语言和翻译的进化研究模式
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摘要
本世纪交替前后,基于模因理论的广义进化理论对语言和语言应用提出了不同于传统观点的见解和理论,取得了重要成果:Ritt(2004)认为语言是一个神经链接模式系统,构建了一个人类语言能力体系;Mufwene(2001,2008)提出语言形成社团的方式和物种形成种群的方式相同,生态环境促使语言变化和选择;Chesterman(1997)创立并阐述了翻译模因是观念在翻译理论中传播的思想。这些研究能够解释传统方法难以解释的一些语言历史现象,还能加深我们对语言历史过程的理解,或者给我们提供了一种看待翻译和文化进化方法的新见解,从而有可能进一步启发能够用经验来检验的一些假设,推动语言和语言应用研究的发展。
At the turn of the century, various achievements have been made on linguistic change and linguistic applications, which are founded on memetics of the generalized evolutionary theory. These theories, different from the traditional ones, include:(a) Ritt's(2004) surmise that language is a system of neural link model, and his establishment of a system of human linguistic competence;(b) Mufwene's(2001, 2008) conjectures that a language forms a population in the same way that a species does, and ecology, that is, languages and the speakers are embedded in an environment;(c) Chesterman's(1997) assumption that memes of translation are the diffusion of ideas in translation theory. The results of the studies mentioned above have shed light on some historical linguistic phenomena which cannot be explained by the established theories. They help in furthering our understanding of the essential elements which motivate language change, and they give us insights into the new ways of translation and cultural evolution. Furthermore, they may help in verifying empirically testable hypotheses and facilitating linguistic research and applications.
At the turn of the century, various achievements have been made on linguistic change and linguistic applications, which are founded on memetics of the generalized evolutionary theory. These theories, different from the traditional ones, include:(a) Ritt's(2004) surmise that language is a system of neural link model, and his establishment of a system of human linguistic competence;(b) Mufwene's(2001, 2008) conjectures that a language forms a population in the same way that a species does, and ecology, that is, languages and the speakers are embedded in an environment;(c) Chesterman's(1997) assumption that memes of translation are the diffusion of ideas in translation theory. The results of the studies mentioned above have shed light on some historical linguistic phenomena which cannot be explained by the established theories. They help in furthering our understanding of the essential elements which motivate language change, and they give us insights into the new ways of translation and cultural evolution. Furthermore, they may help in verifying empirically testable hypotheses and facilitating linguistic research and applications.
引文
Chesterman, Andrew. 1997. Memes of Translation:The Spread of Ideas in Translation Theory.Amsterdam:John Benjamins.
Chesterman, Andrew. 2000. Memetics and translation strategies. Synapse(5):1-17.
Chomsky, Noam. 2010. How do we think of today's bio linguistics program.(trans. by Si Fuzhen(司富珍)).Linguistic Science 9(2):113-123.[2010,如何看待今天的生物语言学方案.《语言科学》第2期:113-123.]
Darwin, Charles. 1871/1981. Descent of Man. Princeton:Princeton University Press.
Dawkins, Richard. 1976. The Selfish Gene. Oxford:Oxford University Press.
Dreyfus, Hubert&Dreyfus, Stuart. 1986. Mind over Machine. Oxford:The Free Press.
Hull, David. 1988. Science as a Process:An Evolutionary Account of the Social and Conceptual Development of Science. Chicago:The University of Chicago Press.
Lass, Roger. 1997. Historical Linguistics and Language Change. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Lightfoot, David. 2006. How New Languages Emerge. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Mufwene, Salikoko. 2001. The Ecology of Language Evolution. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Mufwene, Salikoko. 2008. Language Evolution:Contact,Competition and Change. London:Continuum.
Nettle, Daniel. 2007. Review of Nikolaus Ritt Selfish Sounds and Linguistic Evolution:A Darwinian approach to language change. Journal of Linguistics, 43:482-486.
Ritt, Nikolaus. 2004. Selfish Sounds and Linguistic Evolution. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Ritt, Nikolaus. 2005. What language change can tell us about the mental organization of linguistic competence. http://csjarchive.cogsci.rpi.edu/proceedings/2005/docs/p2547.pdf.
Zhao,Dunhua(赵敦华). 2006. The scientific significance of"evolution". Seeking Truth(2):27-31.[2006,“进化”的科学意义.《求是学刊》第2期:27-31.]
Chesterman, Andrew. 2000. Memetics and translation strategies. Synapse(5):1-17.
Chomsky, Noam. 2010. How do we think of today's bio linguistics program.(trans. by Si Fuzhen(司富珍)).Linguistic Science 9(2):113-123.[2010,如何看待今天的生物语言学方案.《语言科学》第2期:113-123.]
Darwin, Charles. 1871/1981. Descent of Man. Princeton:Princeton University Press.
Dawkins, Richard. 1976. The Selfish Gene. Oxford:Oxford University Press.
Dreyfus, Hubert&Dreyfus, Stuart. 1986. Mind over Machine. Oxford:The Free Press.
Hull, David. 1988. Science as a Process:An Evolutionary Account of the Social and Conceptual Development of Science. Chicago:The University of Chicago Press.
Lass, Roger. 1997. Historical Linguistics and Language Change. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Lightfoot, David. 2006. How New Languages Emerge. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Mufwene, Salikoko. 2001. The Ecology of Language Evolution. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Mufwene, Salikoko. 2008. Language Evolution:Contact,Competition and Change. London:Continuum.
Nettle, Daniel. 2007. Review of Nikolaus Ritt Selfish Sounds and Linguistic Evolution:A Darwinian approach to language change. Journal of Linguistics, 43:482-486.
Ritt, Nikolaus. 2004. Selfish Sounds and Linguistic Evolution. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Ritt, Nikolaus. 2005. What language change can tell us about the mental organization of linguistic competence. http://csjarchive.cogsci.rpi.edu/proceedings/2005/docs/p2547.pdf.
Zhao,Dunhua(赵敦华). 2006. The scientific significance of"evolution". Seeking Truth(2):27-31.[2006,“进化”的科学意义.《求是学刊》第2期:27-31.]