喀纳斯湖植物残体碳同位素记录的温度波动
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摘要
喀纳斯湖位于阿尔泰山脉南坡,区域森林植被茂盛,气候相对湿润.目前,阿尔泰山脉南坡的古温度记录主要来自于树轮宽度及短时间序列的树轮同位素,从结果来看,最近100多年来似乎没有表现出明显的增温趋势.在全球大部分地区(尤其是北半球中高纬度地区)普遍增温的情况下,是否这一区域因为某些特殊原因对全球气候变暖没有响应,抑或是该区域的树轮对长期趋势表现不明显?本文基于喀纳斯湖湖滨29 m水深处获得的81 cm岩芯,在陆生植物残体AMS ~(14)C定年的基础上,利用陆生C_3植物残体δ~(13)C序列经过大气CO_2浓度校正,探讨过去近600年区域温度对全球气候变化的响应.本文δ~(13)C序列很好地记录了阿尔泰山脉南坡对气候变暖的响应.19世纪前期以来温度在冷暖波动中持续上升;20世纪是近600年来最暖的一个世纪.这种温度变化特征与俄罗斯阿尔泰地区的冰芯、湖泊沉积物和树轮重建的温度记录以及周边地区的温度记录表现出比较一致的趋势,与北半球中高纬度地区多代用指标集成重建温度也表现出很好的一致性.此外,岩芯顶部的δ~(13)C序列表现出降温的趋势,这与近十几年来北半球许多地区出现的增温停滞现象以及喀纳斯湖邻近气象站的器测资料中表现明显的降温趋势相互印证.
Arid central Asia(ACA) is characterized by relatively dry climates and fragile ecosystems, which restrict the survival and development of human beings. A full understanding of the climatic and environmental evolution in the region is not only significant for the thorough understanding of global climate change, but is of importance for the sustainable development of the area as well, especially in the context of ongoing global warming. The Altai Mountains are located in the central part of the ACA and numerous lakes are distributed in the Mountains. Kanas Lake, one of the largest lake in the Altai Mountains of Northwestern China, is surrounded by dense forests. The climate of the area is characterized by relatively abundant precipitation and cold temperatures and the vegetations are very sensitive to climate changes. Recent temperature reconstructions based on the width and short-term series of carbon isotopes of tree-rings from the area did not exhibit an obvious warming trend during the past century. This result is unexpected in the context of ongoing global warming, but it remains uncertain whether the regional climate did not response to global warming due to complex unknown processes, or whether the tree-ring data did not record the signal of long-term warming. A 81-cm-long sediment core(KNS15E) was recovered from a water depth of 29 m near the lakeside of Kanas Lake using a modified piston corer. Here we present the results of stable carbon isotope analysis of a sequence of C_3 terrestrial plant remains from core KNS15 E. A chronology is constructed from five AMS ~(14) C dates from wood fragments(twigs) and it reveals that the whole core spans the past 570 years. From the context of the sampling site, the soil of the adjacent forest would have been well-supplied with water from rainfall and snowmelt from the mountains which would have been supplied to site as ground water. In addition, based on the previous studies of carbon isotopes of tree-rings and of a-cellulose of sedge plants, the δ~(13) C variations are likely to be mainly related to temperature changes. The raw δ~(13) C values are corrected to pre-industrial values to account for changes in the δ~(13) C value of atmospheric CO2 and for changes in CO_2 concentration. The stable carbon isotope record provides a record of temperature changes over the last 570 years which can be clearly divided into the Little Ice Age and the Current Warm Period. The temperature increased continuously since the early 19 th century and the 20 th century was the warmest period in the sequence. The temperature variations revealed in our study are consistent with temperature reconstructions from ice cores, tree-rings and from Teletskoe Lake in the Russian Altai, as well as with the extratropical NH mean temperature record. In addition, a trend of decreasing temperature is indicated by the decreasing stable carbon isotope ratios of both bulk plant remains and conifer needles in the upper part of the core, which corresponds with the widely-reported phenomenon of a hiatus in global warming in central Asia and with meteorological data from the study region.
Arid central Asia(ACA) is characterized by relatively dry climates and fragile ecosystems, which restrict the survival and development of human beings. A full understanding of the climatic and environmental evolution in the region is not only significant for the thorough understanding of global climate change, but is of importance for the sustainable development of the area as well, especially in the context of ongoing global warming. The Altai Mountains are located in the central part of the ACA and numerous lakes are distributed in the Mountains. Kanas Lake, one of the largest lake in the Altai Mountains of Northwestern China, is surrounded by dense forests. The climate of the area is characterized by relatively abundant precipitation and cold temperatures and the vegetations are very sensitive to climate changes. Recent temperature reconstructions based on the width and short-term series of carbon isotopes of tree-rings from the area did not exhibit an obvious warming trend during the past century. This result is unexpected in the context of ongoing global warming, but it remains uncertain whether the regional climate did not response to global warming due to complex unknown processes, or whether the tree-ring data did not record the signal of long-term warming. A 81-cm-long sediment core(KNS15E) was recovered from a water depth of 29 m near the lakeside of Kanas Lake using a modified piston corer. Here we present the results of stable carbon isotope analysis of a sequence of C_3 terrestrial plant remains from core KNS15 E. A chronology is constructed from five AMS ~(14) C dates from wood fragments(twigs) and it reveals that the whole core spans the past 570 years. From the context of the sampling site, the soil of the adjacent forest would have been well-supplied with water from rainfall and snowmelt from the mountains which would have been supplied to site as ground water. In addition, based on the previous studies of carbon isotopes of tree-rings and of a-cellulose of sedge plants, the δ~(13) C variations are likely to be mainly related to temperature changes. The raw δ~(13) C values are corrected to pre-industrial values to account for changes in the δ~(13) C value of atmospheric CO2 and for changes in CO_2 concentration. The stable carbon isotope record provides a record of temperature changes over the last 570 years which can be clearly divided into the Little Ice Age and the Current Warm Period. The temperature increased continuously since the early 19 th century and the 20 th century was the warmest period in the sequence. The temperature variations revealed in our study are consistent with temperature reconstructions from ice cores, tree-rings and from Teletskoe Lake in the Russian Altai, as well as with the extratropical NH mean temperature record. In addition, a trend of decreasing temperature is indicated by the decreasing stable carbon isotope ratios of both bulk plant remains and conifer needles in the upper part of the core, which corresponds with the widely-reported phenomenon of a hiatus in global warming in central Asia and with meteorological data from the study region.
引文
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2 Yin H.Precipitatation series over the past 1000 years are preliminarily reconstructed and analysed in the north-west of China(in Chinese).Master Dissertation.Nanjing:Nanjing University of Information and Science Technology,2006.21-52[尹红.西北地区过去千年降水序列的初步重建及变化特征分析.硕士学位论文.南京:南京信息工程大学,2006.21-52]
3 Chen F H,Huang X Z,Zhang J W,et al.Humid Little Ice Age in arid central Asia documented by Bosten Lake,Xinjiang,China.Sci China Ser D-Earth Sci,2006,49:1280-1290
4 Chen F H,Yu Z C,Yang M L,et al.Holocene moisture evolution in arid central Asia and its out-of-phase relationship with Asian monsoon history.Quat Sci Rev,2008,27:351-364
5 Chen F H,Chen J H,Holmes J,et al.Moisture changes over the last millennium in arid central Asia:A review,synthesis and comparison with monsoon region.Quat Sci Rev,2010,29:1055-1068
6 Song M,Zhou A F,Zhang X N,et al.Solar imprints on Asian inland moisture fluctuations over the last millennium.Holocene,2015,25:1935-1943
7 Chen J H,Chen F H,Feng S,et al.Hydroclimatic changes in China and surroundings during the Medieval Climate Anomaly and Little Ice Age:Spatial patterns and possible mechanisms.Quat Sci Rev,2015,107:98-111
8 Chen F H,Jia J,Chen J H,et al.A persistent Holocene wetting trend in arid central Asia,with wettest conditions in the late Holocene,revealed by multi-proxy analyses of loess-paleosol sequences in Xinjiang,China.Quat Sci Rev,2016,146:134-146
9 Li Y,Qiang M R,Zhang J W,et al.Hydroclimatic changes over the past 900 years documented by the sediments of Tiewaike Lake,Altai Mountains,Northwestern China.Quat Int,2016,doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2016.07.053
10 England M H,Mc Gregor S,Spence P,et al.Recent intensification of wind-driven circulation in the Pacific and the ongoing warming hiatus.Nat Clim Change,2014,4:222-227
11 Guan X D,Huang J P,Guo R X,et al.The role of dynamically induced variability in the recent warming trend slowdown over the Northern Hemisphere.Sci Rep,2015,5:12669
12 Karl T R,Arguez A,Huang B,et al.Possible artifacts of data biases in the recent global surface warming hiatus.Science,2015,348:1469-1472
13 Local Chronicles Compiling Commission of Altay Prefecture,Kanas Scenic Area Administration Committee of Altay Prefecture.Chronicles of Kanas Region(in Chinese).Urumqi:Xinjiang People’s Press,2006.5-145[阿勒泰地区地方志编纂委员会,阿勒泰地区喀纳斯景区管委会.喀纳斯志.乌鲁木齐:新疆人民出版社,2006.5-145]
14 Yang G.Research on landscape characteristics and genesis analysis and development model of geological heritages of Kanas national geopark of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region(in Chinese).Doctor Dissertation.Chengdu:Chengdu University of Technology,2006.22-30[杨更.新疆喀纳斯国家地质公园地质遗迹景观特征、成因分析及发展模式研究.博士学位论文.成都:成都理工大学,2013.22-30]
15 Feng M,Ren M L.Scientific Expedition of Kanas Lake in Xinjiang(in Chinese).Beijing:Science Press,1990.1-100[冯敏,任慕莲.新疆哈纳斯湖科学考察.北京:科学出版社,1990.1-100]
16 Sidorova O V,Saurer M,Myglan V S,et al.A multi-proxy approach for revealing recent climatic changes in the Russian Altai.Clim Dyn,2012,38:175-188
17 Mc Carroll D,Loader N J.Stable isotopes in tree rings.Quat Sci Rev,2004,23:771-801
18 Mc Carroll D,Gagen M H,Loader N J,et al.Correction of tree ring stable carbon isotope chronologies for changes in the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere.Geochim Cosmochim Acta,2009,73:1539-1547
19 Schubert B A,Jahren A H.The effect of atmospheric CO2 concentration on carbon isotope fractionation in C3 land plants.Geochim Cosmochim Acta,2012,96:29-43
20 Schubert B A,Jahren A H.Global increase in plant carbon isotope fractionation following the Last Glacial Maximum caused by increase in atmospheric p CO2.Geology,2015,43:435-438
21 Farquhar G D,O’Leary M H,Berry J A.On the relationship between carbon isotope discrimination and intercellular carbon dioxide concentration in leaves.Aust J Plant Physiol,1982,9:121-137
22 Blaauw M,Christen J A.Flexible paleoclimate age-depth models using an autoregressive gamma process.Bayesian Anal,2011,6:457-474
23 Go?i M A,Ruttenberg K C,Eglinton T I.Sources and contribution of terrigenous organic carbon to surface sediments in the Gulf of Mexico.Nature,1997,389:275-278
24 Cayet C,Lichtfouse E.d13C of plant-derived n-alkanes in soil particle-size fractions.Org Geochem,2001,32:253-258
25 Wang G A,Han J M,Liu T S.The carbon isotope composition of C3 herbaceous plants in loess area of Northern China.Sci China Ser D-Earth Sci,2003,46:1069-1076
26 Zhang H W.Variation in organic carbon isotope composition values of plant and surface soil along an altitude gradient in the Tianshan Mountains(in Chinese).Doctor Dissertation.Lanzhou:Lanzhou University,2010.13-36[张慧文.天山现代植物和表土有机稳定碳同位素组成的海拔响应特征.博士学位论文.兰州:兰州大学,2010.13-36]
27 Gulzat H,Zhao J B.Analysis on climate change in recent 50 years in Altay Prefecture,Xinjiang(in Chinese).Arid Zone Res,2011,28:268-274[古丽扎提·哈布肯,赵景波.近50年来新疆阿勒泰地区的气候变化.干旱区研究,2011,28:268-274]
28 Huang C.Peat cellulose carbon isotopic record and possible driving mechanisms during the past 11.5 ka in Altay,Northern Xinjiang(in Chinese).Master Dissertation.Lanzhou:Lanzhou University,2015.31-37[黄超.过去11.5 ka以来的北疆阿勒泰泥炭纤维素碳同位素记录及其可能的驱动机制.硕士学位论文.兰州:兰州大学,2015.31-37]
29 Loader N J,Helle G,Los S O,et al.Twentieth-century summer temperature variability in the southern Altai Mountains:A carbon and oxygen isotope study of tree-rings.Holocene,2010,20:1149-1156
30 Ovtchinnikov D,Adamenko M,Panushkina I A.1105-year tree-ring chronology in Altai Region and its application for reconstruction of summer temperatures.Geolines,2000,11:121-122
31 Zhang T W,Wei W S,Yuan Y J,et al.Analysis of the tree-ring chronological characteristics in the west of Altay(in Chinese).J Desert Res,2007,27:1040-1047[张同文,魏文寿,袁玉江,等.阿勒泰西部树轮年表特征分析.中国沙漠,2007,27:1040-1047]
32 Zhang T W,Yuan Y J,Yu S L,et al.Development of two tree-ring width chronologies of the samples collected from the Baluntai region(in Chinese).Arid Zone Res,2008,25:288-294[张同文,袁玉江,喻树龙,等.用树木年轮重建阿勒泰西部5~9月365年来的月平均气温序列.干旱区研究,2008,25:288-294]
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