T.2010b.In inland China,rice,rather than fish is the major pathway for methylmercury exposure[J].Environmental Health Perspectives,118(9):1183-1188
Zhou J,Liu H,Du B,et al.2015.Influence of soil mercury concentration and fraction on bioaccumulation process of inorganic mercury and methylmercury in rice(Oryza sative L.)[J].Environ Science and Pollution Research,22(8):6144-6154
朱小翠,青长乐,皮广洁.1996.土壤汞形态及其影响因素的研究[J].土壤学报,33(1):94-100
陈法军,戈峰,苏建伟.2005.用于研究大气二氧化碳浓度升高对农田有害生物影响的田间试验装置[J].生态学杂志,24(5):585-590
陈剑.2015.开顶式气室原位研究水稻汞富集对大气汞浓度升高的响应[J].环境科学,36(8):2997-3003
Ci Z,Zhang X,Wang Z.2012.Enhancing atmospheric mercury research in china to improve the current understanding of the global mercury cycle:the need for urgent and closely coordinated efforts[J].Environmental Science&Technology,46(11):5636-5642
Clarkson T W,Magos L.2006.The toxicology of mercury and its chemical compounds[J].Critical Reviews in Toxicology,36(8):609-662
丁疆华.2000.土壤汞吸附和甲基化的影响因素[J].自然科学与医学版,21(2):104-109
Falter R.1999.Experimental study on the unintentional abiotic methylation of inorganic mercury during analysis:Part 1:localization of the compounds effecting the abiotic mercury methylation[J].Chemosphere 39(7):1051-1073
冯新斌,仇广乐,付学吾,等.2009.环境汞污染[J].化学进展,21(2):436-457
Feng X,Li P,Qiu G.2008.Methylmercury exposure through rice intake to inhabitants in Wanshan Mercury mining area in Guizhou,China.[J].Environmental Science and Technology,42(1):326-332
Fitzgerald W F,Mason R,Vandal G.1991.Atmospheric cycling and airwater exchange of mercury over mid-continental lacustrine regions[J].Water Air&Soil Pollution,56(1):745-767
何天容,冯新斌,戴前进,等.2004.萃取-乙基化结合GC-CVAFS法测定沉积物及土壤中的甲基汞[J].地球与环境,32(2):1672-9250
Heagle A S,Body D E,Heck W W.1973.An open-top field chamber to assess the impact of air pollution on plants[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,2(3):365-368
Horvat M,Nolde N,Fajon V.2003.Total mercury,methylmercury and selenium in mercury polluted areas in the province Guizhou,China[J].Science of the Total Environment,304:231-256
King J K,Kostka J E,Frischer M E.et al.2001.A quantitative relationship that demonstrates mercury methylation rates in marine sediments are based on the community composition and activity of sulfate-reducing bacterial[J].Environmental Science and Technolgy,35:2491-2496
Krupp E M,Mestrot A,Wielgus J,et al.2009.The molecular form of mercury in biota:identification of novel mercury peptide complexes in plants[J].Chemical Communications,28:4257-4259
Liu J,Feng X,Qiu G,et al.2012.Prediction of mercury uptake by rice plants(Oryza sativa L.)using the diffusive in thin films technique[J].Environmental Science&Technology,46:11013-11020
Mandl R H,Laurence J A,Kohut R J.1985.Development and testing of new open-top chambers for exposing large,perennial plants to airpollutants in the field[J].Plant Science,75(11):1277-1277
Meng B,Feng X B,Qiu G L,et al.2010.Distribution patterns of inorganic mercury and methylmercury in tissues of rice(Oryza sativa L.)plants and possible bioaccumulation pathways[J].Agricultural and Food Chemistry,58(8):4951-4958
Meng B,Feng X,Qiu G.2011.The process of methylmercury accumulation in rice(Oryza sativa L.)[J].Environmental Science&Technology,(45):2711-2717
Niu Z,Zhang X,Wang Z,et al.2011.Field controlled experiments of mercury accumulation in crops from air and soil[J].Environmental Pollution,159:2684-2689
仇广乐,冯新斌,梁琏,等.2005.溶剂萃取-水相乙基化衍生GC-CVAFS联用测定苔藓样品中的甲基汞[J].分析测试学报,24(1):29-32
Schwesig D,Krebs O.2003.The role of ground vegetation in the uptake of mercury and methylmercury in a forest ecosystem[J].Plant and Soil,253(2):445-455
Siciliano S D.,Lean D R S.2002.Methyltransferase:An enzyme assay for microbial methylmercury formation in acidic soils and sediments[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,21:1184-1190
Syversen T.2012.The toxicology of mercury and its cpmpounds[J].Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology,26(4):215-226
Vaithiyanathan P,Richardson C J,Kavanaugh R G,et al.1996.Relationships of eutrophication to the distribution of mercury and to the potential for the methylmercury production in the peat soils of the everglades[J].Environmental Science and Technolgy,30:2591-2597
杨永奎,王定勇.2007.大气汞的时空分布研究进展[J].四川环境,25(6):91-95
Zhang H,Feng X,Larssen T.2010a.Bio-accumulation of methylmercury versus inorganic mercury in rice(Oryza sativa L.)grain[J].Environmental Science and Technology,44:4499-4504
Zhang H,Feng X,Larseen T.2010b.In inland China,rice,rather than fish is the major pathway for methylmercury exposure[J].Environmental Health Perspectives,118(9):1183-1188
Zhou J,Liu H,Du B,et al.2015.Influence of soil mercury concentration and fraction on bioaccumulation process of inorganic mercury and methylmercury in rice(Oryza sative L.)[J].Environ Science and Pollution Research,22(8):6144-6154
朱小翠,青长乐,皮广洁.1996.土壤汞形态及其影响因素的研究[J].土壤学报,33(1):94-100