考虑毛细管力的页岩储层压裂缝网扩展研究
|
摘要
页岩储层中广泛发育着各种尺度的天然裂缝,这些天然裂缝小到纳米、微米量级,大到毫米甚至是工程量级,显著影响着压裂后的裂缝网络形态.同时,在页岩压裂施工过程中,压裂液会进入到这些不同尺度的天然裂缝中,在天然裂缝内部存在气-液两相流体,产生毛细管力.当天然裂缝尺度不同时,在裂缝中产生的毛细管力大小不同,尤其是当天然裂缝尺度较小时,在其内部会产生较大的毛细管力,进而显著影响天然裂缝内压裂液的流动以及压裂裂缝网络的扩展.本文建立了同时考虑天然裂缝尺度以及压裂液与储层岩石润湿特性的页岩压裂缝网扩展模型,研究了在毛细管力影响下的压裂裂缝网络的扩展特征.通过研究发现,当天然裂缝初始长度较长、缝宽较小、压力液与储层润湿性较强时,天然裂缝更容易扩展,形成较大规模的裂缝网络.当天然裂缝尺度各异时,将形成复杂的裂缝网络,该模拟结果与室内大型页岩水力压裂实验中观察到的裂缝网络扩展形态相同.
Natural to fractures widely exist in shale reservoirs with different natural scales,ranging have from great nano scale to micro scale,even macro and engineering during scale.These multi-scale Meanwhile,natural fractures a influence into on the fracture fractures network will propagation in a of fracturing fracturing treatment.fluid the As fracturing result,fluid flowing these occurs natural at result the co-existence and gas.a the capillary force the gas-liquid interface in natural fractures.If the sizes when of the these natural fractures are different,the capillary force force be in the natural fractures even is different as well.In particular,natural fracture a is small,the the capillary fracturing will very large natural and affect the the natural fracture fracture network fracture different addition,studies initiation and propagation.will As consequence,fluid flowing in fractures this and development network be significantly was affected by these multiscale natural fractures.and In paper,a model about propagation built which considered the natural fractures sizes fracturing and fluid wettability.Besides,methods were adopted to calculate theory stress intensity of hydraulic fracture describe natural fracture fracture,network respectively.propagation.In The the competitive growth long of multi width fractures natural is considered to the found more that with length,small fractures and strong wettability Besides,fracturing fluid,natural natural fracture fractures fractures network were were likely to propagate,which resulted in a large fracture network.come when the sizes of different,a more shale complex was fracture network was tended to out.which An a experimental"fish study shape about fracture propagation observed.in introduced the from Suarez-Rivera’s simulation work,in bone"could propagation that was By comparing numerical fracturing with Suarez-Rivera’s work,it be concluded the simulation was in accordance with shale experiments results.
Natural to fractures widely exist in shale reservoirs with different natural scales,ranging have from great nano scale to micro scale,even macro and engineering during scale.These multi-scale Meanwhile,natural fractures a influence into on the fracture fractures network will propagation in a of fracturing fracturing treatment.fluid the As fracturing result,fluid flowing these occurs natural at result the co-existence and gas.a the capillary force the gas-liquid interface in natural fractures.If the sizes when of the these natural fractures are different,the capillary force force be in the natural fractures even is different as well.In particular,natural fracture a is small,the the capillary fracturing will very large natural and affect the the natural fracture fracture network fracture different addition,studies initiation and propagation.will As consequence,fluid flowing in fractures this and development network be significantly was affected by these multiscale natural fractures.and In paper,a model about propagation built which considered the natural fractures sizes fracturing and fluid wettability.Besides,methods were adopted to calculate theory stress intensity of hydraulic fracture describe natural fracture fracture,network respectively.propagation.In The the competitive growth long of multi width fractures natural is considered to the found more that with length,small fractures and strong wettability Besides,fracturing fluid,natural natural fracture fractures fractures network were were likely to propagate,which resulted in a large fracture network.come when the sizes of different,a more shale complex was fracture network was tended to out.which An a experimental"fish study shape about fracture propagation observed.in introduced the from Suarez-Rivera’s simulation work,in bone"could propagation that was By comparing numerical fracturing with Suarez-Rivera’s work,it be concluded the simulation was in accordance with shale experiments results.
引文
1 Chen M,Ge H K,Zhao J Z,et al.The key fundamentals for the efficient exploitation of shale oil and gas and its related challenges(in Chinese).Petrol Drill Tech,2015,43:7.14[陈勉,葛洪魁,赵金洲,等.页岩油气高效开发的关键基础理论与挑战.石油钻探技术,2015,43:7.14]
2 Daniels J L,Waters G A,Le Calvez J H,et al.Contacting more of the Barnett shale through an integration of real-time microseismic monitoring,petrophysics,and hydraulic fracture design.In:SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition.Anaheim,2007
3 Fisher M K,Wright C A,Davidson B M,et al.Integrating fracture mapping technologies to optimize stimulations in the Barnett Shale.In:SPEAnnual Technical Conference and Exhibition.San Antonio,2002
4 Fisher M K,Heinze J R,Harris C D,et al.Optimizing horizontal completion techniques in the Barnett Shale using microseismic fracture mapping.In:SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition.Houston,2004
5 Mayerhofer M J,Lolon E P,Youngblood J E,et al.Integration of microseismic-fracture-mapping results with numerical fracture network production modeling in the Barnett Shale.In:SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition.San Antonio,2006
6 Warpinski N R,Mayerhofer M J,Bridges A C,et al.Hydraulic fracture geomechanics and microseismic source mechanisms.In:SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition.San Antonio,2012
7 Zhou J,Chen M,Jin Y,et al.Analysis of fracture propagation behavior and fracture geometry using a tri-axial fracturing system in naturally fractured reservoirs.Int J Rock Mech Mining Sci,2008,45:1143-1152
8 Olson J E,Bahorich B,Holder J.Examining hydraulic fracture:natural fracture interaction in hydrostone block experiments.In:SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference.The Woodlands,2012
9 Renshaw C E,Pollard D D.An experimentally verified criterion for propagation across unbounded frictional interfaces in brittle,linear elastic materials.In:International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences&Geomechanics Abstracts.Pergamon,1995,32:237.249
10 Jeffrey R G,Kear J,Kasperczyk D,et al.A 2D experimental method with results for hydraulic fractures crossing discontinuities.In:49th USRock Mechanics/Geomechanics Symposium.San Francisco,2015
11 Gu H,Weng X,Lund J B,et al.Hydraulic fracture crossing natural fracture at nonorthogonal angles:A criterion and its validation.SPE Production Operations,2012,27:20-26
12 Zhou J,Jin Y,Chen M.Experimental investigation of hydraulic fracturing in random naturally fractured blocks.Int J Rock Mech Mining Sci,2010,47:1193-1199
13 Fan T,Zhang G.Laboratory investigation of hydraulic fracture networks in formations with continuous orthogonal fractures.Energy,2014,74:164-173
14 Suarez-Rivera R,Burghardt J,Stanchits S,et al.Understanding the effect of rock fabric on fracture complexity for improving completion design and well performance.In:International Petroleum Technology Conference.Beijing,2013
15 Wu K,Olson J E.Numerical investigation of complex hydraulic fracture development in naturally fractured reservoirs.In:SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference.The Woodlands,2015
16 McClure M,Babazadeh M,Shiozawa S,et al.Fully coupled hydromechanical simulation of hydraulic fracturing in three-dimensional discrete fracture networks.In:SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference.The Woodlands,2015
17 Wu R T,Kresse O,Weng X W,et al.Modeling of interaction of hydraulic fractures in complex fracture networks.In:SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference.The Woodlands,2012
18 Weng X,Kresse O,Cohen C E,et al.Modeling of hydraulic-fracture-network propagation in a naturally fractured formation.SPE Proc Oper,2011,26:368-380
19 Olson J E,Arash D T.Modeling simultaneous growth of multiple hydraulic fractures and their interaction with natural fractures.In:SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference.The Woodlands,2009
20 Wang F.Production fairway:Speed rails in gas shale.In:7th Annual Gas Shales Summit.Dallas,2008
21 Wang F P,Reed R M.Pore networks and fluid flow in gas shales.In:SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition.New Orleans,2009
22 Gale J F W,Reed R M,Holder J.Natural fractures in the Barnett Shale and their importance for hydraulic fracture treatments.AAPG Bull,2007,91:603-622
23 Gale J,Holder J.Natural fractures in shales and their importance for gas production.In:Tectonics Studies Group Annual Meeting.La Roche en Ardenne,2008
24 Lu Y H,Chen M,An S.Brittle shale wellbore fracture propagation mechanism(in Chinese).Petrol Drill Tech,2012,40:13.16[卢运虎,陈勉,安生.页岩气井脆性页岩井壁裂缝扩展机理.石油钻探技术.2012,40:13.16]
25 Warpinski N R.Hydraulic fracturing in tight,fissured media.J Pet Tech,1991,43:146-209
26 Yang S L,Wei J Z.Reservoir Physics(in Chinese).Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press,2004[杨胜来,魏俊之.油层物理学.北京:石油工业出版社,2004]
27 Wu K,Olson J E.Simultaneous multifracture treatments:Fully coupled fluid flow and fracture mechanics for horizontal wells.SPE J,2015,20:337-346
28 Olson J E,Taleghani A D.Modeling simultaneous growth of multiple hydraulic fractures and their interaction with natural fractures.In:SPEHydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference.The Woodlands,2009
29 Olson J E.Fracture aperture,length and pattern geometry development under biaxial loading:A numerical study with applications to natural,cross-jointed systems.Geol Soc London Special Publ,2007,289:123-142
30 Yang F,Zhao Y P.The effect of a capillary bridge on the crack opening of a penny crack.Soft Matter,2016,12:1586-1592
31 Rice J.Mathematical analysis in the mechanics of fracture.In:Liebowitz H,ed.Fracture,An Advanced Treatise.New York:Academic Press,1968:191.311
32 Jose Adachi.Fluid-Driven Fracture in Permeable Rock.Dissertation for Doctoral Degree.Minneapolis and Saint Paul:University of Minnesota,2001
33 Valk P,Economides M J.Hydraulic Fracture Mechanics.New York:Wiley,1995
34 Perkins T K,Kern L R.Widths of hydraulic fractures.J Pet Tech,1961,13:937-949
35 Gu H.Study of Propagation of Hydraulically Induced Fractures.Dissertation for Doctoral Degree.Austin:Texas University,1987
2 Daniels J L,Waters G A,Le Calvez J H,et al.Contacting more of the Barnett shale through an integration of real-time microseismic monitoring,petrophysics,and hydraulic fracture design.In:SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition.Anaheim,2007
3 Fisher M K,Wright C A,Davidson B M,et al.Integrating fracture mapping technologies to optimize stimulations in the Barnett Shale.In:SPEAnnual Technical Conference and Exhibition.San Antonio,2002
4 Fisher M K,Heinze J R,Harris C D,et al.Optimizing horizontal completion techniques in the Barnett Shale using microseismic fracture mapping.In:SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition.Houston,2004
5 Mayerhofer M J,Lolon E P,Youngblood J E,et al.Integration of microseismic-fracture-mapping results with numerical fracture network production modeling in the Barnett Shale.In:SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition.San Antonio,2006
6 Warpinski N R,Mayerhofer M J,Bridges A C,et al.Hydraulic fracture geomechanics and microseismic source mechanisms.In:SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition.San Antonio,2012
7 Zhou J,Chen M,Jin Y,et al.Analysis of fracture propagation behavior and fracture geometry using a tri-axial fracturing system in naturally fractured reservoirs.Int J Rock Mech Mining Sci,2008,45:1143-1152
8 Olson J E,Bahorich B,Holder J.Examining hydraulic fracture:natural fracture interaction in hydrostone block experiments.In:SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference.The Woodlands,2012
9 Renshaw C E,Pollard D D.An experimentally verified criterion for propagation across unbounded frictional interfaces in brittle,linear elastic materials.In:International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences&Geomechanics Abstracts.Pergamon,1995,32:237.249
10 Jeffrey R G,Kear J,Kasperczyk D,et al.A 2D experimental method with results for hydraulic fractures crossing discontinuities.In:49th USRock Mechanics/Geomechanics Symposium.San Francisco,2015
11 Gu H,Weng X,Lund J B,et al.Hydraulic fracture crossing natural fracture at nonorthogonal angles:A criterion and its validation.SPE Production Operations,2012,27:20-26
12 Zhou J,Jin Y,Chen M.Experimental investigation of hydraulic fracturing in random naturally fractured blocks.Int J Rock Mech Mining Sci,2010,47:1193-1199
13 Fan T,Zhang G.Laboratory investigation of hydraulic fracture networks in formations with continuous orthogonal fractures.Energy,2014,74:164-173
14 Suarez-Rivera R,Burghardt J,Stanchits S,et al.Understanding the effect of rock fabric on fracture complexity for improving completion design and well performance.In:International Petroleum Technology Conference.Beijing,2013
15 Wu K,Olson J E.Numerical investigation of complex hydraulic fracture development in naturally fractured reservoirs.In:SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference.The Woodlands,2015
16 McClure M,Babazadeh M,Shiozawa S,et al.Fully coupled hydromechanical simulation of hydraulic fracturing in three-dimensional discrete fracture networks.In:SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference.The Woodlands,2015
17 Wu R T,Kresse O,Weng X W,et al.Modeling of interaction of hydraulic fractures in complex fracture networks.In:SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference.The Woodlands,2012
18 Weng X,Kresse O,Cohen C E,et al.Modeling of hydraulic-fracture-network propagation in a naturally fractured formation.SPE Proc Oper,2011,26:368-380
19 Olson J E,Arash D T.Modeling simultaneous growth of multiple hydraulic fractures and their interaction with natural fractures.In:SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference.The Woodlands,2009
20 Wang F.Production fairway:Speed rails in gas shale.In:7th Annual Gas Shales Summit.Dallas,2008
21 Wang F P,Reed R M.Pore networks and fluid flow in gas shales.In:SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition.New Orleans,2009
22 Gale J F W,Reed R M,Holder J.Natural fractures in the Barnett Shale and their importance for hydraulic fracture treatments.AAPG Bull,2007,91:603-622
23 Gale J,Holder J.Natural fractures in shales and their importance for gas production.In:Tectonics Studies Group Annual Meeting.La Roche en Ardenne,2008
24 Lu Y H,Chen M,An S.Brittle shale wellbore fracture propagation mechanism(in Chinese).Petrol Drill Tech,2012,40:13.16[卢运虎,陈勉,安生.页岩气井脆性页岩井壁裂缝扩展机理.石油钻探技术.2012,40:13.16]
25 Warpinski N R.Hydraulic fracturing in tight,fissured media.J Pet Tech,1991,43:146-209
26 Yang S L,Wei J Z.Reservoir Physics(in Chinese).Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press,2004[杨胜来,魏俊之.油层物理学.北京:石油工业出版社,2004]
27 Wu K,Olson J E.Simultaneous multifracture treatments:Fully coupled fluid flow and fracture mechanics for horizontal wells.SPE J,2015,20:337-346
28 Olson J E,Taleghani A D.Modeling simultaneous growth of multiple hydraulic fractures and their interaction with natural fractures.In:SPEHydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference.The Woodlands,2009
29 Olson J E.Fracture aperture,length and pattern geometry development under biaxial loading:A numerical study with applications to natural,cross-jointed systems.Geol Soc London Special Publ,2007,289:123-142
30 Yang F,Zhao Y P.The effect of a capillary bridge on the crack opening of a penny crack.Soft Matter,2016,12:1586-1592
31 Rice J.Mathematical analysis in the mechanics of fracture.In:Liebowitz H,ed.Fracture,An Advanced Treatise.New York:Academic Press,1968:191.311
32 Jose Adachi.Fluid-Driven Fracture in Permeable Rock.Dissertation for Doctoral Degree.Minneapolis and Saint Paul:University of Minnesota,2001
33 Valk P,Economides M J.Hydraulic Fracture Mechanics.New York:Wiley,1995
34 Perkins T K,Kern L R.Widths of hydraulic fractures.J Pet Tech,1961,13:937-949
35 Gu H.Study of Propagation of Hydraulically Induced Fractures.Dissertation for Doctoral Degree.Austin:Texas University,1987