城市扩张对地表能量平衡的影响:以厦门为例
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摘要
城市扩张与城市地表能量平衡的关系是研究城市气候的关键问题之一。该研究利用2000、2005、2011和2015年4期Landsat数据和对应卫星过境时刻的气象数据,借助土地利用转移矩阵方法,开展了厦门市近15年来城市扩张对地表能量平衡影响的分析。结果表明:(1)研究区近15年来耕地数量持续减少,林地和建设用地数量持续增加;裸地最容易变为其他土地利用类型,同时其他土地利用类型也最容易撂荒;建设用地主要由耕地转化而来,耕地主要转化为林地和建设用地。(2)地表通量的分布和大小与土地利用类型密切相关,其中水体和林地具有较高的净辐射和潜热通量,建设用地具有较高的显热通量、土壤热通量和人为热排放。(3)城市扩张引起地表反照率、地表粗糙度、热容量和透水能力等等的变化,使得潜热通量减少,而显热通量、土壤热通量和人为热排放增加。除了裸地以外,2000-2015年间其余4种土地利用类型变为建设用地时,净辐射是减少的。当裸地变为建设用地时,净辐射一直是增加的。
The relationship between urban expansion and urban surface energy balance is one of the key problems in the study of urban climate. This study have analyzed the impact of urban expansion on the surface energy balance in the last 15 years, based on a land use transfer matrix method and a heat-balance model using satellite remote sensing and ground meteorological data. Based on four Landsat remote sensing images on 2000, 2005, 2011 and 2015, combined with the This method was applied to Landsat TM and OLI/TIRS data for the daytime during 2000, 2005, 2011 and 2015 in Xiamen City.The results show that:(1) The agriculture area in Xiamen City has been decreasing continuously in the past 15 years, the forest and urban area has been increasing. The change rate of bare land is the highest, followed by the urban. The urban was mainly converted from agriculture, and the farmland was mainly converted into forest and urban.(2) The water and woodland have higher net radiation and latent heat flux, and the construction land has high sensible heat flux, soil heat flux and anthropogenic thermal emission.(3) The distribution and size of surface fluxes were closely related to the land use types, in which water and forest have high net radiation and latent heat flux, and the urban has high sensible heat flux, soil heat flux and anthropogenic heat discharge.(3) The change of surface albedo, surface roughness, heat capacity and water permeability caused by urban expansion leaded to the decrease of latent heat flux, and the increase of sensible heat flux, soil heat flux and anthropogenic heat discharge. In addition to the bare land, net radiation was reduced when the remaining four types of land use were converted to urban during 2000 to 2015. NET radiation has been increasing as the bare land becomes urban.
The relationship between urban expansion and urban surface energy balance is one of the key problems in the study of urban climate. This study have analyzed the impact of urban expansion on the surface energy balance in the last 15 years, based on a land use transfer matrix method and a heat-balance model using satellite remote sensing and ground meteorological data. Based on four Landsat remote sensing images on 2000, 2005, 2011 and 2015, combined with the This method was applied to Landsat TM and OLI/TIRS data for the daytime during 2000, 2005, 2011 and 2015 in Xiamen City.The results show that:(1) The agriculture area in Xiamen City has been decreasing continuously in the past 15 years, the forest and urban area has been increasing. The change rate of bare land is the highest, followed by the urban. The urban was mainly converted from agriculture, and the farmland was mainly converted into forest and urban.(2) The water and woodland have higher net radiation and latent heat flux, and the construction land has high sensible heat flux, soil heat flux and anthropogenic thermal emission.(3) The distribution and size of surface fluxes were closely related to the land use types, in which water and forest have high net radiation and latent heat flux, and the urban has high sensible heat flux, soil heat flux and anthropogenic heat discharge.(3) The change of surface albedo, surface roughness, heat capacity and water permeability caused by urban expansion leaded to the decrease of latent heat flux, and the increase of sensible heat flux, soil heat flux and anthropogenic heat discharge. In addition to the bare land, net radiation was reduced when the remaining four types of land use were converted to urban during 2000 to 2015. NET radiation has been increasing as the bare land becomes urban.
引文
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[18]Liang SL.Narrowband to broadband conversions of land surface albedo I:Algorithms[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2001,76(2):213-238.
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[20]Loveland TR,Merchant JW,Ohlen DO,et al.Development of a land-cover characteristics database for the conterminous United States[J].Photogrammetric Engineering&Remote Sensing,1991,57(11):1453-1463.
[21]Sobrino JA,Raissouni N,Li ZL.A comparative study of land surface emissivity retrieval from NOAA Data[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2001,75(2):256-266.
[22]Brutsaert W.Evaporation into the atmosphere:theory,history,and applications[M].D.Reidel Publishing Company,1982.
[23]Coll C,Galve JM,Sanchez JM,et al.Validation of Landsat-7/ETM+thermal-band calibration and atmospheric correction with ground-based measurements[J].IEEE Transactions on Geoscience&Remote Sensing,2010,48(1):547-555.
[24]Kotoda K.Estimation of river basin evapotranspiration from consideration of topographies and land use conditions[J].IAHS Publ,1989,177:271-281.
[25]Anandakumar K.A study on the partition of net radiation into heat fluxes on a dry asphalt surface[J].Atmospheric Environment,1999,33(24):3911-3918.
[26]马宏伟.石羊河流域蒸散发遥感反演及生态需水研究[D].兰州:兰州大学,2011.
[27]Allan R G,Pereira L S,Raes D,et al.Crop Evapotranspiration:Guidelines for Computing Crop Water Requirements[S].FAO,1998:56.
[28]Xu W,Wooster MJ,Grimmond CSB.Modelling of urban sensible heat flux at multiple spatial scales:a demonstration using airborne hyperspectral imagery of Shanghai and a temperature-emissivity separation approach[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2008,112(9):3493-3510.
[29]敬书珍.基于遥感的地表特性对地表水热通量的影响研究[D].北京:清华大学,2009.Jing S Z.Impact of Land Use/cover Properties on Land Surface Water/heat Fluxes Using Remote Sensing[D].Beijing:Tsinghua University,2009.
[30]Nishida K,Nemani RR,Running SW,et al.An operational remote sensing algorithm of land surface evaporation[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,2003,108(D9).
[31]江晓燕,张朝林,高华,等.城市下垫面反照率变化对北京市热岛过程的影响:个例分析[J].气象学报,2007,65(2):301-307.
[32]Oke T R,Spronken-Smith R A,Jáuregui E,et al.The energy balance of central Mexico City during the dry season[J].Atmospheric Environment,1999,33(24/25):3919-3930.
[33]Man S W,Yang J,Nichol J,et al.Modeling of Anthropogenic heat flux using HJ-1B Chinese small satellite image:a study of heterogeneous urbanized areas in Hong Kong[J].IEEE Geoscience&Remote Sensing Letters,2015,12(7):1466-1470.
[2]Turner B L,Lambin E F,Reenberg A.The emergence of land change science for global environmental change and sustainability[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2007,104(52):20666-20671.
[3]Mabuchi K,Sato Y,Kida H.Climatic impact of vegetation change in the Asian tropical region.Part I:Case of the northern hemisphere summer[J].Journal of Climate,1911,18(3):410-428.
[4]Mabuchi K.Climatic impact of vegetation change in the Asian tropical region.PartⅡ:Case of the northern hemisphere winter and impact on the extratropical circulation[J].Journal of Climate,2003,18(3):429-446.
[5]Hansen J,Nazarenko L,Ruedy R,et al.Earth's energy imbalance:Confirmation and implications[J].Science,2005,308(5727):1431-1435.
[6]Kueppers L M,Snyder M A.Influence of irrigated agriculture on diurnal surface energy and water fluxes,surface climate,and atmospheric circulation in California[J].Climate Dynamics,2012,38(5/6):1017-1029.
[7]Deng X,Shi Q,Zhang Q,et al.Impacts of land use and land cover changes on surface energy and water balance in the Heihe River Basin of China,2000-2010[J].Physics and Chemistry of the Earth,Parts A/B/C,2015,79:2-10.
[8]李婧华,陈海山,华文剑.大尺度土地利用变化对东亚地表能量、水分循环及气候影响的敏感性试验[J].大气科学学报,2013,36(2):184-191.Li Jinghua,Chen Haishan,Hua Wenjian.Sensitivity experiments on impacts of large-scale land use change on surface energy balance,hydrological cycle and regional climate over East Asia[J].Trans Atmos Sci,2013,36(2):184-191.
[9]刘凤山,张贺,柏会子,等.吉林省LUCC对地表能量分配的影响[J].干旱区资源与环境,2016(5).Liu Fengshan,Zhang He,Bo Huizi,et al.The effects of LUCC on surface energy partitioning in Jilin Province[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2016(5).
[10]匡文慧.城市土地利用时空信息数字重建、分析与模拟[M].北京:科学出版社,2012.Kuang Wenhui.Digital Reconstruction,Analysis and Simulation of Urban Land Use Spatio-temporal Information[M].Beijing:Science Press,2012.
[11]Arnfield A J.Two decades of urban climate research:A review of turbulence,exchanges of energy and water,and the urban heat island[J].Int J Climatol,2003,23:1-26
[12]崔耀平,刘纪远,胡云锋,等.城市不同下垫面辐射平衡的模拟分析[J].科学通报,2012,57(6):465-473.
[13]唐婷,冉圣宏,谈明洪.京津唐地区城市扩张对地表蒸散发的影响[J].地球信息科学学报,2013,15(2):233-240.Tang Ting,Ran Shenghong,Tan Minghong.Urbanization and its impact on the evapotranspiration in Beijing-TianjinTangshan area[J].Journal of Geo-Information Science,2013,15(2):233-240.
[14]厦门市统计局.2016年厦门经济特区年鉴[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2016.Xiamen Bureau of Statistics.2016 Year Book of Xiamen Special Economic Zone[M].Beijing:China Statistics Press,China,2016.
[15]Zhou Y,Weng Q,Gurney KR,et al.Estimation of the relationship between remotely sensed anthropogenic heat discharge and building energy use[J].ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing,2012,67:65-72.
[16]Kato S,Yamaguchi Y.Analysis of urban heat-island effect using ASTER and ETM+Data:Separation of anthropogenic heat discharge and natural heat radiation from sensible heat flux[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2005,99(1):44-54.
[17]权维俊,陈洪滨,郭文利,等.两种反演地表净太阳辐射的参数化模式在北京地区的比较[J].气象学报,2009(4):623-630.Quan Weijun,Chen Hongbin,Guo Wenli,et al.Net surface solar radiation over Beijing area derived by two parameterization models:A comparison[J].Acta Meteorologica Sinica,2009(4):623-630.
[18]Liang SL.Narrowband to broadband conversions of land surface albedo I:Algorithms[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2001,76(2):213-238.
[19]覃志豪,李文娟,徐斌,等.陆地卫星TM6波段范围内地表比辐射率的估计[J].国土资源遥感,2004,16(3):28-32.Qin Zhihao,Li Wenjuan,Xu Bin,et al.The estimation of land surface emissivity for Landsat TM 6[J].Remote Sensing for Land&Resource,2004,16(3):28-32.
[20]Loveland TR,Merchant JW,Ohlen DO,et al.Development of a land-cover characteristics database for the conterminous United States[J].Photogrammetric Engineering&Remote Sensing,1991,57(11):1453-1463.
[21]Sobrino JA,Raissouni N,Li ZL.A comparative study of land surface emissivity retrieval from NOAA Data[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2001,75(2):256-266.
[22]Brutsaert W.Evaporation into the atmosphere:theory,history,and applications[M].D.Reidel Publishing Company,1982.
[23]Coll C,Galve JM,Sanchez JM,et al.Validation of Landsat-7/ETM+thermal-band calibration and atmospheric correction with ground-based measurements[J].IEEE Transactions on Geoscience&Remote Sensing,2010,48(1):547-555.
[24]Kotoda K.Estimation of river basin evapotranspiration from consideration of topographies and land use conditions[J].IAHS Publ,1989,177:271-281.
[25]Anandakumar K.A study on the partition of net radiation into heat fluxes on a dry asphalt surface[J].Atmospheric Environment,1999,33(24):3911-3918.
[26]马宏伟.石羊河流域蒸散发遥感反演及生态需水研究[D].兰州:兰州大学,2011.
[27]Allan R G,Pereira L S,Raes D,et al.Crop Evapotranspiration:Guidelines for Computing Crop Water Requirements[S].FAO,1998:56.
[28]Xu W,Wooster MJ,Grimmond CSB.Modelling of urban sensible heat flux at multiple spatial scales:a demonstration using airborne hyperspectral imagery of Shanghai and a temperature-emissivity separation approach[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2008,112(9):3493-3510.
[29]敬书珍.基于遥感的地表特性对地表水热通量的影响研究[D].北京:清华大学,2009.Jing S Z.Impact of Land Use/cover Properties on Land Surface Water/heat Fluxes Using Remote Sensing[D].Beijing:Tsinghua University,2009.
[30]Nishida K,Nemani RR,Running SW,et al.An operational remote sensing algorithm of land surface evaporation[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,2003,108(D9).
[31]江晓燕,张朝林,高华,等.城市下垫面反照率变化对北京市热岛过程的影响:个例分析[J].气象学报,2007,65(2):301-307.
[32]Oke T R,Spronken-Smith R A,Jáuregui E,et al.The energy balance of central Mexico City during the dry season[J].Atmospheric Environment,1999,33(24/25):3919-3930.
[33]Man S W,Yang J,Nichol J,et al.Modeling of Anthropogenic heat flux using HJ-1B Chinese small satellite image:a study of heterogeneous urbanized areas in Hong Kong[J].IEEE Geoscience&Remote Sensing Letters,2015,12(7):1466-1470.