控释肥和灌溉方式对栓皮栎容器苗苗木质量及造林效果的影响
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摘要
[目的]探讨控释肥和灌溉方式对栓皮栎(Quercus variabilis Bl.)容器苗生长、养分含量、基质电导率(EC)及2年造林效果的影响,为培育高质量苗木提供参考。[方法]以栓皮栎容器苗为研究对象,采用双因素完全随机试验设计,设置5个施肥水平(以N元素含量为基准,5个施肥水平分别为:25、75、125、175、225 mg·株~(-1))和2种灌溉方式(上方喷灌(O)、底部渗灌(S)),测定栓皮栎容器苗形态指标、养分含量、根系生长、基质EC值及连续2年造林效果。[结果]表明:(1)施肥量和灌溉方式二者对苗木形态指标影响存在交互效应,225-O处理的苗木地径、根生物量、单株生物量最大,但根生物量、单株生物量在225-O、125-S、175-O处理之间差异不显著。225-S处理的苗高、茎生物量、茎根比最大,茎生物量在225-S与225-O之间差异不显著。(2)苗木茎、根的氮磷钾浓度和含量随施肥量的增加而增大,施肥量125、175、225 mg·株~(-1)处理之间的根氮、磷含量及单株磷含量差异不显著。(3)增加施肥量促进苗木根系的生长,施肥量为125、175、225 mg·株~(-1)处理之间的根系表面积、体积差异不显著。(4)基质EC值随施肥量的增加而增大,底部渗灌显著提高了基质上层、下层的EC值,基质上层、下层的最大EC值分别为4. 69、0. 56d S·m-1,没有对苗木生长产生不利影响。(5)和上方喷灌相比,底部渗灌显著地促进造林第1年幼树的树高、地径生长;造林第1年、第2年的树高和地径均随施肥量的增加而增大,造林第2年,施肥量125、175、225 mg·株~(-1)处理之间的树高、地径差异不显著。[结论]底部渗灌提高了栓皮栎容器苗体内的养分含量,促进了造林第1年幼树树高、地径的生长。施加控释肥有利于苗期苗木质量的提高及造林后苗木的快速生长。综合考虑苗木质量、经济效益、环境利益,培育栓皮栎容器苗可选择底部渗灌和控释肥量为125 mg·株~(-1)的组合(以N元素含量为基准)。
[Objective]To investigate the effects of fertilizer rate and irrigation method on morphological attributes,nutrient status,medium electrical conductivity( EC) and 2-years' outplanting performance of containerized Quercus variabilis seedlings. [Method] Seedlings were raised with 5 fertilizer rates( 25,75,125,175,and 225 mg ·plant~(-1)) and 2 irrigation methods( overhead irrigation( O) and subirrigation( S)). The experiment was a two-factor completely randomize design. Morphological attributes,nutrient status,root growth,medium EC,and 2-years' outplanting performance were measured. [Result]Interaction of fertilizer rate and irrigation method significantly affected seedling growth. The root-collar diameter,root and total biomass of seedling reached maximum value with225-O treatment. There was no significant difference on root and total plant biomass among 225-O,125-S,and 175-O. The height,stem biomass,and S/R ratio of seedling reached maximum value with 225-S treatment. There was no significant difference on stem biomass among 225-S and 225-O. The nutrient concentration and content were improved with increasing fertilizer rate. There was no significant difference on root N,P content and total P content among 125,175,and 225 mg · plant~(-1). Increasing fertilizer rate promoted root growth. There was no significant difference on root surface area and volume among 125,175,and 225 mg·plant~(-1). Fertilization resulted in high medium EC. Subirrigation significantly increased medium EC in upper and bottom layer. The highest medium EC reached 4. 69 d S·m-1 but did not have harmful effect on seedlings. Subirrigation improved the height and root-collar diameter of seedlings 1 year after outplanting. 2 years after outplanting,the height and root-collar diameter of seedlings grew greatly with increasing fertilizer rate,but there was no significant difference on height and root-collar diameter of seedlings among 125,175,and 225 mg·plant~(-1). [Conclusion]Subirrigation improves nutrient content and 1-year's outplanting performance. Controlled-release fertilizer increased seedlings quality,and 2-years' outplanting performance. Considering seedling quality,economic benefits and environmental value,fertilizer rate of125 mg·plant~(-1) and subirrigation was the optimum combination for container seedling production of this species.
[Objective]To investigate the effects of fertilizer rate and irrigation method on morphological attributes,nutrient status,medium electrical conductivity( EC) and 2-years' outplanting performance of containerized Quercus variabilis seedlings. [Method] Seedlings were raised with 5 fertilizer rates( 25,75,125,175,and 225 mg ·plant~(-1)) and 2 irrigation methods( overhead irrigation( O) and subirrigation( S)). The experiment was a two-factor completely randomize design. Morphological attributes,nutrient status,root growth,medium EC,and 2-years' outplanting performance were measured. [Result]Interaction of fertilizer rate and irrigation method significantly affected seedling growth. The root-collar diameter,root and total biomass of seedling reached maximum value with225-O treatment. There was no significant difference on root and total plant biomass among 225-O,125-S,and 175-O. The height,stem biomass,and S/R ratio of seedling reached maximum value with 225-S treatment. There was no significant difference on stem biomass among 225-S and 225-O. The nutrient concentration and content were improved with increasing fertilizer rate. There was no significant difference on root N,P content and total P content among 125,175,and 225 mg · plant~(-1). Increasing fertilizer rate promoted root growth. There was no significant difference on root surface area and volume among 125,175,and 225 mg·plant~(-1). Fertilization resulted in high medium EC. Subirrigation significantly increased medium EC in upper and bottom layer. The highest medium EC reached 4. 69 d S·m-1 but did not have harmful effect on seedlings. Subirrigation improved the height and root-collar diameter of seedlings 1 year after outplanting. 2 years after outplanting,the height and root-collar diameter of seedlings grew greatly with increasing fertilizer rate,but there was no significant difference on height and root-collar diameter of seedlings among 125,175,and 225 mg·plant~(-1). [Conclusion]Subirrigation improves nutrient content and 1-year's outplanting performance. Controlled-release fertilizer increased seedlings quality,and 2-years' outplanting performance. Considering seedling quality,economic benefits and environmental value,fertilizer rate of125 mg·plant~(-1) and subirrigation was the optimum combination for container seedling production of this species.
引文
[1]Dey D C,Jacobs D F,Mc Nabb K,et al. Artificial regeneration of major oak(Quercus)species in the eastern United State-A review of three literature[J]. Forest Science,2008,54(1):77-106.
[2]祝燕,李国雷,刘勇,等.林木容器育苗底部渗灌技术研究现状与展望[J].世界林业研究,2013,26(5):47-52.
[3]刘勇.苗木质量调控理论与技术[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1999.
[4] Wilson E R,Vitols K C,Park A. Root characteristics and growth potential of container and bare-root seedlings of red oak(Quercus rubra L.)in Ontario,Canada[J]. New Forests,2007,34(2):163-176.
[5]Crunkilton D D,Pallardy S G,Garrett H E. Water relations and gas exchange of northern red oak seedlings planted in a central Missouri clearcut and shelterwood[J]. Forest Ecology and Management,1992,53(1-4):117-129.
[6]Oliet J A,Planeeles R,Artero F,et al. Field performance of Pinus halepensis planted in Mediterranean arid conditions:relative influence of seedling morphology and mineral nutrition[J]. New Forests,2009,37(3):313-331.
[7]Villar-Salvador P,Planelles R,Enriquez E,et al. Nursery cultivation regimes,plant functional attributes,and field performance relationships in the Mediterranean oak Quercus ilex L.[J]. Forest Ecology and Management,2004,196(2):257-266.
[8]Landis T D. Mineral nutrition as an index of seedling quality[M]//Duryea M L. Evaluating Seedling Quality:Principles,Procedures,and Predictive Abilities of Major Tests. Corvallis:Oregon State University,1985:29-48.
[9]Donald D G M. Nursery fertilization of conifer planting stock[M]//van den Driessche R. Mineral Nutrition of Conifer Seedlings. Boca Raton(Florida):CRS press,1991:135-168.
[10]Goertz H M. Controlled release technology[M]//Howe-Grant M.Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. New York:John Wiley&Sons Inc,1993:254-274.
[11] Schott K M,Snively A E K,Landhausser S M,et al. Nutrient loaded seedlings reduce the need for field fertilization and vegetation management on boreal forest reclamation sites[J]. New Forests,2016,47(3):393-410.
[12]Haase D L,Rose R,Trobaugh J. Field performance of three stock sizes of Douglas-fir container seedlings grown with slow-release fertilizer in the nursery growing medium[J]. New Forests,2006,31(1):1-24.
[13]Haase D L and Rose R. Symposium proceedings:Forest Seedling Nutrition from Nursery to Field[M]. Corvallis:Oregon State University,1997:166.
[14]Jacobs D F,Rose R,Haase D L. Development of Douglas-fir seedling root architecture in response to localized nutrient supply[J].Canadian Journal of Forest Research,2003,33(1):118-125.
[15] Juntunen M L,Hammar T,Rikala R. Nitrogen and phosphorus leaching and uptake by container birch seedlings(Betula pendula Roth)grown in three different fertilizations[J]. New Forests,2003,25(2):133-147.
[16]马松,许自成,苏永士,等.控释肥养分控释特性及其应用研究进展[J].江西农业学报,2010,22(4):69-72.
[17]魏红旭,徐程扬,马履一,等.缓释肥和有机肥对长白落叶松容器苗养分库构建的影响[J].应用生态学报,2011,22(7):1731-1736.
[18]祝燕,马履一,刘勇,等.控释氮肥对长白落叶松苗木生长的影响[J].南京林业大学学报:自然科学版,2011,35(1):24-28.
[19]付妍琳.控释肥释放模式和施肥量对不同苗龄油松苗木质量的影响[D].北京:北京林业大学,2016.
[20]王艺,王秀花,吴小林,等.缓释肥加载对浙江楠和闽楠容器苗生长和养分库构建的影响[J].林业科学,2013,49(12):57-63.
[21]肖遥,楚秀丽,王秀花,等.缓释肥加载对3种珍贵树种大规格容器苗生长和N、P库构建的影响[J].林业科学研究,2015,28(6):781-787.
[22]Dumroese K R,Jacobs D F,Davis A S,et al. An introduction to subirrigation in forest and conservation nurseries and some preliminary results of demonstrations[C]//Riley L E,Dumroese R K,Landis T D. National proceedings:Forest and Conservation Nursery Associations-2006. Fort Collins, CO:USDA, Forest Service,Rocky Mountain Research Station. Proc. RMRS-P-50,2007:20-26.
[23]罗伟祥,张文辉,黄一钊,等.中国栓皮栎[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2009.
[24]杨自立.栓皮栎播种苗水氮需求规律研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2011.
[25]毛海颖.栓皮栎需水规律及灌溉制度的研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2010.
[26]陈闯,刘勇,李国雷,等.底部渗灌灌水梯度对栓皮栎容器苗生长和养分状况的影响[J].林业科学,2015,51(7):21-27.
[27]李国雷,祝燕,蒋乐,等.指数施肥对栓皮栎容器苗生长和氮积累的影响[J].东北林业大学学报,2012,40(11):6-9.
[28]Dumroses R K,Montville M E,Pinto J R. Using container weights to determine irrigation needs:a simple method[J]. Native Plants Journal,2015,16(1):67-71.
[29]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2005.
[30]Bumgarner M L,Salifu K F,Mickelbart M V,et al. Effects of fertilization on media chemistry and Quercus rubra seedling development under subirrigation[J]. Hort Science,2015,50(3):454-460.
[31]Salifu K F and Timmer V R. Optimizing nitrogen loading of Picea mariana seedlings during nursery culture[J]. Canadian Journal of Forest Research,2003,33(7):1287-1294.
[32]Bumgarner M L,Salifu K F,Jacobs D F. Subirrigation of Quercus rubra seedlings:nursery stock quality,media chemistry,and early field performance[J]. Hort Science,2008,43(7):2179-2185.
[33]Davis A S,Jacobs D F,Overton R P,et al. Influence of irrigation method and container type on northern red oak seedling growth and media electrical conductivity[J]. Native Plants Journal,2008,9(1):4-13.
[34]Jacobs D F,Timmer V R. Fertilizer induced changes in rhizosphere electrical conductivity:relation to forest tree seedling root system growth and function[J]. New Forest,2005,30(2-3):147-166.
[35]Villar-Salvador P,Penuelas J L,Nicolas-Peragon J L,et al. Is nitrogen fertilization in the nursery a suitable tool for enhancing the performance of Mediterranean oak plantations[J]. New Forests,2013,44(5):733-751.
[36]Oliet J A,Salazar J M,Villar R,et al. Fall fertilization of Holm oak affects N and P dynamics,root growth potential,and postplanting phenology and growth[J]. Annals of forest science,2011,68(3):647-656.
[37]van den Driessche R. Changes in drought resistance and root growth capacity of container seedlings in response to nursery drought,nitrogen,and potassium treatments[J]. Canadian Journal of Forest Research,1992,22(5):740-749.
[38]Davis A S,Pinto J R,Jacobs D F. Early field performance of Acacia koa seedlings grown under subirrigation and overhead irrigation[J]. Native Plants Journal,2011b,12(2):94-99.
[39]Jackson D P,Dumroese R K,Barnett J P,et al. Container longleaf pine seedling morphology in response to varying rates of nitrogen fertilization in the nursery and subsequent growth after outplanting[C]//Riley L E,Dumroese R K,Landis T D. National Proceedings:Forest and Conservation Nursery Associations-2006. Fort Collins,CO:USDA,Forest Service,Rocky Mountain Research Station. Proc. RMRS-P-50,2007:114-119.
[40]Oliet J A,Puértolas J,Planelles R,et al. Nutrient loading of forest tree seedlings to promote stress resistance and field performance:a Mediterranean perspective[J]. New Forests,2013,44(5):649-669.
[2]祝燕,李国雷,刘勇,等.林木容器育苗底部渗灌技术研究现状与展望[J].世界林业研究,2013,26(5):47-52.
[3]刘勇.苗木质量调控理论与技术[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1999.
[4] Wilson E R,Vitols K C,Park A. Root characteristics and growth potential of container and bare-root seedlings of red oak(Quercus rubra L.)in Ontario,Canada[J]. New Forests,2007,34(2):163-176.
[5]Crunkilton D D,Pallardy S G,Garrett H E. Water relations and gas exchange of northern red oak seedlings planted in a central Missouri clearcut and shelterwood[J]. Forest Ecology and Management,1992,53(1-4):117-129.
[6]Oliet J A,Planeeles R,Artero F,et al. Field performance of Pinus halepensis planted in Mediterranean arid conditions:relative influence of seedling morphology and mineral nutrition[J]. New Forests,2009,37(3):313-331.
[7]Villar-Salvador P,Planelles R,Enriquez E,et al. Nursery cultivation regimes,plant functional attributes,and field performance relationships in the Mediterranean oak Quercus ilex L.[J]. Forest Ecology and Management,2004,196(2):257-266.
[8]Landis T D. Mineral nutrition as an index of seedling quality[M]//Duryea M L. Evaluating Seedling Quality:Principles,Procedures,and Predictive Abilities of Major Tests. Corvallis:Oregon State University,1985:29-48.
[9]Donald D G M. Nursery fertilization of conifer planting stock[M]//van den Driessche R. Mineral Nutrition of Conifer Seedlings. Boca Raton(Florida):CRS press,1991:135-168.
[10]Goertz H M. Controlled release technology[M]//Howe-Grant M.Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. New York:John Wiley&Sons Inc,1993:254-274.
[11] Schott K M,Snively A E K,Landhausser S M,et al. Nutrient loaded seedlings reduce the need for field fertilization and vegetation management on boreal forest reclamation sites[J]. New Forests,2016,47(3):393-410.
[12]Haase D L,Rose R,Trobaugh J. Field performance of three stock sizes of Douglas-fir container seedlings grown with slow-release fertilizer in the nursery growing medium[J]. New Forests,2006,31(1):1-24.
[13]Haase D L and Rose R. Symposium proceedings:Forest Seedling Nutrition from Nursery to Field[M]. Corvallis:Oregon State University,1997:166.
[14]Jacobs D F,Rose R,Haase D L. Development of Douglas-fir seedling root architecture in response to localized nutrient supply[J].Canadian Journal of Forest Research,2003,33(1):118-125.
[15] Juntunen M L,Hammar T,Rikala R. Nitrogen and phosphorus leaching and uptake by container birch seedlings(Betula pendula Roth)grown in three different fertilizations[J]. New Forests,2003,25(2):133-147.
[16]马松,许自成,苏永士,等.控释肥养分控释特性及其应用研究进展[J].江西农业学报,2010,22(4):69-72.
[17]魏红旭,徐程扬,马履一,等.缓释肥和有机肥对长白落叶松容器苗养分库构建的影响[J].应用生态学报,2011,22(7):1731-1736.
[18]祝燕,马履一,刘勇,等.控释氮肥对长白落叶松苗木生长的影响[J].南京林业大学学报:自然科学版,2011,35(1):24-28.
[19]付妍琳.控释肥释放模式和施肥量对不同苗龄油松苗木质量的影响[D].北京:北京林业大学,2016.
[20]王艺,王秀花,吴小林,等.缓释肥加载对浙江楠和闽楠容器苗生长和养分库构建的影响[J].林业科学,2013,49(12):57-63.
[21]肖遥,楚秀丽,王秀花,等.缓释肥加载对3种珍贵树种大规格容器苗生长和N、P库构建的影响[J].林业科学研究,2015,28(6):781-787.
[22]Dumroese K R,Jacobs D F,Davis A S,et al. An introduction to subirrigation in forest and conservation nurseries and some preliminary results of demonstrations[C]//Riley L E,Dumroese R K,Landis T D. National proceedings:Forest and Conservation Nursery Associations-2006. Fort Collins, CO:USDA, Forest Service,Rocky Mountain Research Station. Proc. RMRS-P-50,2007:20-26.
[23]罗伟祥,张文辉,黄一钊,等.中国栓皮栎[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2009.
[24]杨自立.栓皮栎播种苗水氮需求规律研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2011.
[25]毛海颖.栓皮栎需水规律及灌溉制度的研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2010.
[26]陈闯,刘勇,李国雷,等.底部渗灌灌水梯度对栓皮栎容器苗生长和养分状况的影响[J].林业科学,2015,51(7):21-27.
[27]李国雷,祝燕,蒋乐,等.指数施肥对栓皮栎容器苗生长和氮积累的影响[J].东北林业大学学报,2012,40(11):6-9.
[28]Dumroses R K,Montville M E,Pinto J R. Using container weights to determine irrigation needs:a simple method[J]. Native Plants Journal,2015,16(1):67-71.
[29]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2005.
[30]Bumgarner M L,Salifu K F,Mickelbart M V,et al. Effects of fertilization on media chemistry and Quercus rubra seedling development under subirrigation[J]. Hort Science,2015,50(3):454-460.
[31]Salifu K F and Timmer V R. Optimizing nitrogen loading of Picea mariana seedlings during nursery culture[J]. Canadian Journal of Forest Research,2003,33(7):1287-1294.
[32]Bumgarner M L,Salifu K F,Jacobs D F. Subirrigation of Quercus rubra seedlings:nursery stock quality,media chemistry,and early field performance[J]. Hort Science,2008,43(7):2179-2185.
[33]Davis A S,Jacobs D F,Overton R P,et al. Influence of irrigation method and container type on northern red oak seedling growth and media electrical conductivity[J]. Native Plants Journal,2008,9(1):4-13.
[34]Jacobs D F,Timmer V R. Fertilizer induced changes in rhizosphere electrical conductivity:relation to forest tree seedling root system growth and function[J]. New Forest,2005,30(2-3):147-166.
[35]Villar-Salvador P,Penuelas J L,Nicolas-Peragon J L,et al. Is nitrogen fertilization in the nursery a suitable tool for enhancing the performance of Mediterranean oak plantations[J]. New Forests,2013,44(5):733-751.
[36]Oliet J A,Salazar J M,Villar R,et al. Fall fertilization of Holm oak affects N and P dynamics,root growth potential,and postplanting phenology and growth[J]. Annals of forest science,2011,68(3):647-656.
[37]van den Driessche R. Changes in drought resistance and root growth capacity of container seedlings in response to nursery drought,nitrogen,and potassium treatments[J]. Canadian Journal of Forest Research,1992,22(5):740-749.
[38]Davis A S,Pinto J R,Jacobs D F. Early field performance of Acacia koa seedlings grown under subirrigation and overhead irrigation[J]. Native Plants Journal,2011b,12(2):94-99.
[39]Jackson D P,Dumroese R K,Barnett J P,et al. Container longleaf pine seedling morphology in response to varying rates of nitrogen fertilization in the nursery and subsequent growth after outplanting[C]//Riley L E,Dumroese R K,Landis T D. National Proceedings:Forest and Conservation Nursery Associations-2006. Fort Collins,CO:USDA,Forest Service,Rocky Mountain Research Station. Proc. RMRS-P-50,2007:114-119.
[40]Oliet J A,Puértolas J,Planelles R,et al. Nutrient loading of forest tree seedlings to promote stress resistance and field performance:a Mediterranean perspective[J]. New Forests,2013,44(5):649-669.