东北5种温带人工林表层土壤碳氮含量的分异
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摘要
造林是固碳(C)的有效方法之一,也深刻地影响土壤氮(N)动态,然而不同造林树种对土壤C和N收支的影响及其机制尚不明确.本研究采用同质园试验方法,测定了东北温带水曲柳、胡桃楸、白桦、落叶松和樟子松5个主要造林树种造林后第3年和第11年表层(0～10 cm)土壤有机C(C_(soil))、全N含量(N_(soil))的变化,以及植被特性和土壤微生物等相关因子,探究了不同树种造林对土壤C、N的影响及驱动因子.结果表明:试验期间,5个树种纯林的C_(soil)、N_(soil)均显著降低,C_(soil)与N_(soil)变化量呈显著正相关,并且C_(soil)减少速率(2.6%·a~(-1)～4.8%·a~(-1))显著高于N_(soil)减少速率(0.8%·a~(-1)～2.8%·a~(-1)).阔叶树种纯林C_(soil)、N_(soil)减少量显著小于针叶树种纯林.树种特征、微生物特性共同解释了C_(soil)变化率的68.5%、N_(soil)变化率的90.9%,C_(soil)、N_(soil)变化率随凋落叶C/N及微生物生物量C/N的增大而减小,但随着细根生物量、微生物生物量C及微生物获取C酶与获取N酶之比的增加而增大;N_(soil)变化率还随凋落叶产量及微生物代谢熵的增大而减小.这些温带人工林在造林11年后表层土壤C、N含量显著减少,而树种间的不同变化强度主要是由树种特征和土壤微生物特性的差异引起的.
Afforestation is an effective way for carbon(C) sequestration, which also profoundly influences soil nitrogen(N) dynamics in the forest ecosystem. The impacts of tree species on soil C and N budgets and the underlying mechanism remain uncertain. In this study, we used a common garden experiment and measured the soil organic C(C_(soil)) and total N contents(N_(soil)) of the topsoil(0-10 cm) and related vegetative and soil microbial properties in 2007 and 2015(3 and 11 years after afforestation), respectively. Our aim was to explore the effects of five major tree species(i.e., Fraxinus mandshurica, Juglans mandshurica, Betula platyphylla, Larix gmelinii and Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica) in the temperate forests in Northeast China on soil C and N contents and their dri-vers. The results showed that both C_(soil) and N_(soil) of the five stands decreased as the stand ages increased, the change rates of which were significantly correlated with each other. The rate of change in C_(soil)(2.6%·a~(-1)-4.8%·a~(-1)) was significantly greater than that in N_(soil)(0.8%·a~(-1)-2.8%·a~(-1)). The decrements of the C_(soil) and N_(soil) for the broadleaved stands were significantly lower than those of the coniferous stands. The tree-species traits and microbial properties together explained 68.5% and 90.9% of the variability of the change rates of C_(soil) and N_(soil), respectively. The change rates of C_(soil) and N_(soil) decreased with the increases in leaf litter C/N and microbial biomass C/N, but increased with the increases of fine root biomass, microbial biomass C, and the ratio of the C-acquisition to the N-acquisition enzyme activity. Additionally, the change rate of N_(soil) decreased with the increases of the leaf litter production and the microbial metabolic activity. Our findings indicated that C and N contents in the topsoil of these temperate plantations decreased significantly 11 years after afforestation, while the different change rates mainly resulted from different properties of tree species and soil microbes.
Afforestation is an effective way for carbon(C) sequestration, which also profoundly influences soil nitrogen(N) dynamics in the forest ecosystem. The impacts of tree species on soil C and N budgets and the underlying mechanism remain uncertain. In this study, we used a common garden experiment and measured the soil organic C(C_(soil)) and total N contents(N_(soil)) of the topsoil(0-10 cm) and related vegetative and soil microbial properties in 2007 and 2015(3 and 11 years after afforestation), respectively. Our aim was to explore the effects of five major tree species(i.e., Fraxinus mandshurica, Juglans mandshurica, Betula platyphylla, Larix gmelinii and Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica) in the temperate forests in Northeast China on soil C and N contents and their dri-vers. The results showed that both C_(soil) and N_(soil) of the five stands decreased as the stand ages increased, the change rates of which were significantly correlated with each other. The rate of change in C_(soil)(2.6%·a~(-1)-4.8%·a~(-1)) was significantly greater than that in N_(soil)(0.8%·a~(-1)-2.8%·a~(-1)). The decrements of the C_(soil) and N_(soil) for the broadleaved stands were significantly lower than those of the coniferous stands. The tree-species traits and microbial properties together explained 68.5% and 90.9% of the variability of the change rates of C_(soil) and N_(soil), respectively. The change rates of C_(soil) and N_(soil) decreased with the increases in leaf litter C/N and microbial biomass C/N, but increased with the increases of fine root biomass, microbial biomass C, and the ratio of the C-acquisition to the N-acquisition enzyme activity. Additionally, the change rate of N_(soil) decreased with the increases of the leaf litter production and the microbial metabolic activity. Our findings indicated that C and N contents in the topsoil of these temperate plantations decreased significantly 11 years after afforestation, while the different change rates mainly resulted from different properties of tree species and soil microbes.
引文
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[9] Vesterdal L,Schmidt IK,Callesen I,et al.Carbon and nitrogen in forest floor and mineral soil under six common European tree species.Forest Ecology and Management,2008,255:35-48
[10] Gurmesa GA,Schmidt IK,Gundersen P,et al.Soil carbon accumulation and nitrogen retention traits of four tree species grown in common gardens.Forest Ecology and Management,2013,309:47-57
[11] Li D,Niu S,Luo Y.Global patterns of the dynamics of soil carbon and nitrogen stocks following afforestation:A meta-analysis.New Phytologist,2012,195:172-181
[12] Bárcena TG,Ki?r LP,Vesterdal L,et al.Soil carbon stock change following afforestation in Northern Europe:A meta-analysis.Global Change Biology,2014,20:2393-2405
[13] Alberti G,Nock C,Fornasier F,et al.Tree functional diversity influences belowground ecosystem functioning.Applied Soil Ecology,2017,120:160-168
[14] Terrer C,Vicca S,Hungate BA,et al.Mycorrhizal association as a primary control of the CO2 fertilization effect.Science,2016,353:72-74
[15] Terrer C,Vicca S,Stocker BD,et al.Ecosystem responses to elevated CO2 governed by plant-soil interactions and the cost of nitrogen acquisition.New Phytologist,2018,217:507-522
[16] Zhang T-D (张泰东),Wang C-K (王传宽),Zhang Q-Z (张全智).Vertical variation in soil carbon,nitrogen and phosphorus and its stoichiometric relationships in five forest types in the Maoershan region,Northeast China.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2017,28(10):3135-3143 (in Chinese)
[17] Luo Y,Su B,Currie WS,et al.Progressive nitrogen limitation of ecosystem responses to rising atmospheric carbon dioxide.Bioscience,2004,54:731-739
[18] Averill C,Waring B.Nitrogen limitation of decomposition and decay:How can it occur?Global Change Biology,2018,24:1417-1427
[19] Chapin Ⅲ FS,Matson PA,Vitousek PM.Principles of Terrestrial Ecosystem Ecology.New York:Springer,2011
[20] Yang Y,Luo Y,Finzi AC.Carbon and nitrogen dynamics during forest stand development:A global synthesis.New Phytologist,2011,190:977-989
[21] Prescott CE,Grayston SJ.Tree species influence on microbial communities in litter and soil:Current knowle-dge and research needs.Forest Ecology and Management,2013,309:19-27
[22] Lin G,Mccormack ML,Ma C,et al.Similar below-ground carbon cycling dynamics but contrasting modes of nitrogen cycling between arbuscular mycorrhizal and ectomycorrhizal forests.New Phytologist,2017,213:1440-1451
[23] Wang X-Q (王薪琪),Wang C-K (王传宽),Zhang T-D (张泰东).New perspectives on forest soil carbon and nitrogen cycling processes:Roles of arbuscularmycorrhizal versus ectomycorrhizal tree species.Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology (植物生态学报),2017,41(10):1113-1125 (in Chinese)
[24] Wan X-H (万晓华),Huang Z-Q (黄志群),He Z-M (何宗明),et al.Effects of broadleaf plantation and Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) plantation on soil carbon and nitrogen pools.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2013,24(2):345-350 (in Chinese)
[25] Yang L,Wu S,Zhang L.Fine root biomass dynamics and carbon storage along a successional gradient in Changbai Mountains,China.Forestry,2010,83:379-387
[26] Phillips RP,Brzostek E,Midgley MG.The mycorrhizal-associated nutrient economy:A new framework for predicting carbon-nutrient couplings in temperate forests.New Phytologist,2013,199:41-51
[27] Cheeke TE,Phillips RP,Brzostek ER,et al.Dominant mycorrhizal association of trees alters carbon and nutrient cycling by selecting for microbial groups with distinct enzyme function.New Phytologist,2017,214:432-442
[28] Fernandez CW,Kennedy PG.Revisiting the ‘Gadgil effect’:Do interguild fungal interactions control carbon cycling in forest soils?New Phytologist,2016,209:1382-1394
[29] Craig ME,Turner BL,Liang C,et al.Tree mycorrhizal type predicts within-site variability in the storage and distribution of soilorganic matter.Global Change Biology,2018,24:3317-3330
[30] Cotrufo MF,Wallenstein MD,Boot CM,et al.The Microbial Efficiency-Matrix Stabilization (MEMS) framework integrates plant litter decomposition with soil organic matter stabilization:Do labile plant inputs form stable soil organic matter?Global Change Biology,2013,19:988-995
[31] Reich PB,Oleksyn J,Modrzynski J,et al.Linking litter calcium,earthworms and soil properties:A common garden test with 14 tree species.Ecology Letters,2005,8:811-818
[32] Wang C,Yang J,Zhang Q.Soil respiration in six temperate forests in China.Global Change Biology,2006,12:2103-2114
[33] Withington JM,Reich PB,Oleksyn J,et al.Comparisons of structure and life span in roots and leaves among temperate trees.Ecological Monographs,2006,76:381-397
[34] Schulp CJ,Nabuurs GJ,Verburg PH,et al.Effect of tree species on carbon stocks in forest floor and mineral soil and implications for soil carbon inventories.Forest Ecology and Management,2008,256:482-490
[35] Pérez-Cruzado C,Mansilla-Salinero P,Rodríguez-Soalleiro R,et al.Influence of tree species on carbon sequestration in afforested pastures in a humid temperate region.Plant and Soil,2012,353:333-353
[36] Li C,Shi LL,Ostermann A,et al.Indigenous trees restore soil microbial biomass at faster rates than exotic species.Plant and Soil,2015,396:151-161
[37] Zhou Z,Wang C,Jin Y.Stoichiometric responses of soil microflora to nutrient additions for two temperate forest soils.Biology & Fertility of Soils,2017,53:397-406
[38] Shugalei LS.The Siberian affroestation experiment:History,methodology,and problems// Binkley D,Menyailo O,eds.Tree Species Effects on Soils:Implications for Global Change.Amsterdam,the Netherlands:Springer,2005:257-268
[39] Wang X,Wang C.Mycorrhizal associations differentiate soil respiration in five temperate monocultures in Northeast China.Forest Ecology and Management,2018,430:78-85
[40] Blake L,Goulding KWT,Mott CJB,et al.Temporal changes in chemical properties of air-dried stored soils and their interpretation for long-term experiments.European Journal of Soil Science,2000,51:345-353
[41] Vance E,Brookes P,Jenkinson D.An extraction method for measuring soil microbial biomass C.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1987,19:703-707
[42] Martens DA,Johanson JB,Frankenberger JWT.Production and persistence of soil enzymes with repeated addition of organic residues.Soil Science,1992,153:53-61
[43] Heikkinen RK,Luoto M,Kuussaari M,et al.New insights into butterfly environment relationships using partitioning methods.Proceedings of the Royal Society B:Biological Sciences,2005,272:2203-2210
[44] Frank DA,Groffman PM.Plant rhizospheric N processes:What we don’t know and why we should care.Ecology,2009,90:1512-1519
[45] Kimmins J.Forest Ecology:A Foundation for Sustainable Forest Management and Environmental Ethics in Forestry.Upper Saddle River,NJ,USA:Prentice Hall,2004
[46] Compton JE,Boone RD.Long-term impacts of agriculture on soil carbon and nitrogen in New England forests.Ecology,2000,81:2314-2330
[47] Xu X,Schimel JP,Janssens IA,et al.Global pattern and controls of soil microbial metabolic quotient.Ecologi-cal Monographs,2017,87:429-441
[48] Silver WL,Miya RK.Global patterns in root decomposition:Comparisons of climate and litter quality effects.Oecologia,2001,129:407-419
[49] Berthrong ST,Jobbágy EG,Jackson RB.A global meta-analysis of soil exchangeable cations,pH,carbon,and nitrogen with afforestation.Ecological Applications,2009,19:2228-2241
[50] Xu M-P (许淼平),Ren C-J (任成杰),Zhang W (张伟),et al.Responses mechanism of C:N:P stoichiome-try of soil microbial biomass and soil enzymes to climate change.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2018,29(7):2445-2454 (in Chinese)
[51] Mooshammer M,Wanek W,Zechmeister-Boltenstern S,et al.Stoichiometric imbalances between terrestrial decomposer communities and their resources:Mechanisms and implications of microbial adaptations to their resources.Frontiers in Microbiology,2014,5:22
[2] Vesterdal L,Ritter E,Gundersen P.Change in soil organic carbon following afforestation of former arable land.Forest Ecology and Management,2002,169:137-147
[3] Vesterdal L,Clarke N,Sigurdsson BD,et al.Do tree species influence soil carbon stocks in temperate and boreal forests?Forest Ecology and Management,2013,309:4-18
[4] Deng L,Liu S,Kim DG,et al.Past and future carbon sequestration benefits of China’s grain for green program.Global Environmental Change,2017,47:13-20
[5] Liu Y-L (刘玉林),Zhu G-Y (朱广宇),Deng L (邓蕾),et al.Effects of natural vegetation restoration and afforestation on soil carbon and nitrogen storage in the Loess Plateau,China.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2018,29(7):2163-2172 (in Chinese)
[6] Paul K,Polglase P,Nyakuengama J,et al.Change in soil carbon following afforestation.Forest Ecology and Management,2002,168:241-257
[7] Zeng X,Zhang W,Cao J,et al.Changes in soil organic carbon,nitrogen,phosphorus,and bulk density after afforestation of the “Beijing-Tianjin Sandstorm Source Control” program in China.Catena,2014,118:186-194
[8] Hagen-Thorn A,Callesen I,Armolaitis K,et al.The impact of six European tree species on the chemistry of mineral topsoil in forest plantations on former agricultural land.Forest Ecology and Management,2004,195:373-384
[9] Vesterdal L,Schmidt IK,Callesen I,et al.Carbon and nitrogen in forest floor and mineral soil under six common European tree species.Forest Ecology and Management,2008,255:35-48
[10] Gurmesa GA,Schmidt IK,Gundersen P,et al.Soil carbon accumulation and nitrogen retention traits of four tree species grown in common gardens.Forest Ecology and Management,2013,309:47-57
[11] Li D,Niu S,Luo Y.Global patterns of the dynamics of soil carbon and nitrogen stocks following afforestation:A meta-analysis.New Phytologist,2012,195:172-181
[12] Bárcena TG,Ki?r LP,Vesterdal L,et al.Soil carbon stock change following afforestation in Northern Europe:A meta-analysis.Global Change Biology,2014,20:2393-2405
[13] Alberti G,Nock C,Fornasier F,et al.Tree functional diversity influences belowground ecosystem functioning.Applied Soil Ecology,2017,120:160-168
[14] Terrer C,Vicca S,Hungate BA,et al.Mycorrhizal association as a primary control of the CO2 fertilization effect.Science,2016,353:72-74
[15] Terrer C,Vicca S,Stocker BD,et al.Ecosystem responses to elevated CO2 governed by plant-soil interactions and the cost of nitrogen acquisition.New Phytologist,2018,217:507-522
[16] Zhang T-D (张泰东),Wang C-K (王传宽),Zhang Q-Z (张全智).Vertical variation in soil carbon,nitrogen and phosphorus and its stoichiometric relationships in five forest types in the Maoershan region,Northeast China.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2017,28(10):3135-3143 (in Chinese)
[17] Luo Y,Su B,Currie WS,et al.Progressive nitrogen limitation of ecosystem responses to rising atmospheric carbon dioxide.Bioscience,2004,54:731-739
[18] Averill C,Waring B.Nitrogen limitation of decomposition and decay:How can it occur?Global Change Biology,2018,24:1417-1427
[19] Chapin Ⅲ FS,Matson PA,Vitousek PM.Principles of Terrestrial Ecosystem Ecology.New York:Springer,2011
[20] Yang Y,Luo Y,Finzi AC.Carbon and nitrogen dynamics during forest stand development:A global synthesis.New Phytologist,2011,190:977-989
[21] Prescott CE,Grayston SJ.Tree species influence on microbial communities in litter and soil:Current knowle-dge and research needs.Forest Ecology and Management,2013,309:19-27
[22] Lin G,Mccormack ML,Ma C,et al.Similar below-ground carbon cycling dynamics but contrasting modes of nitrogen cycling between arbuscular mycorrhizal and ectomycorrhizal forests.New Phytologist,2017,213:1440-1451
[23] Wang X-Q (王薪琪),Wang C-K (王传宽),Zhang T-D (张泰东).New perspectives on forest soil carbon and nitrogen cycling processes:Roles of arbuscularmycorrhizal versus ectomycorrhizal tree species.Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology (植物生态学报),2017,41(10):1113-1125 (in Chinese)
[24] Wan X-H (万晓华),Huang Z-Q (黄志群),He Z-M (何宗明),et al.Effects of broadleaf plantation and Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) plantation on soil carbon and nitrogen pools.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2013,24(2):345-350 (in Chinese)
[25] Yang L,Wu S,Zhang L.Fine root biomass dynamics and carbon storage along a successional gradient in Changbai Mountains,China.Forestry,2010,83:379-387
[26] Phillips RP,Brzostek E,Midgley MG.The mycorrhizal-associated nutrient economy:A new framework for predicting carbon-nutrient couplings in temperate forests.New Phytologist,2013,199:41-51
[27] Cheeke TE,Phillips RP,Brzostek ER,et al.Dominant mycorrhizal association of trees alters carbon and nutrient cycling by selecting for microbial groups with distinct enzyme function.New Phytologist,2017,214:432-442
[28] Fernandez CW,Kennedy PG.Revisiting the ‘Gadgil effect’:Do interguild fungal interactions control carbon cycling in forest soils?New Phytologist,2016,209:1382-1394
[29] Craig ME,Turner BL,Liang C,et al.Tree mycorrhizal type predicts within-site variability in the storage and distribution of soilorganic matter.Global Change Biology,2018,24:3317-3330
[30] Cotrufo MF,Wallenstein MD,Boot CM,et al.The Microbial Efficiency-Matrix Stabilization (MEMS) framework integrates plant litter decomposition with soil organic matter stabilization:Do labile plant inputs form stable soil organic matter?Global Change Biology,2013,19:988-995
[31] Reich PB,Oleksyn J,Modrzynski J,et al.Linking litter calcium,earthworms and soil properties:A common garden test with 14 tree species.Ecology Letters,2005,8:811-818
[32] Wang C,Yang J,Zhang Q.Soil respiration in six temperate forests in China.Global Change Biology,2006,12:2103-2114
[33] Withington JM,Reich PB,Oleksyn J,et al.Comparisons of structure and life span in roots and leaves among temperate trees.Ecological Monographs,2006,76:381-397
[34] Schulp CJ,Nabuurs GJ,Verburg PH,et al.Effect of tree species on carbon stocks in forest floor and mineral soil and implications for soil carbon inventories.Forest Ecology and Management,2008,256:482-490
[35] Pérez-Cruzado C,Mansilla-Salinero P,Rodríguez-Soalleiro R,et al.Influence of tree species on carbon sequestration in afforested pastures in a humid temperate region.Plant and Soil,2012,353:333-353
[36] Li C,Shi LL,Ostermann A,et al.Indigenous trees restore soil microbial biomass at faster rates than exotic species.Plant and Soil,2015,396:151-161
[37] Zhou Z,Wang C,Jin Y.Stoichiometric responses of soil microflora to nutrient additions for two temperate forest soils.Biology & Fertility of Soils,2017,53:397-406
[38] Shugalei LS.The Siberian affroestation experiment:History,methodology,and problems// Binkley D,Menyailo O,eds.Tree Species Effects on Soils:Implications for Global Change.Amsterdam,the Netherlands:Springer,2005:257-268
[39] Wang X,Wang C.Mycorrhizal associations differentiate soil respiration in five temperate monocultures in Northeast China.Forest Ecology and Management,2018,430:78-85
[40] Blake L,Goulding KWT,Mott CJB,et al.Temporal changes in chemical properties of air-dried stored soils and their interpretation for long-term experiments.European Journal of Soil Science,2000,51:345-353
[41] Vance E,Brookes P,Jenkinson D.An extraction method for measuring soil microbial biomass C.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1987,19:703-707
[42] Martens DA,Johanson JB,Frankenberger JWT.Production and persistence of soil enzymes with repeated addition of organic residues.Soil Science,1992,153:53-61
[43] Heikkinen RK,Luoto M,Kuussaari M,et al.New insights into butterfly environment relationships using partitioning methods.Proceedings of the Royal Society B:Biological Sciences,2005,272:2203-2210
[44] Frank DA,Groffman PM.Plant rhizospheric N processes:What we don’t know and why we should care.Ecology,2009,90:1512-1519
[45] Kimmins J.Forest Ecology:A Foundation for Sustainable Forest Management and Environmental Ethics in Forestry.Upper Saddle River,NJ,USA:Prentice Hall,2004
[46] Compton JE,Boone RD.Long-term impacts of agriculture on soil carbon and nitrogen in New England forests.Ecology,2000,81:2314-2330
[47] Xu X,Schimel JP,Janssens IA,et al.Global pattern and controls of soil microbial metabolic quotient.Ecologi-cal Monographs,2017,87:429-441
[48] Silver WL,Miya RK.Global patterns in root decomposition:Comparisons of climate and litter quality effects.Oecologia,2001,129:407-419
[49] Berthrong ST,Jobbágy EG,Jackson RB.A global meta-analysis of soil exchangeable cations,pH,carbon,and nitrogen with afforestation.Ecological Applications,2009,19:2228-2241
[50] Xu M-P (许淼平),Ren C-J (任成杰),Zhang W (张伟),et al.Responses mechanism of C:N:P stoichiome-try of soil microbial biomass and soil enzymes to climate change.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2018,29(7):2445-2454 (in Chinese)
[51] Mooshammer M,Wanek W,Zechmeister-Boltenstern S,et al.Stoichiometric imbalances between terrestrial decomposer communities and their resources:Mechanisms and implications of microbial adaptations to their resources.Frontiers in Microbiology,2014,5:22