利用热带太平洋关键区海表面盐度指标区分两类厄尔尼诺
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摘要
文章利用强化海洋数据(enhanceoceandata,简称EN4.4.1.f)1980—2016年的再分析逐月资料,根据海表盐度异常(SSSA)指标,找出与厄尔尼诺关系最为重要和密切的盐度变化区域,并区分两类厄尔尼诺。利用海表面温度作为两类厄尔尼诺的时间相关系数指标,通过研究其水平分布发现:在热带太平洋存在着多个能指示两类厄尔尼诺的盐度变化区域,在东部(EP)型厄尔尼诺时期,最显著的SSSA关键区主要出现在日界线附近的西太平洋暖池区域东边缘,并以赤道和日界线为轴线呈中心对称分布;而在中部(CP)型时期,关键区在日界线以西的赤道太平洋,且在日界线以东的SSSA分布则呈现沿赤道的经向非对称性,这种非对称性在东南太平洋出现了与EP型厄尔尼诺时期相比更为显著不同的正SSSA关键区。文章以此找到关键区域中能够较好代表并区分两类厄尔尼诺的区域,对挑选出的多个关键区进行有机组合,定义了一组以SSSA为指标进行有效区分两类厄尔尼诺的方法,并以此指数对近年来发生的两类厄尔尼诺进行合理再现。
In this paper, the sea surface salinity anomaly(SSSA) index from the EN4 reanalysis data during 1980?2016 is used to distinguish two types of El Ni?o. We identify the salinity variation region which has a close contact with two types of El Ni?o in the tropical Pacific. We demonstrate that salinity time series in different boxes are related sea surface temperature variation, and can indicate two types of El Ni?o. Depending on the key salinity field contrast of their correlation coefficient of temporal and horizontal distribution. Evidently, the region of SSS field is mainly located in the equatorial region with symmetric distribution in the western tropical Pacific during the eastern Pacific(EP) El Ni?o. One significant region of SSS field is migrated westward, another skewing southward east of the dateline as asymmetric distribution during the central Pacific El Ni?o, which is different from the EP El Ni?o. Based on these characteristics, we find key areas of an index that represents two types of El Ni?o and distinguishes them. Finally, we use this index to reproduce recent El Ni?o events.
In this paper, the sea surface salinity anomaly(SSSA) index from the EN4 reanalysis data during 1980?2016 is used to distinguish two types of El Ni?o. We identify the salinity variation region which has a close contact with two types of El Ni?o in the tropical Pacific. We demonstrate that salinity time series in different boxes are related sea surface temperature variation, and can indicate two types of El Ni?o. Depending on the key salinity field contrast of their correlation coefficient of temporal and horizontal distribution. Evidently, the region of SSS field is mainly located in the equatorial region with symmetric distribution in the western tropical Pacific during the eastern Pacific(EP) El Ni?o. One significant region of SSS field is migrated westward, another skewing southward east of the dateline as asymmetric distribution during the central Pacific El Ni?o, which is different from the EP El Ni?o. Based on these characteristics, we find key areas of an index that represents two types of El Ni?o and distinguishes them. Finally, we use this index to reproduce recent El Ni?o events.
引文
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GIESE B S,SEIDEL H F,COMPO G P,et al,2016.An ensemble of ocean reanalyses for 1815-2013 with sparse observational input[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,121(9):6891-6910.
GUAN BIN,NIGAM S,2008.Pacific sea surface temperatures in the twentieth century:an evolution-centric analysis of variability and trend[J].Journal of Climate,21(12):2790-2809.
HARRISON D E,LARKIN N K,1998.El Ni?o?Southern Oscillation sea surface temperature and wind anomalies,1946-1993[J].Reviews of Geophysics,36(3):353-399.
HASSON A E A,DELCROIX T,DUSSIN R,2013.An assessment of the mixed layer salinity budget in the tropical Pacific Ocean.Observations and modelling(1990-2009)[J].Ocean Dynamics,63(2-3):179-194.
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INGLEBY B,HUDDLESTON M,2007.Quality control of ocean temperature and salinity profiles-Historical and real-time data[J].Journal of Marine Systems,65(1-4):158-175.
KAO H-Y,YU JINYI,2009.Contrasting eastern-Pacific and central-Pacific types of ENSO[J].Journal of Climate,22(3):615-632.
KIM H-M,WEBSTER P J,CURRY J A,2009.Impact of shifting patterns of Pacific Ocean warming on North Atlantic tropical cyclones[J].Science,325(5936):77-80.
KUG J-S,JIN FEIFEI,AN S-I,2009.Two types of El Ni?o events:cold tongue El Ni?o and warm pool El Ni?o[J].Journal of Climate,22(6):1499-1515.
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LEE T,MCPHADEN M J,2010.Increasing intensity of El Ni?o in the central-equatorial Pacific[J].Geophysical Research Letters,37(14):doi:10.1029/2010GL044007.
LI YUANLONG,WANG FAN,HAN WEIQING,2013.Interannual sea surface salinity variations observed in the tropical North Pacific Ocean[J].Geophysical Research Letters,40(10):2194-2199.
LUKAS R,LINDSTROM E,1991.The mixed layer of the western equatorial Pacific Ocean[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,96(S01):3343-3357.
MAES C,PICAUT J,BELAMARI S,2005.Importance of the salinity barrier layer for the buildup of El Ni?o[J].Journal of Climate,18(1):104-118.
MCPHADEN M J,2015.Playing hide and seek with El Ni?o[J].Nature Climate Change,5(9):791-795.
MENKES C E,LENGAIGNE M,VIALARD J,et al,2014.About the role of westerly wind events in the possible development of an El Ni?o in 2014[J].Geophysical Research Letters,41(18):6476-6483.
NEWMAN M,SHIN S-I,ALEXANDER M A,2011.Natural variation in ENSO flavors[J].Geophysical Research Letters,38(14):doi:10.1029/2011GL047658.
PICAUT J,IOUALALEN M,MENKES C,et al,1996.Mechanism of the zonal displacements of the Pacific warm pool:implications for ENSO[J].Science,274(5292):1486-1489.
QU TANGDONG,YU JINYI,2014.ENSO indices from sea surface salinity observed by Aquarius and Argo[J].Journal of Oceanography,70(4):367-375.
RASMUSSON E M,CARPENTER T H,1982.Variations in tropical sea surface temperature and surface wind fields associated with the Southern Oscillation/El Ni?o[J].Monthly Weather Review,110(5):354-384.
SINGH A,DELCROIX T,CRAVATTE S,2011.Contrasting the flavors of El Ni?o-southern oscillation using sea surface salinity observations[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,116(C6):doi:10.1029/2010JC006862.
TRENBERTH K E,1997.The definition of El Ni?o[J].Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society,78(12):2771-2778.
WANG BIN,1995.Interdecadal changes in El Ni?o onset in the last four decades[J].Journal of Climate,8(2):267-285.
WENG HENGYI,BEHERA S K,YAMAGATA T,2009.Anomalous winter climate conditions in the Pacific Rim during recent El Ni?o Modoki and El Ni?o events[J].Climate Dynamics,32(5):663-674.
WITTENBERG A T,ROSATI A,LAU N-C,et al,2006.GFDL’s CM2 global coupled climate models.Part III:tropical Pacific climate and ENSO[J].Journal of Climate,19(5):698-722.
XIANG BAOQIANG,WANG BIN,LI T,2013.A new paradigm for the predominance of standing central Pacific Warming after the late 1990s[J].Climate Dynamics,41(2):327-340.
XU KANG,ZHU CONGWEN,HE JINHAI,2012.Linkage between the dominant modes in Pacific subsurface ocean temperature and the two type ENSO events[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,57(26):3491-3496.
YU JINYI,KAO H-Y,2007.Decadal changes of ENSOpersistence barrier in SST and ocean heat content indices:1958-2001[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,112(D13):doi:10.1029/2006JD007654.
YU JINYI,KAO H-Y,LEE T,2010.Subtropics-related interannual sea surface temperature variability in the central equatorial Pacific[J].Journal of Climate,23(11):2869-2884.
ZENG LILI,DU YAN,XIE SHANGPING,2009.Barrier layer in the South China Sea during summer 2000[J].Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans,47(1-3):38-54.
ZHENG FEI,WAN LIYING,WANG HUI,2012.Distinguished effects of interannual salinity variability on the development of the central-Pacific El Ni?o events[J].Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters,5(2):123-127.
ZHENG FEI,ZHANG RONGHUA,2015.Interannually varying salinity effects on ENSO in the tropical Pacific:a diagnostic analysis from Argo[J].Ocean Dynamics,65(5):691-705.
ASHOK K,BEHERA S K,RAO S A,et al,2007.El Ni?o Modoki and its possible teleconnection[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,112(C11):C11007,doi:10.1029/2006JC003798.
ASHOK K,YAMAGATA T,2009.Climate change:the El Ni?o with a difference[J].Nature,461(7263):481-484.
BJERKNES J,1969.Atmospheric teleconnections from the equatorial Pacific[J].Monthly Weather Review,97(3):163-172.
BOSC C,DELCROIX T,MAES C,2009.Barrier layer variability in the western Pacific warm pool from 2000 to 2007[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,114(C6):C06023,doi:10.1029/2008JC005187.
CRAVATTE S,DELCROIX T,ZHANG DONGXIAO,et al,2009.Observed freshening and warming of the western Pacific warm pool[J].Climate Dynamics,33(4):565-589.
DELCROIX T,1998.Observed surface oceanic and atmospheric variability in the tropical Pacific at seasonal and ENSOtimescales:a tentative overview[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,103(C9):18611-18633.
ELDIN G,RODIE M,RADENAC M H,1997.Physical and nutrient variability in the upper equatorial Pacific associated with westerly wind forcing and wave activity in October 1994[J].Deep Sea Research Part II:Topical Studies in Oceanography,44(9-10):1783-1800.
FEDOROV A V,PACANOWSKI R C,PHILANDER S G,et al,2004.The effect of salinity on the wind-driven circulation and the thermal structure of the upper ocean[J].Journal of Physical Oceanography,34(9):1949-1966.
GALPERIN B,KANTHA L H,HASSID S,et al,1988.Aquasi-equilibrium turbulent energy model for geophysical flows[J].Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,45(1):55-62.
GIESE B S,SEIDEL H F,COMPO G P,et al,2016.An ensemble of ocean reanalyses for 1815-2013 with sparse observational input[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,121(9):6891-6910.
GUAN BIN,NIGAM S,2008.Pacific sea surface temperatures in the twentieth century:an evolution-centric analysis of variability and trend[J].Journal of Climate,21(12):2790-2809.
HARRISON D E,LARKIN N K,1998.El Ni?o?Southern Oscillation sea surface temperature and wind anomalies,1946-1993[J].Reviews of Geophysics,36(3):353-399.
HASSON A E A,DELCROIX T,DUSSIN R,2013.An assessment of the mixed layer salinity budget in the tropical Pacific Ocean.Observations and modelling(1990-2009)[J].Ocean Dynamics,63(2-3):179-194.
HUANG BOYIN,XUE YAN,BEHRINGER D W,2008.Impacts of Argo salinity in NCEP global ocean data assimilation system:the tropical Indian Ocean[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,113(C8):C08002,doi:10.1029/2007JC004388.
INGLEBY B,HUDDLESTON M,2007.Quality control of ocean temperature and salinity profiles-Historical and real-time data[J].Journal of Marine Systems,65(1-4):158-175.
KAO H-Y,YU JINYI,2009.Contrasting eastern-Pacific and central-Pacific types of ENSO[J].Journal of Climate,22(3):615-632.
KIM H-M,WEBSTER P J,CURRY J A,2009.Impact of shifting patterns of Pacific Ocean warming on North Atlantic tropical cyclones[J].Science,325(5936):77-80.
KUG J-S,JIN FEIFEI,AN S-I,2009.Two types of El Ni?o events:cold tongue El Ni?o and warm pool El Ni?o[J].Journal of Climate,22(6):1499-1515.
LAGERLOEF G S E,2002.Introduction to the special section:The role of surface salinity on upper ocean dynamics,air-sea interaction and climate[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,107(C12):doi:10.1029/2002JC001669.
LARKIN N K,HARRISON D E,2005.On the definition of El Ni?o and associated seasonal average U.S.weather anomalies[J].Geophysical Research Letters,32(13):L13705.
LEE T,MCPHADEN M J,2010.Increasing intensity of El Ni?o in the central-equatorial Pacific[J].Geophysical Research Letters,37(14):doi:10.1029/2010GL044007.
LI YUANLONG,WANG FAN,HAN WEIQING,2013.Interannual sea surface salinity variations observed in the tropical North Pacific Ocean[J].Geophysical Research Letters,40(10):2194-2199.
LUKAS R,LINDSTROM E,1991.The mixed layer of the western equatorial Pacific Ocean[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,96(S01):3343-3357.
MAES C,PICAUT J,BELAMARI S,2005.Importance of the salinity barrier layer for the buildup of El Ni?o[J].Journal of Climate,18(1):104-118.
MCPHADEN M J,2015.Playing hide and seek with El Ni?o[J].Nature Climate Change,5(9):791-795.
MENKES C E,LENGAIGNE M,VIALARD J,et al,2014.About the role of westerly wind events in the possible development of an El Ni?o in 2014[J].Geophysical Research Letters,41(18):6476-6483.
NEWMAN M,SHIN S-I,ALEXANDER M A,2011.Natural variation in ENSO flavors[J].Geophysical Research Letters,38(14):doi:10.1029/2011GL047658.
PICAUT J,IOUALALEN M,MENKES C,et al,1996.Mechanism of the zonal displacements of the Pacific warm pool:implications for ENSO[J].Science,274(5292):1486-1489.
QU TANGDONG,YU JINYI,2014.ENSO indices from sea surface salinity observed by Aquarius and Argo[J].Journal of Oceanography,70(4):367-375.
RASMUSSON E M,CARPENTER T H,1982.Variations in tropical sea surface temperature and surface wind fields associated with the Southern Oscillation/El Ni?o[J].Monthly Weather Review,110(5):354-384.
SINGH A,DELCROIX T,CRAVATTE S,2011.Contrasting the flavors of El Ni?o-southern oscillation using sea surface salinity observations[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,116(C6):doi:10.1029/2010JC006862.
TRENBERTH K E,1997.The definition of El Ni?o[J].Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society,78(12):2771-2778.
WANG BIN,1995.Interdecadal changes in El Ni?o onset in the last four decades[J].Journal of Climate,8(2):267-285.
WENG HENGYI,BEHERA S K,YAMAGATA T,2009.Anomalous winter climate conditions in the Pacific Rim during recent El Ni?o Modoki and El Ni?o events[J].Climate Dynamics,32(5):663-674.
WITTENBERG A T,ROSATI A,LAU N-C,et al,2006.GFDL’s CM2 global coupled climate models.Part III:tropical Pacific climate and ENSO[J].Journal of Climate,19(5):698-722.
XIANG BAOQIANG,WANG BIN,LI T,2013.A new paradigm for the predominance of standing central Pacific Warming after the late 1990s[J].Climate Dynamics,41(2):327-340.
XU KANG,ZHU CONGWEN,HE JINHAI,2012.Linkage between the dominant modes in Pacific subsurface ocean temperature and the two type ENSO events[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,57(26):3491-3496.
YU JINYI,KAO H-Y,2007.Decadal changes of ENSOpersistence barrier in SST and ocean heat content indices:1958-2001[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,112(D13):doi:10.1029/2006JD007654.
YU JINYI,KAO H-Y,LEE T,2010.Subtropics-related interannual sea surface temperature variability in the central equatorial Pacific[J].Journal of Climate,23(11):2869-2884.
ZENG LILI,DU YAN,XIE SHANGPING,2009.Barrier layer in the South China Sea during summer 2000[J].Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans,47(1-3):38-54.
ZHENG FEI,WAN LIYING,WANG HUI,2012.Distinguished effects of interannual salinity variability on the development of the central-Pacific El Ni?o events[J].Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters,5(2):123-127.
ZHENG FEI,ZHANG RONGHUA,2015.Interannually varying salinity effects on ENSO in the tropical Pacific:a diagnostic analysis from Argo[J].Ocean Dynamics,65(5):691-705.