社会分层视角下广州职住空间失配的趋势演化
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摘要
区别于一般意义上的职住总量平衡,在城市多中心体系发育不完善的背景下,结构性的居住—就业组合问题更为隐蔽,其负面影响也更为广泛而深刻。基于社会分层视角,整合居住人口、企业从业人口的空间数据,开展广州城市职住人口分布、不同职业群体的交通特征及社会隔离、职住均衡度等多维分析。研究发现,广州职、住人口均集中于城市主城区和外围各中心地段;中心地段既是峰值人口密度分布地,也是多元融合区域,但以行业累计的职住失配程度也相对较大,呈现由内向外递减的趋势;相对于较低职业阶层人口,较高职业层级的人口主要集聚于市中心;城市空间结构具有城市主城区就业比重高而外围居住比重高的特点,由此进一步提炼广州职住匹配演化的社会分层空间模式。城市职住匹配的关键在于完善外围次级中心的就业吸纳能力和设施服务能力,一方面满足市民对于便捷交通、职住均衡的诉求,另一方面推动城市多中心培育,从空间维度完善城市功能组合关系。
In the context that the multi-center urban system is not well developed, different from the total jobs-housing balance in the general sense, the structural jobs-housing issues are more subtle and the corresponding negative impacts are more extensive and profound. From the perspective of social differentiation, integrating the spatial data of resident population and enterprise employment population, this paper analyzes the distribution of living and working populations in Guangzhou, the traffic characteristics and social isolation of different occupational groups, the jobs-housing balance degree, and so on. The research finds that, the living and working populations tend to distribute in the central city as well as the central parts of the peripheral areas in Guangzhou. The central areas have the highest population density and integrate various factors. However, the jobs-housing mismatch degree based on industry accumulation is relatively higher and shows a trend of gradual decrease from inside to outside. Compared with the distribution of the population with a lower occupational status, the distribution of that with a higher occupational status is mainly in the city center. In addition, the urban spatial structure is characterized by a high proportion of employment in the central city and a high proportion of living in the peripheral areas, based on which the paper puts forward the social differentiation spatial mode for the evolution of jobs-housing matching in Guangzhou. The paper points out that the key to jobs-housing matching in cities lies in improving the ability of peripheral secondary centers in providing employment opportunities and service facilities. On the one hand, it should meet the people's needs for convenient transportation and jobs-housing balance; on the other hand, it should promote the multi-center development in cities and improve the combination of urban functions from the spatial dimension.
In the context that the multi-center urban system is not well developed, different from the total jobs-housing balance in the general sense, the structural jobs-housing issues are more subtle and the corresponding negative impacts are more extensive and profound. From the perspective of social differentiation, integrating the spatial data of resident population and enterprise employment population, this paper analyzes the distribution of living and working populations in Guangzhou, the traffic characteristics and social isolation of different occupational groups, the jobs-housing balance degree, and so on. The research finds that, the living and working populations tend to distribute in the central city as well as the central parts of the peripheral areas in Guangzhou. The central areas have the highest population density and integrate various factors. However, the jobs-housing mismatch degree based on industry accumulation is relatively higher and shows a trend of gradual decrease from inside to outside. Compared with the distribution of the population with a lower occupational status, the distribution of that with a higher occupational status is mainly in the city center. In addition, the urban spatial structure is characterized by a high proportion of employment in the central city and a high proportion of living in the peripheral areas, based on which the paper puts forward the social differentiation spatial mode for the evolution of jobs-housing matching in Guangzhou. The paper points out that the key to jobs-housing matching in cities lies in improving the ability of peripheral secondary centers in providing employment opportunities and service facilities. On the one hand, it should meet the people's needs for convenient transportation and jobs-housing balance; on the other hand, it should promote the multi-center development in cities and improve the combination of urban functions from the spatial dimension.
引文
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8李雪铭,杜晶玉.基于居民通勤行为的私家车对居住空间影响研究--以大连市为例[J].地理研究,2007,26(5):1033-1042.LI Xueming,DU Jingyu.Research on Private Cars’Influence on Residential Space Based on Residents’Travel Behavior:Taking Dalian as an Example[J].Geographical Research,2007,26(5):1033-1042.
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14 CERVERO R.Jobs-Housing Balance Revisited:Trends and Impacts in the San Francisco Bay Area[J].Journal of the American Planning Association,1996,62(4):492-511.
15 LEVINGSTON B L.Using Jobs-Housing Balance Indicators for Air Pollution Control[Z].Berkeley:Institute of Transportation Studies,University of California,1989.
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17 CERVERO R.Jobs-Housing Balance and Regional Mobility[J].Journal of the American Planning Association,1989,55(2):136-150.
18 CERVERO R.Jobs-Housing Balance as Public Policy[J].Urban Land,1991,50(10):4-10.
19郑思齐.职住平衡:度量、规律与社会成本--以北京市为例的实证研究[C].城市中国计划年度论坛,2014.ZHENG Siqi.Jobs-Housing Balance:Metric,Law and Social Costs-An Empirical Case Study on Beijing City[C].The Urban Chinese Initiative 2014 Annual Forum,2014.
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21张纯,易成栋,宋彦.北京市职住空间关系特征及变化研究--基于第五和六次人口普查和2001和2008年经济普查数据的实证分析[M]//中国城市规划学会.城市时代,协同规划--2013中国城市规划年会论文集.青岛:青岛出版社,2013.ZHANG Chun,YI Chengdong,SONG Yan.The Characteristic and Change of the Jobs-Housing Spatial Relationship of Beijing:Based on the 5th and 6th Population Censuses and the Economic Census Data of 2001 and 2008[M]//Urban Planning Society of China.Proceedings of Annual National Planning Conference of China 2013.Qingdao:Qingdao Press,2013.
22 VEGA A,REYNOLDS-FEIGHAN A J.Employment Sub-Centres and Travel-to-Work Mode Choice in the Dublin Region[J].Urban Studies,2008,45(9):1747-1768.
23 CLADERA J R,DUARTE C R M,MOIX M.Urban Structure and Polycentrism:Towards a Redefinition of the Sub-Centre Concept[J].Urban Studies,2009,46(13):2841-2868.
24 GARCIA-LOPEZ M,MUNIZ I.Employment Decentralisation:Polycentricity or Scatteration?The Case of Barcelona[J].Urban Studies,2010,47(14):3035-3056.
25 KAIN J F.Housing Segregation,Negro Employment,and Metropolitan Decentralization[J].Quarterly Journal of Economics,1968,82(2):175-197.
26 MOONEY J.Housing Segregation,Negro Employment,and Metropolitan Decentralization:An Alternative Perspective[J].Quarterly Journal of Economics,1969,83(2):299-311.
27 MASTERS S.Black-White Income Differentials:Empirical Studies and Policy Implications[M].New York:Academic Press,1975.
28 VIPOND J.The Intra-Urban Unemployment Gradient:The Influence of Location on Unemployment[J].Urban Studies,1984,21(4):377-388.
29 GALSTER G.Residential Segregation and Interracial Economic Disparities:A Simultaneous Equation’s Approach[J].Journal of Urban Economics,1987,21(1):22-44.
30 IHLANFELDT K R.Intra-Metropolitan Variation in Earnings and Labor Market Discrimination:An Econometric Analysis of the Atlanta Labor Market[J].Southern Economic Journal,1988,55(1):123-140.
31 SANCHEZ T W,SHEN Q,PENG Z R.Transit Mobility,Job Access and Low-Income Labor Participation in US Metropolitan Areas[J].Urban Studies,2004,41(7):1313-1331.
32张伊娜,周双海.住房不平等的阶层测度:基于上海六普数据的分析[J].社会科学,2004(4):81-89.ZHANG Yina,ZHOU Shuanghai.An Analysis of Housing Class Inequality:Based on the Sixth Census of Shanghai[J].Social Science,2004(4):81-89.
33 TAYLOR B D,ONG P M.Spatial Mismatch or Automobile Mismatch:An Examination of Race,Residence and Commuting in US Metropolitan Areas[J].Urban Studies,1995,32(9):1453-1473.
34 CHESHIRE P C.Spatial Unemployment and Inequality[M]//BOWERSJ K.Inflation,Development and Integration:Essays in Honor of Brown A J.Leeds,UK:Leeds University Press,1979:263-278.
35蒋丽.广州市生产性服务业空间分布及成因研究[J].经济地理,2014,34(3):106-113.JIANG Li.Spatial Distribution and Driving Force of Producer Services[J].Economic Geography,2014,34(3):106-113.
36郭洪旭,黄莹,赵黛青.城市居住人口空间分布的模拟研究--以广州市天河区为例[J].热带地理,2013,33(1):81-87.GUO Hongxu,HUANG Ying,ZHAO Daiqing.Modeling of Spatial Distribution of Urban Population Density:A Case Study of Tianhe District,Guangzhou[J].Tropical Geography,2013,33(1):81-87.
37陆学艺.中国社会结构的变化及发展趋势[J].云南民族大学学报:哲学社会科学版,2006,23(5):28-35.LU Xueyi.On the Changes and Development of the Social Structure of China[J].Journal of Yunnan Minzu University(Social Sciences),2006,23(5):28-35.
38朱长存,孔令金.基于职业地位的河北省社会阶层结构分析[J].统计与管理,2013(5):56-57.ZHU Changcun,KONG Lingjin.Analysis of Social Stratum Structure in Hebei Province Based on Professional Status[J].Statistics and Management,2013(5):56-57.
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2宋金平,王恩儒,张文新,等.北京住宅郊区化与就业空间错位[J].地理学报,2007,62(4):387-396.SONG Jinping,WANG Enru,ZHANG Wenxin,et al.Housing Suburbanization and Employment Spatial Mismatch in Beijing[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2007,62(4):387-396.
3周素红,闫小培.城市就业-居住空间特征及组织模式--以广州市为例[J].地理科学,2005,25(6):664-670.ZHOU Suhong,YAN Xiaopei.Characteristics of JobsHousing and Organization in Guangzhou[J].Geographical Sciences,2005,25(6):664-670.
4张忠国.城市成长管理的空间策略[M].南京:东南大学出版社,2006:49-53.ZHANG Zhongguo.Space Strategy of City Growth Management[M].Nanjing:Southeast University Press,2006:49-53.
5刘志林,王茂军,柴彦威.空间错位理论研究进展与方法论评述[J].人文地理,2010(1):1-6.LIU Zhilin,WANG Maojun,CHAI Yanwei.Spatial Mismatch Theory:A Review on Empirical Research and Methodology[J].Human Geography,2010(1):1-6.
6 YANG J.Transportation Implications of Land Development in a Transitional Economy:Evidence from Housing Relocation in Beijing[J].Transportation Research Record,2006(2):7-14.
7冯健,周一星.郊区化进程中北京城市内部迁居及相关空间行为--基于千份问卷调查的分析[J].地理研究,2004,23(2):227-241.FENG Jian,ZHOU Yixing.Intra-Urban Migration and Correlative Spatial Behavior in Beijing in the Process of Suburbanization:Based on 1000 Questionnaires[J].Geographical Research,2004,23(2):227-241.
8李雪铭,杜晶玉.基于居民通勤行为的私家车对居住空间影响研究--以大连市为例[J].地理研究,2007,26(5):1033-1042.LI Xueming,DU Jingyu.Research on Private Cars’Influence on Residential Space Based on Residents’Travel Behavior:Taking Dalian as an Example[J].Geographical Research,2007,26(5):1033-1042.
9李强,李晓林.北京市近郊区大型居住区居民上班出行特征分析[J].城市问题,2007(7):55-59.LI Qiang,LI Xiaolin.Analysis of the Trips’Characteristics of Residents Living in Large-Scale Residential Areas in the Suburbs of Beijing City[J].Urban Problems,2007(7):55-59.
10 WANG D,CHAI Y.The Job-Housing Relationship and Commuting in Beijing,China:The Legacy of Danwei[J].Journal of Transport Geography,2009,17(1):30-38.
11方可.简·雅各布斯关于城市多样性的思想及其对旧城改造的启示--简·雅各布斯《美国大城市的死与生》读后[J].国外城市规划,1998(1):49-52.FANG Ke.Jane Jacobs’Thoughts on Urban Diversity and Its Revelation to the Old-Town Renovation:Reading of Jane Jacobs’The Death and Life of Great American Cities[J].Urban Planning Overseas,1998(1):49-52.
12 DANIEL A B,ERIC J M.Transportation Land-Use Interaction:Empirical Findings in North America,and Their Implications for Modeling[J].Transportation Research D:Transport and Environment,2000,5(4):235-263.
13仇保兴.19世纪以来西方城市规划理论演变的六次转折[J].规划师,2003,19(11):5-10.QIU Baoxing.The Six Turnings of the Evolution of Western City Planning Theory Since Nineteenth Century[J].Planners,2003,19(11):5-10.
14 CERVERO R.Jobs-Housing Balance Revisited:Trends and Impacts in the San Francisco Bay Area[J].Journal of the American Planning Association,1996,62(4):492-511.
15 LEVINGSTON B L.Using Jobs-Housing Balance Indicators for Air Pollution Control[Z].Berkeley:Institute of Transportation Studies,University of California,1989.
16戴柳燕,焦华富,肖林.国内外城市职住空间匹配研究综述[J].人文地理,2013(2):27-31.DAI Liuyan,JIAO Huafu,XIAO Lin.A Review on JobsHousing Spatial Matching of Urban Residents[J].Human Geography,2013(2):27-31.
17 CERVERO R.Jobs-Housing Balance and Regional Mobility[J].Journal of the American Planning Association,1989,55(2):136-150.
18 CERVERO R.Jobs-Housing Balance as Public Policy[J].Urban Land,1991,50(10):4-10.
19郑思齐.职住平衡:度量、规律与社会成本--以北京市为例的实证研究[C].城市中国计划年度论坛,2014.ZHENG Siqi.Jobs-Housing Balance:Metric,Law and Social Costs-An Empirical Case Study on Beijing City[C].The Urban Chinese Initiative 2014 Annual Forum,2014.
20郑思齐,徐杨菲,谷一桢.如何应对“职住分离”:“疏”还是“堵”?[J].学术月刊,2014(5):29-39.ZHENG Siqi,XU Yangfei,GU Yizhen.Rethinking“JobsHousing Balance”:Providing More Choices rather than Imposing Constraints[J].Academic Monthly,2014(5):29-39.
21张纯,易成栋,宋彦.北京市职住空间关系特征及变化研究--基于第五和六次人口普查和2001和2008年经济普查数据的实证分析[M]//中国城市规划学会.城市时代,协同规划--2013中国城市规划年会论文集.青岛:青岛出版社,2013.ZHANG Chun,YI Chengdong,SONG Yan.The Characteristic and Change of the Jobs-Housing Spatial Relationship of Beijing:Based on the 5th and 6th Population Censuses and the Economic Census Data of 2001 and 2008[M]//Urban Planning Society of China.Proceedings of Annual National Planning Conference of China 2013.Qingdao:Qingdao Press,2013.
22 VEGA A,REYNOLDS-FEIGHAN A J.Employment Sub-Centres and Travel-to-Work Mode Choice in the Dublin Region[J].Urban Studies,2008,45(9):1747-1768.
23 CLADERA J R,DUARTE C R M,MOIX M.Urban Structure and Polycentrism:Towards a Redefinition of the Sub-Centre Concept[J].Urban Studies,2009,46(13):2841-2868.
24 GARCIA-LOPEZ M,MUNIZ I.Employment Decentralisation:Polycentricity or Scatteration?The Case of Barcelona[J].Urban Studies,2010,47(14):3035-3056.
25 KAIN J F.Housing Segregation,Negro Employment,and Metropolitan Decentralization[J].Quarterly Journal of Economics,1968,82(2):175-197.
26 MOONEY J.Housing Segregation,Negro Employment,and Metropolitan Decentralization:An Alternative Perspective[J].Quarterly Journal of Economics,1969,83(2):299-311.
27 MASTERS S.Black-White Income Differentials:Empirical Studies and Policy Implications[M].New York:Academic Press,1975.
28 VIPOND J.The Intra-Urban Unemployment Gradient:The Influence of Location on Unemployment[J].Urban Studies,1984,21(4):377-388.
29 GALSTER G.Residential Segregation and Interracial Economic Disparities:A Simultaneous Equation’s Approach[J].Journal of Urban Economics,1987,21(1):22-44.
30 IHLANFELDT K R.Intra-Metropolitan Variation in Earnings and Labor Market Discrimination:An Econometric Analysis of the Atlanta Labor Market[J].Southern Economic Journal,1988,55(1):123-140.
31 SANCHEZ T W,SHEN Q,PENG Z R.Transit Mobility,Job Access and Low-Income Labor Participation in US Metropolitan Areas[J].Urban Studies,2004,41(7):1313-1331.
32张伊娜,周双海.住房不平等的阶层测度:基于上海六普数据的分析[J].社会科学,2004(4):81-89.ZHANG Yina,ZHOU Shuanghai.An Analysis of Housing Class Inequality:Based on the Sixth Census of Shanghai[J].Social Science,2004(4):81-89.
33 TAYLOR B D,ONG P M.Spatial Mismatch or Automobile Mismatch:An Examination of Race,Residence and Commuting in US Metropolitan Areas[J].Urban Studies,1995,32(9):1453-1473.
34 CHESHIRE P C.Spatial Unemployment and Inequality[M]//BOWERSJ K.Inflation,Development and Integration:Essays in Honor of Brown A J.Leeds,UK:Leeds University Press,1979:263-278.
35蒋丽.广州市生产性服务业空间分布及成因研究[J].经济地理,2014,34(3):106-113.JIANG Li.Spatial Distribution and Driving Force of Producer Services[J].Economic Geography,2014,34(3):106-113.
36郭洪旭,黄莹,赵黛青.城市居住人口空间分布的模拟研究--以广州市天河区为例[J].热带地理,2013,33(1):81-87.GUO Hongxu,HUANG Ying,ZHAO Daiqing.Modeling of Spatial Distribution of Urban Population Density:A Case Study of Tianhe District,Guangzhou[J].Tropical Geography,2013,33(1):81-87.
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