论社会的自我批判——马克思社会自我批判思想引出的思考(英文)
|
摘要
社会自我批判就是社会对自身的"人体解剖"。但马克思的这一思想一直处于遮蔽状态。批判与辩证法中的否定联系在一起,在本质上属于评价范畴。当社会的发展具备"特殊条件"时,国家权威评价活动和社会民众评价活动就转化为社会自我批判的"有机"方式和"无机"方式。社会自我批判的能动性,不仅在于能深刻地揭示社会基本矛盾运动的辩证关系,更在于使"现实本身应当力求趋向思想"。社会主义改革是一场深刻的社会自我批判,必然要对社会主义社会的历史地位予以重新定位。
Social self-criticism means the self "anatomization" of society. But Marx's ideas about social self-criticism have gone unnoticed. Criticism is related to negation in dialectics, and essentially belongs to the category of evaluation. When society's development has sufficient "special conditions," state authoritative evaluation activities those of the mass of the public will be transformed into "organic" and "inorganic" styles of social self-criticism. The dynamism of social self-criticism lies not only in its unveiling of the dialectical relationship of the movement of basic contradictions, but also in the way it ensures that "reality itself should strive towards thought". Socialist reform represents a profound social self-criticism that will inevitably reorient the historical position of socialist society.
Social self-criticism means the self "anatomization" of society. But Marx's ideas about social self-criticism have gone unnoticed. Criticism is related to negation in dialectics, and essentially belongs to the category of evaluation. When society's development has sufficient "special conditions," state authoritative evaluation activities those of the mass of the public will be transformed into "organic" and "inorganic" styles of social self-criticism. The dynamism of social self-criticism lies not only in its unveiling of the dialectical relationship of the movement of basic contradictions, but also in the way it ensures that "reality itself should strive towards thought". Socialist reform represents a profound social self-criticism that will inevitably reorient the historical position of socialist society.
引文
1 In his letter to Ferdinand Lassalle,12 November 1858,Marx wrote:“It is the product of 15 years of research,i.e.the best years of my life.”Collected Letters of Marx and Engels,Beijing:People’s Publishing House,1976,p.137.
2 Selected Works of Marx and Engels,vol.1.Beijing:People’s Publishing House,1972.p.103.
3 Sellected Works of Marx and Engels,vol.1.Beijing:People’s Publishing House,1972,p.108.
4 Sellected Works of Marx and Engels,vol.1.Beijing:People’s Publishing House,1972,p.108.
5 Sun Bokui,“Marx’s Theory of Social Existence:A Review of Gy?rgy Lukács’s The Ontology of Social Being”in The Journal of the Jiangsu Administration Institute,no.2,2001.A similar view is also held by Feng Jinyuan in his work The Position of Mankind and Historical Time and Space:A Study of Marx’s Notes on Anthropology and Notes on History(Beijing:Renmin University Press,2004,p.71).
6 Selected Works of Marx and Engels,vol.1.Beijing:People’s Publishing House,1972,p.108.
7 In their article“Marx’s Thinking on Social Self-criticism”,Li Yaning and Wang Zhongshi studied Marx’s thought from the perspective of the“self-criticism of bourgeois society”,but they did not go further to study the general mechanism of social self-criticism.(See Journal of Sichuan University,no.4,1995).
8 Hans-Georg Gadamer,Truth and Method,vol.1,Chinese version,Shanghai:Shanghai Translations Publishing House,2004,p.4.
9 Collected Works of Marx and Engels,vol.1.
10 Immanuel Kant,Critique of Pure Reason(Chinese version).Beijing:People’s Publishing House,1975,p.24.
11 Karl Marx,Capital,vol.1,Beijing:People’s Publishing House,1975,p.24.
12 Selected Works of Lenin(vol.1),Beijing:People’s Publishing House,1960,p.81.
13 G.W.F.Hegel,Shorter Logic(Chinese version),Beijing:Commercial Press,1980,p.7.
14 Ibid,p.39.
15 Chen Xinhan,On Social Evaluation:Reflections on Evaluation with the Social Group as Subject(社会评价论——社会群体为主体的评价活动思考).Shanghai:Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences Press,1997,pp.76-77.
16 Song Linfei,Modern Sociology,Shanghai:Shanghai People’s Publishing House,1997,p.118.
17 Feng Qi,Dialectics of Logical Thought(逻辑思维的辩证法).Shanghai:East China Normal University Press,1996,p.368.
18 Collected Works of Marx and Engels,vol.23.Beijing:People’s Publishing House,1972,p.202.
19 G.W.F.Hegel,Science of Logic(Chinese version)vol.2,Beijing:Commercial Press,1982,p.523.
20 G.W.F.Hegel,Phenomenology of Spirit(Chinese version),vol.1,Beijing:Commercial Press,1979,p.24.
21 Selected Works of Marx and Engels,vol.1,Beijing:People’s Publishing House,1972,p.104.
22 Feng Qi(edit.),A Dictionary of Philosophy,Shanghai:Shanghai Lexicographical Publishing House,2001,p.1004.
23 Sellected Works of Marx and Engels,vol.2,Beijing:People’s Publishing House,1972,p.83.
24 Li Yaning and Wang Zhongshi,“Marx’s Thinking on Social Self-criticism”,in Sichuan University Journal,1995,no.4.
25 Chen Xinhan,On Public Evaluation(民众评价论),Shanghai:Shanghai People’s Publishing House,2004;On Authoritative Evaluation(权威评价论)Shanghai:Shanghai People’s Publishing House.2006.
26 G.W.F.Hegel,Philosophy of Right(Chinese version),Beijing:Commercial Press,1982.p.332.
27 Raymond Aron,Main Currents in Sociological Thought,Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group New York 1989,p.203.
28 G.W.F.Hegel,Philosophy of History(Chinese version).Shanghai:Shanghai Bookstore Publishing House,1999,p.32.
29 Sellected Works of Marx and Engels,vol.4,Beijing:People’s Publishing House,1972,p.463.
30 G.W.F.Hegel,Philosophy of Right(Chinese version),Beijing:Commercial Press,1982.332.
31 Liang Qichao,An Introduction to the Academic Research of the Qing Dynasty.Shanghai,Fudan University Press,1985.p.2.
32 Selected Works of Marx and Engels,vol.3,Beijing:People’s Publishing House,1972,p.445.
33 Ibid,p.216.
34 Ibid,p.210.
35 Karl Marx,Capital,vol.Beijing:People’s Publishing House,p.36.
36 Selected Works of Marx and Engels,vol.1.Beijing:People’s Publishing House,1972,p.250.
37 Oswald Spengler,The Decline of the West(Chinese version).Beijing:Commercial Press,1963,p.43.
38 Donella H.Meadows et al.The Limits to Growth(Chinese version).Changchun:Jilin People’s Publishing House,1997,p.125.
39 G.W.F.Hegel,Phenomenology of Spirit(Chinese version),vol.1,Beijing:Commercial Press,1979,p.136.
40 G.W.F.Hegel,Philosophy of Right(Chinese version),Beijing:Commercial Press,1982.p10.
41 G.W.F.Hegel,Shorter Logic(Chinese version),Beijing:Commercial Press,1980,p.44.
42 Selected Works of Marx and Engels,vol.1.Beijing:People’s Publishing House,1972,p.211.
43 Ibid,p.212.
44 Ibid,p.110.
45 Collected Works of Marx and Engels,vol.42 Beijing:People’s Publishing House,p.27.
46 Ibid.p.9.
47 G.W.F.Hegel,Shorter Logic(Chinese version),Beijing:Commercial Press,1980,p.420.
48 G.W.F.Hegel,Philosophy of Right(Chinese version),Beijing:Commercial Press,1982,p.12.
49 Ibid,p.20-21.
50 Li Yaning and Wang Zhongshi,“Marx’s Thinking on Social Self-criticism”.
51 Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping,vol 3.Beijing:People’s Publishing House,1994,p.143.
52 Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping,vol 3.Beijing:People’s Publishing House,1994,p.264.
53 History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union(Bolsheviks):Short Course(Chinese version).Beijing:People’s Publishing House,1975,p.104.
54 Joseph Stalin,Economic Problems of Socialism in the U.S.S.R.
55 Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping,vol.3.Beijing:People’s Publishing House,1994,p.264.
56 Ibid,p.264.
57 Ibid,vol.2.p.313.
58 Ibid,vol.3.p.63.
59 Ibid,p.63.
60 Ibid,p.176.
61 Selected Works of Marx and Engels,vol.1.Beijing:People’s Publishing House,1972,p.5.
62 History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union(Bolsheviks):Short Course(Chinese version).Beijing:People’s Publishing House,1975,p.137.
63 Collected Works of Marx and Engels,vol.46.Beijing:People’s Publishing House,p.104.
64 Ibid.vol.3.p.3.
65 Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping,vol.3.Beijing:People’s Publishing House,1994,p.252.
66 History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union(Bolsheviks):Short Course(Chinese version).Beijing:People’s Publishing House,1975,p.236.
67 Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping,vol.3.Beijing:People’s Publishing House,1994,p.148-149.
68 Collected Works of Marx and Engels,vol.3.Beijing:People’s Publishing House,p.73.
69 Ibid,vol.23,p.829.
70 Wang Chuanfa,“Capital:a Two Way Inquiry into the Nature of Man and Things”(资本:人性与物性的双向追问),in Philosophical Trends,no.10,2006.
71 Collected Works of Marx and Engels,vol.46.Beijing:People’s Publishing House,220.
72 Ibid,vol.13.p.23.
73 Collected Works of Marx and Engels,vol.46.Beijing:People’s Publishing House,104.
74 Karl Marx,Capital,(Chinese version),vol.1.Beijing:People’s Publishing House,p.89.
75 Jiang Zeming,On Socialism with Chinese Characteristics.Beijing:Central Party Literature Press,2002.p.69.
76 Selected Works of Marx and Engels,vol.1.Beijing:People’s Publishing House,1972.p.18.
77 Selected Works of Marx and Engels,vol.1.Beijing:People’s Publishing House,1972.p.18.
78 Collected Works of Marx and Engels,vol.25.Beijing:People’s Publishing House,p.927.
79 Jiang Zemin,On the‘Three Represents.Beijing:Central Party Literature Press,2001,p.179.
2 Selected Works of Marx and Engels,vol.1.Beijing:People’s Publishing House,1972.p.103.
3 Sellected Works of Marx and Engels,vol.1.Beijing:People’s Publishing House,1972,p.108.
4 Sellected Works of Marx and Engels,vol.1.Beijing:People’s Publishing House,1972,p.108.
5 Sun Bokui,“Marx’s Theory of Social Existence:A Review of Gy?rgy Lukács’s The Ontology of Social Being”in The Journal of the Jiangsu Administration Institute,no.2,2001.A similar view is also held by Feng Jinyuan in his work The Position of Mankind and Historical Time and Space:A Study of Marx’s Notes on Anthropology and Notes on History(Beijing:Renmin University Press,2004,p.71).
6 Selected Works of Marx and Engels,vol.1.Beijing:People’s Publishing House,1972,p.108.
7 In their article“Marx’s Thinking on Social Self-criticism”,Li Yaning and Wang Zhongshi studied Marx’s thought from the perspective of the“self-criticism of bourgeois society”,but they did not go further to study the general mechanism of social self-criticism.(See Journal of Sichuan University,no.4,1995).
8 Hans-Georg Gadamer,Truth and Method,vol.1,Chinese version,Shanghai:Shanghai Translations Publishing House,2004,p.4.
9 Collected Works of Marx and Engels,vol.1.
10 Immanuel Kant,Critique of Pure Reason(Chinese version).Beijing:People’s Publishing House,1975,p.24.
11 Karl Marx,Capital,vol.1,Beijing:People’s Publishing House,1975,p.24.
12 Selected Works of Lenin(vol.1),Beijing:People’s Publishing House,1960,p.81.
13 G.W.F.Hegel,Shorter Logic(Chinese version),Beijing:Commercial Press,1980,p.7.
14 Ibid,p.39.
15 Chen Xinhan,On Social Evaluation:Reflections on Evaluation with the Social Group as Subject(社会评价论——社会群体为主体的评价活动思考).Shanghai:Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences Press,1997,pp.76-77.
16 Song Linfei,Modern Sociology,Shanghai:Shanghai People’s Publishing House,1997,p.118.
17 Feng Qi,Dialectics of Logical Thought(逻辑思维的辩证法).Shanghai:East China Normal University Press,1996,p.368.
18 Collected Works of Marx and Engels,vol.23.Beijing:People’s Publishing House,1972,p.202.
19 G.W.F.Hegel,Science of Logic(Chinese version)vol.2,Beijing:Commercial Press,1982,p.523.
20 G.W.F.Hegel,Phenomenology of Spirit(Chinese version),vol.1,Beijing:Commercial Press,1979,p.24.
21 Selected Works of Marx and Engels,vol.1,Beijing:People’s Publishing House,1972,p.104.
22 Feng Qi(edit.),A Dictionary of Philosophy,Shanghai:Shanghai Lexicographical Publishing House,2001,p.1004.
23 Sellected Works of Marx and Engels,vol.2,Beijing:People’s Publishing House,1972,p.83.
24 Li Yaning and Wang Zhongshi,“Marx’s Thinking on Social Self-criticism”,in Sichuan University Journal,1995,no.4.
25 Chen Xinhan,On Public Evaluation(民众评价论),Shanghai:Shanghai People’s Publishing House,2004;On Authoritative Evaluation(权威评价论)Shanghai:Shanghai People’s Publishing House.2006.
26 G.W.F.Hegel,Philosophy of Right(Chinese version),Beijing:Commercial Press,1982.p.332.
27 Raymond Aron,Main Currents in Sociological Thought,Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group New York 1989,p.203.
28 G.W.F.Hegel,Philosophy of History(Chinese version).Shanghai:Shanghai Bookstore Publishing House,1999,p.32.
29 Sellected Works of Marx and Engels,vol.4,Beijing:People’s Publishing House,1972,p.463.
30 G.W.F.Hegel,Philosophy of Right(Chinese version),Beijing:Commercial Press,1982.332.
31 Liang Qichao,An Introduction to the Academic Research of the Qing Dynasty.Shanghai,Fudan University Press,1985.p.2.
32 Selected Works of Marx and Engels,vol.3,Beijing:People’s Publishing House,1972,p.445.
33 Ibid,p.216.
34 Ibid,p.210.
35 Karl Marx,Capital,vol.Beijing:People’s Publishing House,p.36.
36 Selected Works of Marx and Engels,vol.1.Beijing:People’s Publishing House,1972,p.250.
37 Oswald Spengler,The Decline of the West(Chinese version).Beijing:Commercial Press,1963,p.43.
38 Donella H.Meadows et al.The Limits to Growth(Chinese version).Changchun:Jilin People’s Publishing House,1997,p.125.
39 G.W.F.Hegel,Phenomenology of Spirit(Chinese version),vol.1,Beijing:Commercial Press,1979,p.136.
40 G.W.F.Hegel,Philosophy of Right(Chinese version),Beijing:Commercial Press,1982.p10.
41 G.W.F.Hegel,Shorter Logic(Chinese version),Beijing:Commercial Press,1980,p.44.
42 Selected Works of Marx and Engels,vol.1.Beijing:People’s Publishing House,1972,p.211.
43 Ibid,p.212.
44 Ibid,p.110.
45 Collected Works of Marx and Engels,vol.42 Beijing:People’s Publishing House,p.27.
46 Ibid.p.9.
47 G.W.F.Hegel,Shorter Logic(Chinese version),Beijing:Commercial Press,1980,p.420.
48 G.W.F.Hegel,Philosophy of Right(Chinese version),Beijing:Commercial Press,1982,p.12.
49 Ibid,p.20-21.
50 Li Yaning and Wang Zhongshi,“Marx’s Thinking on Social Self-criticism”.
51 Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping,vol 3.Beijing:People’s Publishing House,1994,p.143.
52 Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping,vol 3.Beijing:People’s Publishing House,1994,p.264.
53 History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union(Bolsheviks):Short Course(Chinese version).Beijing:People’s Publishing House,1975,p.104.
54 Joseph Stalin,Economic Problems of Socialism in the U.S.S.R.
55 Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping,vol.3.Beijing:People’s Publishing House,1994,p.264.
56 Ibid,p.264.
57 Ibid,vol.2.p.313.
58 Ibid,vol.3.p.63.
59 Ibid,p.63.
60 Ibid,p.176.
61 Selected Works of Marx and Engels,vol.1.Beijing:People’s Publishing House,1972,p.5.
62 History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union(Bolsheviks):Short Course(Chinese version).Beijing:People’s Publishing House,1975,p.137.
63 Collected Works of Marx and Engels,vol.46.Beijing:People’s Publishing House,p.104.
64 Ibid.vol.3.p.3.
65 Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping,vol.3.Beijing:People’s Publishing House,1994,p.252.
66 History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union(Bolsheviks):Short Course(Chinese version).Beijing:People’s Publishing House,1975,p.236.
67 Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping,vol.3.Beijing:People’s Publishing House,1994,p.148-149.
68 Collected Works of Marx and Engels,vol.3.Beijing:People’s Publishing House,p.73.
69 Ibid,vol.23,p.829.
70 Wang Chuanfa,“Capital:a Two Way Inquiry into the Nature of Man and Things”(资本:人性与物性的双向追问),in Philosophical Trends,no.10,2006.
71 Collected Works of Marx and Engels,vol.46.Beijing:People’s Publishing House,220.
72 Ibid,vol.13.p.23.
73 Collected Works of Marx and Engels,vol.46.Beijing:People’s Publishing House,104.
74 Karl Marx,Capital,(Chinese version),vol.1.Beijing:People’s Publishing House,p.89.
75 Jiang Zeming,On Socialism with Chinese Characteristics.Beijing:Central Party Literature Press,2002.p.69.
76 Selected Works of Marx and Engels,vol.1.Beijing:People’s Publishing House,1972.p.18.
77 Selected Works of Marx and Engels,vol.1.Beijing:People’s Publishing House,1972.p.18.
78 Collected Works of Marx and Engels,vol.25.Beijing:People’s Publishing House,p.927.
79 Jiang Zemin,On the‘Three Represents.Beijing:Central Party Literature Press,2001,p.179.