缓释氮肥减量配施和株距对机插杂交籼稻氮素利用的影响
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摘要
【目的】进一步研究缓释氮肥减量配施和株距对机插杂交籼稻主要生育时期氮素积累、转运、氮肥利用率及产量的影响,并探讨机插密度和缓释氮肥配施耦合下,氮素吸收、转运及利用率与产量间的关系。【方法】在前期研究确定高产施氮量180 kg/hm~2,机插稻缓释氮肥与常规氮肥适宜配比为7∶3基础上,设3种株距(行距均为30 cm):16、18和20 cm,以及4种缓释氮肥(36、66、96和126 kg/hm~2)与常规氮肥(54 kg/hm~2)配施处理。【结果】缓释氮肥减量配施和株距对机插稻主要生育时期氮素积累总量、成熟期叶片及穗部氮素吸收量、氮素转运量、氮肥利用率及产量均存在显著或极显著的互作效应;缓释氮肥减量配施对机插稻产量及氮素吸收利用与转运特性的影响显著大于株距。株距为18 cm,缓释氮肥(96 kg/hm~2)与常规氮肥(54 kg/hm~2)配施量为150 kg/hm~2能促进水稻主要生育时期及各生育阶段氮素的累积,提高结实期各器官氮素积累量,并促进叶片和茎鞘中氮素的转运,进而显著提高穗部氮素增加量(107.58 kg/hm~2)、氮肥利用率(66.19%)及产量(11463.85 kg/hm~2);株距为16 cm,缓释氮肥(126 kg/hm~2)与常规氮肥(54 kg/hm~2)配施量为180 kg/hm~2虽能促进主要生育时期氮素的累积,但易造成结实期茎鞘及叶片中氮滞留量的增加,降低氮素转运率,导致氮素收获指数和氮肥利用率降低。从高产高效的角度考虑,以缓释氮肥(96 kg/hm~2)与常规氮肥(54 kg/hm~2)配施量150 kg/hm~2为宜;当株距增加到20 cm时,主要生育时期水稻吸收氮素的绝对量少,茎鞘叶片中的氮素向穗部转运及穗部氮素积累量增加,产量及氮素利用率随缓释氮肥配施量的增加而增加,以缓释氮肥与常规氮肥配施量为180 kg/hm~2为宜。相关性分析表明,缓释氮肥减量配施与株距耦合下,机插杂交稻以齐穗至成熟期氮素积累量、叶片氮素转运量与产量及氮肥利用率的相关性(r=0.54**~0.85**)最高,对提高氮肥利用率及产量更为重要。【结论】株距为18 cm,缓释氮肥与常规氮肥配施量为150 kg/hm~2能协同提高穗部氮素增加量、氮肥利用率及产量,为本研究氮肥减量配施的最佳处理。
【Objective】To further study the effects of reduced slow-released urea combined with conventional urea under various row spacing on N accumulation at the main growth stages, N translocation(NT), N apparent use efficiency(NAUE), grain yield, and the correlations among these indexes of mechanically-transplanted rice. 【Method】Based on the previous research of high-yielding nitrogen application rate of 180 kg/hm~2(the ratio of slow-released urea and conventional urea was 7:3), three plant spacing(16, 18 and 20 cm, the row spacing was 30 cm) and four treatments of reduced slow-release urea(36, 66, 96 and 126 kg/hm~2) combined with conventional urea rate of 54 kg/hm~2 were conducted. 【Result】There were significant influences on the total nitrogen accumulation amount of the main growth stages, the nitrogen absorption amount of leaves and panicles at maturity stage, N translocation of filling stage, NAUE and grain yield of reduced slow-released urea combined with conventional urea and row spacing. The effects of reduced slow-released urea combined with conventional urea on grain yield and nitrogen absorption and translocation were significantly larger than that of row spacing. When the combined application rate was 150 kg/hm~2(slow-released urea and conventional urea application rates were 96 kg/hm~2 and 54 kg/hm~2, respectively) and the plant spacing was 18 cm that could facilitate N accumulation of main growth stage, enhance N accumulation amount of different organs at grain filling stage, and promote N translocation of stem sheath and leaves, which further improve N increment of panicle(107.58 kg/hm~2), NAUE(66.19%) and grain yield(11463.85 kg/hm~2). Meanwhile, it could accelerate the N accumulation at main growth stages when the combined application rate was 180 kg/hm~2(slow-released urea and conventional urea were 126 kg/hm~2 and 54 kg/hm~2, respectively) and plant spacing was 16 cm, but it might cause the risk of N retention at grain filling stage which decrease the nitrogen translocation rate and finally reduce the nitrogen harvest index(NHI) and NAUE. It is better when the combined application rate was 150 kg/hm~2 with slow-released N fertilizer was 96 kg/hm~2 and conventional urea was 54 kg/hm~2 in terms of high yield and high efficiency. However, when the plant spacing was increased to 20 cm, the absolute value of N absorption at main growth stage was decreased, the N translocation amount from stem sheath and leaves to panicle was increased as well as N accumulation amount of panicle. The grain yield and NAUE were increased with the rising slow-released urea application rate. In this conditions, the combined application rate was 180 kg/hm~2(slow-release urea and conventional urea were 126 kg/hm~2 and 54 kg/hm~2, respectively) was superior to any other treatments. Correlation analysis indicated that the highest correlation(r=0.54**~0.85**) between the total N accumulation amount, N translocation amount of leaves from full heading stage to maturity stage and grain yield and NAUE was obtained which might play an important role in improving NAUE and grain yield.【Conclusion】The plant spacing was 18 cm, the N for 150 kg/hm~2(slow-released urea and conventional urea were 96 kg/hm~2 and 54 kg/hm~2) could maximize N increment of panicle, NAUE and grain yield.
【Objective】To further study the effects of reduced slow-released urea combined with conventional urea under various row spacing on N accumulation at the main growth stages, N translocation(NT), N apparent use efficiency(NAUE), grain yield, and the correlations among these indexes of mechanically-transplanted rice. 【Method】Based on the previous research of high-yielding nitrogen application rate of 180 kg/hm~2(the ratio of slow-released urea and conventional urea was 7:3), three plant spacing(16, 18 and 20 cm, the row spacing was 30 cm) and four treatments of reduced slow-release urea(36, 66, 96 and 126 kg/hm~2) combined with conventional urea rate of 54 kg/hm~2 were conducted. 【Result】There were significant influences on the total nitrogen accumulation amount of the main growth stages, the nitrogen absorption amount of leaves and panicles at maturity stage, N translocation of filling stage, NAUE and grain yield of reduced slow-released urea combined with conventional urea and row spacing. The effects of reduced slow-released urea combined with conventional urea on grain yield and nitrogen absorption and translocation were significantly larger than that of row spacing. When the combined application rate was 150 kg/hm~2(slow-released urea and conventional urea application rates were 96 kg/hm~2 and 54 kg/hm~2, respectively) and the plant spacing was 18 cm that could facilitate N accumulation of main growth stage, enhance N accumulation amount of different organs at grain filling stage, and promote N translocation of stem sheath and leaves, which further improve N increment of panicle(107.58 kg/hm~2), NAUE(66.19%) and grain yield(11463.85 kg/hm~2). Meanwhile, it could accelerate the N accumulation at main growth stages when the combined application rate was 180 kg/hm~2(slow-released urea and conventional urea were 126 kg/hm~2 and 54 kg/hm~2, respectively) and plant spacing was 16 cm, but it might cause the risk of N retention at grain filling stage which decrease the nitrogen translocation rate and finally reduce the nitrogen harvest index(NHI) and NAUE. It is better when the combined application rate was 150 kg/hm~2 with slow-released N fertilizer was 96 kg/hm~2 and conventional urea was 54 kg/hm~2 in terms of high yield and high efficiency. However, when the plant spacing was increased to 20 cm, the absolute value of N absorption at main growth stage was decreased, the N translocation amount from stem sheath and leaves to panicle was increased as well as N accumulation amount of panicle. The grain yield and NAUE were increased with the rising slow-released urea application rate. In this conditions, the combined application rate was 180 kg/hm~2(slow-release urea and conventional urea were 126 kg/hm~2 and 54 kg/hm~2, respectively) was superior to any other treatments. Correlation analysis indicated that the highest correlation(r=0.54**~0.85**) between the total N accumulation amount, N translocation amount of leaves from full heading stage to maturity stage and grain yield and NAUE was obtained which might play an important role in improving NAUE and grain yield.【Conclusion】The plant spacing was 18 cm, the N for 150 kg/hm~2(slow-released urea and conventional urea were 96 kg/hm~2 and 54 kg/hm~2) could maximize N increment of panicle, NAUE and grain yield.
引文
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